Dr.

Walid Abdelghaffar

fossil fuels
Environmental and health hazards
Are unevently distributed; Will eventually be depleted

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Air Pollution and Global Warming

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

CO2 EMISSIONS BY SECTOR 1990-2030

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

World oil demand by sector

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Global Energy Systems in Transition

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen as an Energy Vector

1- Hydrogen is the solution for local air pollution.

2- Hydrogen is the most abundant element.

3- Hydrogen is found in water, biomass, fossil fuels, all organic matter. 4- The combustion of hydrogen yields three times more energy per unit mass than petrol and six times more than coal.
Hydrogen Engine
Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

High flame speed at or near-to stoichiometric ratios

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

CLEAN HYDROGEN ECONOMY FOR THE FUTURE

Hydrogen production H2 (gas) Hydrogen storage
high-pressure cryogenic tanks chemical reactions

H2 (compressed)

H2 (liquid)

H (solid chemicals)

Hydrogen utilization
IC or Hybrid engine H2/O2 Fuel cell

Zeroemission vehicle
Hydrogen Engine
Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen storage:energy density is critical

Per mass (kg/GJ)
21

Per volume (liter/GJ)

1 000 000
84 156 27 654

20

18

10

1 000
7

30

0
Hydrogen Methane Gasoline

1
Hydrogen Methane Gasoline

This property makes H2 very desirable. It lessens the weight of the fuel required.

This dramatically reverses the picture, H2 leads to heavier and bulkier systems.
Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Engine

Hydrogen storage reservoire size comparison

Volume Comparisons for 4 kg Vehicular H2 Storage

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen-Powered Vehicle Pathway

Gasoline hybrid electric powertrain Increased fuel economy resulting in lower fuel consumption and lower emissions Hydrogen hybrid electric powertrain Hydrogen eliminates CO2 and CO emissions Properly tuned or with the addition of a lean NOx trap, can achieve zero NOx emissions

Mazda RENESIS Hydrogen Rotary Engine

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen ICEs

Hydrogen ICE inside a transit bus

Energy efficiency is 20 to 25% better than that of a gasoline ICE due to leaner AFR and higher compressions ratios Maintenance is much the same as a gasoline ICE
Hydrogen Engine Center
Hydrogen Engine
Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen ICEs
Slightly modified version of a traditional gasoline ICE

Higher compression ratio Increased air intake (turbocharger) Special exhaust to withstand water Variable cylinders for increased efficiency
Hydrogen ICE in Fords dynamometer lab

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen ICEs
Ignition System: Spark plugs should have a cold rating and non-platinum tips (platinum is a catalyst causing hydrogen to oxidize with air) Crankcase Ventilation: Sudden pressure rise when hydrogen is ignited in the crankcase Pressure relief valve must be installed on the valve cover

Pressure Relief Valve

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Ford 2.3L
Zero warm-up No cold start issues All weather capable Supercharged, intercooled 52% peak indicated efficiency SULEV emissions or better 99% reduction in CO2 emissions 25% increase in fuel economy (engine only) 50% increase in fuel economy (aggressive hybrid strategy)

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

How a Fuel Cell Works

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

How a Fuel Cell Works

Receives a constant supply of hydrogen and oxygen Reaction produces approximately 0.7 volts Will never run down or need to be recharged Operates like a battery

Ballard PEM fuel cell

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Benefits

No greenhouse gases if powered by pure hydrogen. Some greenhouse gases emitted if powered by reformed fossil fuels but much less than that of a conventional vehicle.

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Benefits

Fuel cells can generate more than 12 volts as in a conventional vehicle leading the way for drive and steerby-wire, eliminating the steering column No transmission Affords automobile manufactures flexibility in design vehicle interiors Quieter than conventional gasoline and diesel engines
GMs HyWire Concept Vehicle
Hydrogen Engine
Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Vehicle Safety

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Vehicle Safety

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Vehicle Safety

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Vehicle Safety

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Vehicle Safety

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Vehicle Safety

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Vehicle Safety

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Stirling engine

Hydrogen Engine

Hydrogen Engine

Hydrogen Engine

Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar