International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING 6367(Print), ISSN 0976

6375(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME & TECHNOLOGY (IJCET)

ISSN 0976 6367(Print) ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), pp. 213-220 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijcet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 6.1302 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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A SURVEY OF ENERGY EFFICIENT AODV ROUTING ALGORITHMS IN MANET

Prerna Malhotra Student PDM College of Engineering for Women, BGarh

ABSTRACT MANET became the focus of researchers as a promising technology for a broad range of applications due to their self- organizing, self-configuring capability in different mobile network scenarios. One significant area of research within ad hoc networks is energy consumption issue. The primary goal of ad hoc networks is to call for the energyconstrained protocols. Energy consumption evaluation methodology is introduced for the protocol consideration in different mobile network. AODV routing protocol performs well on assessment of energy consumption for the mobile ad hoc network with high node mobility. Nodes in MANET networks are basically battery operated, and thus have access to a limited amount of energy. This process proposes an Energy based Ad-Hoc on-Demand Routing algorithm that balances energy among nodes so that a minimum energy level is maintained among nodes and the lifetime of network is increased. In this paper we survey about different Energy efficient AODV routing algorithms designed so far. Keywords: AODV, Energy, MANET, Mobility, Self-configure 1. INTRODUCTION Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) represent the decentralized paradigms where clients themselves sustain the network in the absence of a central infrastructure. MANET does not operate under fixed topology means they are self-organising, selfadministrating, self-healing type of network. In MANET, each mobile node operate as both a router and a terminal nodes which is a source or destination, thus the failure of some nodes operation can greatly hinder the performance of the network and also affect the basic accessibility of the network, i.e., energy exhaustion of nodes has been one of the main harm to the connectivity of MANET. Since the mobile nodes in MANET have limited battery
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power, so it is required to efficiently use energy of every node in MANET. MANET is a multi-hop, in which node can freely move in any direction and have limited battery power. In this type of networks, energy parameter plays an important role in the research. A reliable routing protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) keeps the energy consumption as low as possible. To estimate the energy consumption the numerous MANET routing protocols have been developed for network. The performance of DSDV [1] introduces large amounts of overhead to the network due to the requirement of the periodic update messages, and the overhead grows at the quantity of O(N2).DSR [2] is that it uses broadcast for route discovery while broadcast causes too much message forwarding traffic and energy consumption, especially when the network is large. AODV [3] AODV is based on both DSDV and DSR algorithm. It uses the route discovery and route maintenance practice of DSR. DSR packet carries the complete route information, while the packet of AODV only carries the destination address, it has less routing overhead than DSR. At the same time, AODV makes use of routing messages and sequence numbering. Here AODV is evaluated and analyzed from the aspect the energy utilization metric. AODV protocol is a reactive routing protocol which finds route to destination when required. AODV consists of routing table which helps to differentiate between expiry and fresh routes. The routing table at node contains the sequence number and next hop information. The working of protocol is consists of two phases: 1. Route discovery and 2. Route maintenance. In route discovery process, the source node generate RREQ packet, if the path to destination is not stored in the routing table, and pass it to the neighboring nodes. The neighboring nodes will pass it to their neighbor and so on. When the packet reached to the destination node, then destination node generates RREP (Route Reply) packet and send it back to the source node. Thus the path is established between source and destination node. In route maintenance process, the source node is being informed by RERR (Route Error) message in case of link breakage. Also the connectivity between the nodes is maintaining using Hello messages. There are two main factors that cause link failures are: I. Battery life time II. Mobility 2. CATEGORIES OF ROUTING Routing is the process of finding a path from a source to destination among randomly distributed routers. The broadcasting [4] is inevitable and a common operation in ad-hoc network. It consists of diffusing a message from a source node to all the nodes in the network. Broadcast can be used to diffuse information to the whole network. It is also used for route discovery protocols in ad-hoc networks. The routing protocols are classified as follows on the basis of the way the network information is obtained in these routing protocols.

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2.1 Proactive (or Table-driven) routing protocol The proactive protocols maintain routing information about each node in the network. The information is updated throughout the network periodically or when topology changes. Each node requires to store their routing information. For example 1. Destination sequenced Distance vector routing (DSDV) 2. Source Tree Adaptive Routing (STAR) 2.2 Reactive or On-demand routing protocol The reactive routing protocols look for the routes and are created as and when required. When a source wants to send to a destination, it invokes the route discovery mechanisms to find the path to the destination. For example 1. Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) 2. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) 3. Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) 2.3 Hybrid Protocols These protocols are using the best features of both the on-demand and table driven routing protocols. For example 1. Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA) 2. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) These classes of routing protocols are reported but choosing best out of them is very difficult as one may be performing well in one type of scenario the other may work in other type of scenario.

Fig 1: Types of routing protocol in Manet

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3. TYPE OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN MANET Energy Management is defined as the process of managing the sources and consumers of energy in a node or in a network as a whole for enhancing the lifetime of the network [5]. Energy Management can be classified into the following categories: 1. Transmission Power Management: The power consumed by the radio frequency (RF) module of a mobile node is determined by several factors such as the state of operation. The transmission power, and the technology used for the RF circuitry. The state of operation refers to the transmit, receive, and sleep modes of operation. The transmission power is determined by the reachability requirement of the network, the routing protocol and the MAC protocol employed. The RF hardware design must ensure minimum power consumption in all the three stages of operation. 2. Battery Energy Management: The battery management is aimed at extending the battery life of a node by taking advantage of its chemical properties, discharge patterns, and by the selection of a battery from a set of batteries that is available for redundancy. 3. Processor Power Management: The clock speed and the number of instructions executed per unit time are some of the processor parameters that affect power consumption. The CPU can be put into different power saving modes during low processing load conditions. The CPU power can be completely turned off if the machine is idle for a long time. In such cases, interrupts can be used to turn on the CPU upon detection of user interaction or other events. 4. Devices Power Management: Intelligent device management can reduce power consumption of a mobile node significantly. This can be done by the operating system (OS) by selectively powering down interface devices that are not used or by putting devices into different power-saving modes depending on their usage[2].

Fig 2: Different metric classifications

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4. RELATED WORKS A lot of research has been done on energy efficient AODV routing algorithms in MANET. Below shows few algorithms based on Energy efficiency mechanism. 4.1 Energy Efficient Adaptive Routing Algorithm in MANET with Sleep Mode T r i p t i N e m a e t a l , proposed an Energy based Ad-Hoc on-Demand Routing algorithm that balances energy among nodes so that a minimum energy level is maintained among nodes and the life of network is increased. We focused on increasing the extensive existence of node in the network. In our proposed work we set the minimum energy threshold limit of a mobile node, when a node reached up to the threshold limit the node goes to sleep mode, save energy and join in the event as long as possible[6]

No. of Nodes 10

Network lifetime Increased

End to End delay Increased

Packet delivery fraction Increased

4.2 OAODV Routing Algorithm for Improving Energy Efficiency in MANET Suvarna P. Bhatsangave et al., In this, the node does not forward RREQ unless there is sufficient energy (battery lifetime), and until the node density in its surrounding exceeds a particular threshold. These two parameters are defined taking into consideration various statistics. Optimized AODV analyzes these two parameters, when implementing routing discovery, and avoiding the unnecessary information sending efficiently.[7]

No. of Nodes 10 to 50

Simulation time 120s

Energy consumed

Average throughput Good

Reduced

4.3 An Efficient Secure AODV Routing Protocol in MANET Durgesh Wadbude et al., Some of the attacks such as modification, fabrication, impersonation and denial of service attacks are due to misbehavior of malicious nodes, which disrupts the transmission. In this paper we proposed an efficient secure AODV routing protocol.[8]

No. of Nodes 10 to 60

Route discovery packets

End to end delay

More efficient

More efficient

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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 09766367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME
4.4 Energy based AODV Routing Algorithm with Sleep Mode in MANETs Tripti nema et al, focused on increasing the prolonged existence of node in the network. In this proposed work, one set the minimum energy threshold limit of a mobile node, when a node reach the minimum threshold limit the node goes to sleep mode, save energy and participate in the event as long as possible. The research papers are published to improve the network lifetime on the network layer.[9] No. of Nodes 10 Network lifetime End to End delay Packet delivery fraction

Increased

Increased

Increased

4.5 Design of an Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for MANETs based on AODV Annapurna P Patil et al, concentrate on emergency search and rescue operations which rely heavily on the availability of the network. The availability is a direct cost of the overall network lifetime, i.e., energy of the nodes. The first objective of our work is to select two existing energy efficient routing protocols based on AODV, each of which is based on a different energy cost metric. We then propose the design of a protocol that is a combination of two energy cost metrics in a single protocol. The second objective is to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol against the two protocols chosen for combination and against the traditional AODV.[5] 4.6 Cross-Layer design of energy-saving AODV routing protocol Bing li et al, routing protocol which adopts cross-layer mechanism and energy-aware metric to improve AODV routing protocol to reduce the energy consumption and then prolong the life of the whole network. In CEAODV, the link layer and the routing layer work together to choose the optimized transmission power for nodes and the route for packets. The link layer provides the energy consumption information for the routing layer and the routing layer chooses route accordingly and conversely controls the link layer to adjust the transmission power.[10] No. of Nodes 10 to 50 Simulation time 120s Energy consumed Reduced by 8% Performance Better

4.7 Energy Efficient AODV Routing in CDMA Ad Hoc Networks Using Beamforming Nie Nie and Cristina Comaniciu, propose an energy aware on demand routing protocol for CDMA mobile ad hoc networks, for which improvements in the energy consumption are realized by both introducing an energy based routing measure and by enhancing the physical layer performance using beamforming. Exploiting the cross-layer interactions between the network and the physical layer leads to a significant improvement in the energy efficiency compared with the traditional AODV protocol and ensures a faster response to system changes, and reduced overhead. [11] No. of Nodes 50 Simulation time 1200s Energy Reduced End to End latency Increases

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Table 1: Comparison of different Energy efficient AODV routing algorithms

Name of the paper Resource Network lifetime Increased Energy consumed Reduced End to End delay Increased Result Uses less energy and throughput has increased Consumes less energy and has good throughput

Energy Efficient International Adaptive RoutingJournal of Algorithm in Advanced MANET with Computer Sleep Mode Research OAODV International Routing Journal of Algorithm for Computer Improving Applications Energy Efficiency in MANET An Efficient International Secure AODV Journal of Routing Engineering and Protocol in Innovative MANET Technology (IJEIT)

Reduced

Good

Increased

More Efficient

Energy based AODV Routing Algorithm with Sleep Mode in MANETs Cross-Layer design of energy-saving AODV routing protocol Energy Efficient AODV Routing in CDMA Ad Hoc Networks Using Beamforming Design of an Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for MANETs based on AODV

International Journal of Computer Applications

increased

Reduced

Increased

Improvement of the network performance, in terms of overhead, and end to end delay to the secure AODV routing protocol. Overall MANETs efficiency is enhanced.

Springer

Improves lifetime

Reduced by 8%

Better

EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking

Reduced

Increased

The performance is better when the traffic load is higher in the network ensures a faster response to system changes, and reduced overhead. Not simulated as yet

IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science

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5. SUMMARY To evaluate the energy consumption the numerous MANET routing protocols have been built up for network. Energy exhaustion of nodes has been one of the main impairment to the connectivity of MANET. The significance of sleep mode for the systems finally depends on the wake-up time for variety of nodes. The initiation of the consciousness in the power management is proposed. In order to, recover the energy based problem and inhibit the link breakage. As a result, we know that sleep mode and other energy efficient algorithms to AODV protocol gives noticeable result to boost the entire network lifetime. REFERENCES [1] C. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers, in ACM SIGCOMM'94 Conference on Communications Architectures, Protocols and Applications, 1994, pp. 234244. [2] D.B. Johnson and D.A. Maltz, Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks, in Mobile Computing, Imielinski and Korth, Eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996, vol. 353. pp. 153-181. [3] C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer and S. Das, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing, RFC 3561 (Experimental), Jul. 2003. [Online]. [4] Parma Nand, Dr. S.C. Sharma, Performance study of Broadcast based Mobile Adhoc Routing Protocols AODV, DSR and DYMO, International Journal of Security and Its Applications ,Vol. 5 No. 1, January, 2011 [5] Annapurna P Patil, Dr K Rajani kanth , BatheySharanya, M P Dinesh Kumar, Malavika J, Design of an Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for MANETs based on AODV, IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 8, Issue 4, No 1, July 2011 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 [6] Tripti Nema, Akhilesh Waoo, P.S.Patheja, Dr.Sanjay Sharma, Energy Efficient Adaptive Routing Algorithm in MANET with Sleep Mode, International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970) Volume-2 Number-4 Issue-6 December-2012. [7] Suvarna P. Bhatsangave, V. R. Chirchi, OAODV Routing Algorithm for Improving Energy Efficiency in MANET , International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887) Volume 51 No.21, August 2012 [8] Durgesh Wadbude, Vineet Richariya, An Efficient Secure AODV Routing Protocol in MANET,International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 1, Issue 4, April 2012 [9] Tripti Nema, Akhilesh Waoo, P.S.Patheja, Dr.Sanjay Sharma, Energy Efficient Adaptive Routing Algorithm in MANET with Sleep Mode, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887) Volume 58 No.19, November 2012. [10] Bing Li, Zhigang Jin, Yantai Shu, Cross-layer design of energy-saving AODV routing protocol, Transactions of Tianjin University October 2009, Volume 15, Issue 5, pp 343-349. [11] Nie Nie and Cristina Comaniciu, Energy Efficient AODV Routing in CDMA Ad Hoc Networks Using Beamforming, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking Volume 2006 Issue 2, April2006 Pages 14-14. [12] Sunita Kushwaha, Bhavna Narain, Deepti Verma and Sanjay kumar, Effect of Scenario Environment on the Performance of Manets Routing Protocol: AODV International journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 2, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 33 - 38, ISSN Print: 0976 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 6375. [13] Prof. S.V.M.G.Bavithiraja and Dr.R.Radhakrishnan, Power Efficient Context-Aware Broadcasting Protocol For Mobile Ad Hoc Network, International journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 81 - 96, ISSN Print: 0976 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 6375. 220