Chapter 16.

From Exploration to Inference: Part II Review

The purpose of this chapter is to review concepts covered in Chapters 8 through 15. No additional SPSS instructions are given in this section. Some additional problems are listed below for extra practice on the concepts already presented.

Chapter 16 Exercises
16.3 16.5 16.13 16.15 16.17 16.19 16.21 16.27 16.45 16.47 How much do students earn? Elephants and bees. Estimating blood cholesterol. Smaller margin of error. Pesticides in whale blubber: estimation. Other confidence levels. Birth weight and IQ: testing. Reaction times. Normal body temperature? Normal body temperature.

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Chapter 16 SPSS Solutions

16.3 Using technology, we will number the students from 1 to 3,478 (if we were using the random digits table, wed use 0001 to 3478). Since we want five students randomly selected, place a 1 in row 5 of the first variable (column) in a new worksheet. Well use Transform, Compute Variable with RV.Uniform as shown below to generate random numbers in our target range. Ignoring the decimals (truncating our selections), we have individuals numbered 486, 1500, 2129, 1011, and 542.

16.5 An outline of the experiment might look like that below. The response variable in this experiment is tree damage caused by elephants.

Similar to the procedures used in Exercise 16.3 above, well place a 1 in the fourth row of a new worksheet and use RV.UNIFORM to select numbers between 1 and 72. Our selection is (again ignoring the decimals) trees 50, 25, 32, and 4.

16.13 We hand compute the confidence interval, using z* = 1.645 for 90% confidence.

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Based on this sample, were 90% confident the mean cholesterol reading for crosscountry runners is between 154.0 and 190.0 mg/dl (rounding to one more decimal place than the data given).

16.15 The margin of error in Exercise 16.13 is 190 172 = 18. To cut this in half, well use the formula
z * n= ME with ME = 9. Well need a sample of at least 57 runners to have a margin of error 9.
2

16.17 For 95% confidence, z* = 1.96. We use this in computing the ends of the interval.

Based on this sample, we estimate the mean level of pesticides in minke whales in the West Greenland area is between 322.4 and 391.7 ng/g, with 95% confidence.

16.19 We use the same computations as in Exercise 16.17 above, changing z* from 1.96 (95% confidence) to 1.28 (80% confidence) and 1.645 (90% confidence).

The 80% interval is from 334.4 to 379.7 ng/g; the 90% interval is from 327.9 to 386.1 ng/g. We see that as confidence levels increase, the intervals become wider.

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16.21 From Exercise 16.20, we have n = 113, x = 87.6, and = 15. Our hypotheses are H 0 : = 100, H a : < 100. We compute our test statistic and its P-value as shown below.

We have z = -8.79 with P-value 0. This is overwhelming evidence that very-low-birthweight children have lower than average IQs.

16.27 For 15 children, x should have mean 445 (the same as the population mean), and standard deviation = 82 / 15 = 21.172. For 150 children, the mean of x will be the same, but the standard deviation will be = 82 / 150 = 6.695. A sample size of n = 15 is not large enough to consider the mean Normally distributed by the Central Limit Theorem with a strongly skewed distribution; with n = 150, this is much more reasonable. To find the probability that the mean reaction time for a sample of 150 is greater than 450 ms, use CDF.Normal. We find this probability is about 22.8%.

16.45 Use Analyze, Descriptive Statistics, Explore to create the stemplot and compute the mean.
Temp Stem-and-Leaf Plot Frequency Stem & . . . . . . . Leaf 8 344 888889 0133 5789 6 (>=100.3)

1.00 96 3.00 97 6.00 97 4.00 98 4.00 98 .00 99 1.00 99 1.00 Extremes Stem width:

1.00

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The stemplot does indicate one mild outlier (100.3) as a Extreme, but this values is not unreasonable for these data. We compute the test statistic and its P-value as shown below (having noted in the Explore output that the mean of these data is 98.203).

With test statistic z = 2.54 and P-value 0.0111, our conclusion depends on the -level of the test. At the 5% level, wed say these data indicate the average body temperature is not 98.6, at the 1% level, we have not shown there is a difference.

16.47 We compute the ends of the interval using z* = 1.645 for 90% confidence.

With 90% confidence, the mean body temperature of healthy adults should be between 97.95 and 98.46. Note that both ends of this interval are below the assumed normal value of 98.6.