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  • COFFERDAM (Compatibility Mode)

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    Muhammad Nuriqram
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    In general, excavation means to loosen and .take out materials leaving space above or below ground. Sometimes in civil engineering term earthwork is used which include backfilling with new or original materials to voids, spreading and levelling over an area. British Standard CP6031 gives standards and recommendation to earthworks covering embarkment and cuttings, levelling and compacting, and the use of earthmoving plants etc. Excavation and earthmoving plants Advantages of using mechanical plant in excavation : a) work done quicker, b) avoid dangerous condition of work by human workers, say, existence of ground water or collapse of soil, c) achieve greater depth, d) use fewer manpower and work done in lower cost (for larger scale work only) Disadvantages a) involve larger running and maintenance costs, b) require a larger operating area, c) access provision to working area, d) less flexible in work planning, e) idling time increase cost of work,

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    COFFERDAM [Compatibility Mode]

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    In general, excavation means to loosen and .take out materials leaving space above or below ground. Sometimes in civil engineering term earthwork is used which include backfilling with new or original materials to voids, spreading and levelling over an area. British Standard CP6031 gives standards and recommendation to earthworks covering embarkment and cuttings, levelling and compacting, and the use of earthmoving plants etc. Excavation and earthmoving plants Advantages of using mechanical plant in excavation : a) work done quicker, b) avoid dangerous condition of work by human workers, say, existence of ground water or collapse of soil, c) achieve greater depth, d) use fewer manpower and work done in lower cost (for larger scale work only) Disadvantages a) involve larger running and maintenance costs, b) require a larger operating area, c) access provision to working area, d) less flexible in work planning, e) idling time increase cost of work,

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    31 views17 pages

    COFFERDAM (Compatibility Mode)

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Nuriqram
    In general, excavation means to loosen and .take out materials leaving space above or below ground. Sometimes in civil engineering term earthwork is used which include backfilling with new or original materials to voids, spreading and levelling over an area. British Standard CP6031 gives standards and recommendation to earthworks covering embarkment and cuttings, levelling and compacting, and the use of earthmoving plants etc. Excavation and earthmoving plants Advantages of using mechanical plant in excavation : a) work done quicker, b) avoid dangerous condition of work by human workers, say, existence of ground water or collapse of soil, c) achieve greater depth, d) use fewer manpower and work done in lower cost (for larger scale work only) Disadvantages a) involve larger running and maintenance costs, b) require a larger operating area, c) access provision to working area, d) less flexible in work planning, e) idling time increase cost of work,

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    of 17

    2/10/2012

    Prepared By:Mohamed Rizal Mohamed Building Department UiTM Perak

    Definition:

    A temporary box structure constructed in earth or water to exclude soil and/ or water from a construction area. - Roy Chudley - A cofferdam is a temporary structure designed to keep water and/or soil out of the excavation in which a bridge pier or other structure is built.
    -

    - Standard Handbook of Heavy Construction

    2/10/2012

    It is usually formed to enable the formation of foundation to be carried out in safe working conditions. Usually sheet piling are used to form the cofferdam. And any material which can fulfil the same function such as timber piles, precast concrete piles, earth-filled crib walls and banks of soils and rocks.

    Braced Earth-Type Timber Crib Double-Walled Sheet Pile Cellular

    2/10/2012

    It is formed from a single wall of sheet piling which is driven into the ground to form a box around the excavation site. The box is then braced on the inside and the interior is dewatered. It is primarily used for bridge piers in shallow water (30 - 35 ft depth)

    2/10/2012

    It is the simplest type of cofferdam. It consists of an earth bank with a clay core or vertical sheet piling enclosing the excavation. It is used for low-level waters with low velocity and easily scoured by water rising over the top.

    2/10/2012

    Internal Baffle system: One of the innovation on earth type cofferdam.


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    2/10/2012

    Constructed on land and floated into place. Lower portion of each cell is matched with contour of river bed. It uses rock ballast and soil to decrease seepage and sink into place, also known as soldier-pile type. It usually consists of 12x12 cells and is used in rapid currents or on rocky river beds. It must be properly designed to resist lateral forces such as tipping / overturning and sliding.

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    2/10/2012

    They are double wall cofferdams comprising two parallel rows of sheet piles driven into the ground and connected together by a system of tie rods at one or more levels. The space between the walls is generally filled with granular material such as sand, gravel or broken rock. Three principle types: Box: Consists of straight flush walls Semicircular cells connected by diaphragms Circular cells connected with tie-rods or diaphragms
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    2/10/2012

    Cellular cofferdams are used only in those circumstances where the excavation size precludes the use of cross-excavation bracing. In this case, the cofferdam must be stable by virtue of its own resistance to lateral forces.

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    Skyline Steel, Parsippany, New Jersey

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    2/10/2012

    Items needed for installation Pile driving hammer Vibratory or Impact Crane of sufficient size Steel sheet piles are typically used H-piles and/or wide-flange beams for wales and stringers Barges may be required
    ***A Barges = is a long, narrow boat with a flat bottom

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    Sheet piling Bracing frame Concrete seal Bearing piles

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    For a typical cofferdam, such as for a bridge pier, the construction procedure were as follow:1. Pre-dredge to remove soil or soft sediments and level the area of the cofferdam.

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    2. Drive temporary support piles 3. Temporarily erect bracing frame on the support piles.

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    4. Set steel sheet piles, starting at all four corners and meeting at the center of each side 5. Drive sheet piles to grade. 6. Block between bracing frame and sheets, and provide ties for sheet piles at the top as necessary.

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    7. Excavate inside the grade or slightly below grade, while leaving the cofferdam full of water.

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    8. Drive bearing piles. 9. Place rock fill as a leveling and support course.

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    ***tremie concrete seal.

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    ***tremie concrete seal.

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    13

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    11. Check blocking between bracing and sheets. 12. Dewater. 13. Construct new structure.

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    13. Construct new structure. 14. Flood cofferdam.

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    15. Remove sheet piles. 16. Remove bracing. 17. Backfill.

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    Z-Type (Z) Used for intermediate to deep wall construction

    Larson / U Type (U) Used for applications similar to Z - Type

    Flat / Straight Type (SA), (S) Used for filled cell construction

    Arch shaped & lightweight Used for shallower wall construction


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    15

    2/10/2012

    Typical types of interlocks


    Single Jaw (SJ)

    Hook & Grip (HG)

    Thumb & Finger one point contact (TFX)

    Double Jaw (DJ)

    Double Hook (DH)

    Thumb & Finger three point contact (TF)

    Ball & Socket (BS)

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    Advantages Allow excavation and construction of structures in otherwise poor environment

    Disadvantages Special equipment required Relatively expensive

    Typically very time consuming Provides safe environment to & tedious work If rushed, sheets can be driven Contractors typically have out of locks or out of plumb design responsibility When in heavy flowing water, Steel sheet piles are easily installed and removed Materials can typically be reused on other projects added more stress on structure which lead to structure collapse

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