SSEC 2002 Use of Deep Columns in Special Steel Moment Frames 41p

June 2002
Use of Deep Columns In Special Steel Moment Frames

By
Jie-Hua Jay Shen, Ph.D., P.E., S.E. Associate Professor Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl, Ph.D., P.E. Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Berkeley David B. McCallen, Ph.D. Director Center for Complex Distributed Systems Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
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(A copy of this report can be downloaded free of charge for personal use from www.aisc.org)
Use of Deep Columns in Special Steel Moment Frames

By Jie-Hua Jay Shen, Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl and David B. McCallen This report discusses some of the issues related to the use of deep columns in special moment frames. Since 1994 Northridge earthquake significant amount of research and development projects have been done in U.S., Japan and elsewhere on seismic behavior and design of steel moment frames. In almost all of these research projects, the column used in testing or analyses have been W14 or smaller sections. One of the most important research projects during this period was the SAC Steel joint Venture Project where a large number of moment connections were tested and analyzed and design recommendations were formulated. In this project, almost all specimens had a column with depth of no more than 14-16 inches. However, since in many cases of moment frames, the governing design requirement is the stiffness to control the drift, the use of deep columns with a depth of 24, 27 and even 30 inches, becomes very economical. Unfortunately, there is no extensive and reliable information on actual cyclic behavior and design of moment frames with deep columns. This report discusses: (a) the issues that need to be considered in using deep columns in moment frames, (b) a comparison of seismic behavior of two 10 story moment frames designed using W14 and W27 respectively, (c) the results of a series of realistic non-linear finite element analysis of momentrotation behavior of connections with deep columns and; (d) the conclusions. First Printing, June 2002. __________________________________________________________________________________
Jie-Hua Jay Shen, Ph.D., P.E., S.E. Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3201 South Dearborne Street, Chicago, IL, 60616. Phone: (312) 567-5860, Fax: (312) 567-3579. E-mail: shen@iit.edu. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl, Ph.D., P.E., Professor, 781 Davis Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, Phone: (510) 642-4528, Fax: (925) 946-0903, E-mail: astaneh@ce.berkeley.edu , Web page: www.ce.berkeley.edu/~astaneh ____________________________________________________________________________________________ David B. McCallen, Ph.D., Director, Center for Complex Distributed Systems, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, MS L-151, Livermore, CA 94550. Phone: (925) 423-1219 E-mail: mccallen2@llnl.gov. ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Disclaimer: The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognized engineering principles and is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer or architect. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the Structural Steel Educational Council or of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. Caution must be exercised when relying upon specifications and codes developed by others and incorporated by reference herein since such material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the printing of this document. The Structural Steel Educational Council or the authors bears no responsibility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at the time of the initial publication of this document.
Use of Deep Columns in Special Steel Moment Frames, J. Shen, A. Astaneh-Asl and D. B. McCallen, 2002.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The publication of this report was made possible in part by the support of the Structural Steel Educational Council (SSEC). The authors wish to thank all SSEC members for their valuable comments. Particularly, special thanks are due to Fred Boettler, Jeff Eandi, Lanny Flynn, Pat Hassett, William Honeck, Brett Manning and James Putkey for their valuable and detailed review comments. The authors also appreciate the review comments provided by James Malley of Degenkolb Engineers and Dr. Farzad Naeim of John A. Martin Associates. The opinions expressed in this report are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Illinois Institute of Technology, the University of California Berkeley, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory where authors are employed nor the Structural Steel Educational Council or other agencies and individuals whose names appear in this document. A portion of this work was performed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under the auspices of DOE Contract W-7405-Eng-48. The analyses and design of the 10-story frames were done using the latest version of the SAP-2000n program. The generous donation of the program by Computers and Structures Inc. of Berkeley (www.csiberkeley.com) is sincerely appreciated. The finite element analyses of connections were conducted using ABAQUAS and NIKE-3D program.
USE OF DEEP COLUMNS IN SPECIAL STEEL MOMENT FRAMES

By:
JAY SHEN, Ph.D., P.E., S.E.
Associate Professor Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago
ABOLHASSAN ASTANEH-ASL, Ph.D., P.E.

Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
DAVID B. McCALLEN, Ph.D.

Director Center for Complex Distributed Systems, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore
____________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT / Page 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS / Page 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS / Page 3 NOTATIONS / Page 4 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION / Page 5 CHAPTER 2. USE AND BEHAVIOR OF FRAMES WITH DEEP COLUMNS / Page 8 CHAPTER 3. ANALYSIS OF CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF DEEP COLUMN CONNECTIONS / PAGE 17 CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSIONS / Page 33 REFERENCES/Page 36 ABOUT THE AUTHORS / Page 38 LIST OF PUBLISHED STEEL TIPS REPORTS / Page 39
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Notations
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In preparing the following notations, whenever possible, the definitions are taken from various references as indicated inside the parentheses whenever applicable. bf E Fy Width of flange. Modulus of elasticity. Specified minimum yield stress of the type of steel to be used, ksi. As used in the LRFD Specification, "yield stress" denotes either the minimum specified yield point (for those steels that have a yield point) or the specified yield strength (for those steels that do not have yield point). (AISC, 1997). Specified minimum yield stress of the web. Depth of web. Torsion constant, cross section property. Inch, 1 inch= 25.4mm. Moment of inertia about x-axis. Moment of inertia about y-axis. Kilo-pounds per square inches, 1 ksi=6,895 kilo-Pascal. Radius of gyration about x-axis. Radius of gyration about y-axis. Section modulus about x-axis. Section modulus about y-axis. Thickness of flange. Thickness web. Plastic modulus about x-axis. Plastic modulus about y-axis. Limiting slenderness parameter for a compact element. (AISC, 1997). Limiting slenderness parameter for a non-compact element. (AISC, 1997). Equals bf /2tf for flange. Equals h/tw for web. Twisting of column.
Fyw h J in. Ix Iy ksi rx ry Sx Sy tf tw Zx Zy p r f w c
1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction Moment-resisting frames are one of the frequently used lateral load resisting systems in many steel building structures. During the 1994 Northridge earthquake, a large number of welded steel moment frames developed cracks in their beam-to-column welds at or near joints. Although, none of the damaged structures developed any partial collapse or even injuries, the structural engineering and steel construction community undertook an extensive effort to study the phenomenon and mitigate it. In the aftermath of the 1994 Northridge earthquake and during 1994-2000 periods, a comprehensive research and technology development project was undertaken by SAC Steel Joint Venture (FEMA-350, 2001) primarily funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency to address this problem. The main goal of the project, sometimes denoted as simply the SAC project, was to develop technologies for design, construction, inspection, evaluation and retrofit of the moment frames subjected to seismic effects. As part of the SAC Project, a large number of cyclic tests of beam-to-column connections of moment frames were conducted. The aim was to establish the actual behavior of existing as well as the improved beam-to-column moment connections. Most of these tests were done on specimens where the columns were W14 sections with a maximum depth of column being about 14-16 inches. When the studies were completed, SAC Project produced a set of reports (FEMA35, 2001) on various aspects of the problem and its solutions. One of the important items in the FEMA reports was the introduction of pre-qualified moment connections. The pre-qualified connections have specific ranges of material properties and geometry, which are based on tested connections. It is expected that if properties of a designed connection fall within these ranges, the designed connection will behave in a manner similar to those tested within the SAC Program.
Almost all the pre-qualified connections in SAC reports have a W14 column traditionally used in many structures. However, in today s design offices, structural engineers in many projects find it more economical to use columns that are deeper than the W14 sections. In recent years, it has been recognized that there is a strong economic incentive for the design engineer to use deep columns to satisfy increasingly more stringent drift limitations. Using W14 columns to satisfy drift limitations specified by the codes often results in unnecessarily heavy columns. Structural engineers have, from time to time, used deeper columns for some steel building projects, when they had resources to carry out the physical tests of project-based connections. The deep columns would be more extensively used for moderate-rise to high-rise buildings if the time consuming and costly physical tests could be avoided. So far, limited research has been done regarding the behavior and design of a beam-to-column connection with deep columns. Two reports (Gilton et al, 2000) and (Ricles et al., 2000) include the results of cyclic testing of a few beam-to-column connection specimens where the column was a deep wide flange section. Therefore, there is a need for information on the performance of beam-to-column moment connections with deep columns. A deep column in this context is a column with a depth of greater than 21 inches.
1.2. Background on This Study After the 1994 Northridge earthquake, extensive studies were conducted to improve the performance of the steel moment-resisting frame when subjected to strong ground motions. Since then, the Reduced Beam Section (RBS), where a portion of the beam flange is removed in order to force the plastic hinge in the beam away from the column face, has become one of the frequently used welded moment connections. Researchers have studied the behavior of the RBS connections when connected to W14 columns (FEMA-350, 2001), and have found that the connections with RBS have larger cyclic rotational ductility than the same connections without RBS. This type of beam-to-column connection assembly has been pre-qualified by FEMA-350 for seismic design of moment-resisting frames along with a number of other configurations of welded and bolted connections In 2000, a report by Gilton et al. (2000) presented the results of cyclic tests of three RBS moment connections where deep columns were used. The authors have reported twisting of the deep columns. Although the twisting of deep column in their tests appears to have been observed during the late stages of loading and after rotations in excess of 0.03 radian, the authors have expressed concern about twisting of the deep columns and have formulated and proposed limitations on the geometry of the column cross section to prevent the observed twisting of deep columns. A review of the report by Gilton et al (2000) indicates that the lateral movement of RBS hinge and the resulting twisting of deep columns in their tests may have been due to
unrealistic boundary conditions and lack of bracing normally provided to top flange by the floor beams. To investigate this, non-linear cyclic behavior of RBS moment connections with W14 and deep columns were studied and the results are summarized here. The analyses began with building the model of a beam-to-column sub-assemblage that had been physically tested (Gilton et. al., 2000). After the results of a tested specimen was well simulated by a finite element model, a group of more realistic beam-to-column sub-assemblages with other deep column configurations were analyzed, and the results were evaluated. The results confirmed that indeed column twisting in Gilton et al. (2000) tests might have occurred primarily because of the way the specimen was tested. In these tests, there was no flange bracing which normally is provided to the top flange of the beam by the floors in actual buildings. The authors hope the information presented here can be useful in better understanding the actual behavior of moment connections with deep columns in buildings. In addition, we hope the information can assist future researchers in planning their test set-up to test moment connections with deep columns in a realistic and proper manner.
1.3. Objectives of this Report The main objectives of this Steel Technical Information and Product Services (Steel TIPS) report are: 1. To review the use of frames with deep columns (Section 2). 2. To conduct pushover and inelastic time history analyses of frames with W14 as well as deep columns and compare their seismic behavior (Section 2). 3. To conduct a critical review of the results of a few cyclic tests available at this time on deep columns. The deep columns are defined as columns with a depth of 21 inches or greater, particularly columns with 24, 27, 30 and 33 inch depths (Section 3). 4. Using realistic models of the connections with deep columns, to conduct simulated cyclic tests of these connections and compare the results of computer analyses to actual test results to ensure that the computer analyses predict the actual test results well (Section 3). 5. To conduct more analyses of moment connections with different beam and deep columns sections and with floors being present or not (Section 3). 6. To formulate tentative recommendations for the use of deep columns in moment frames. Such recommendations can be verified by selective, well-planned and correctly executed testing (Section 4).
2. USE AND BEHAVIOR

OF FRAMES WITH DEEP COLUMNS
2.1. Introduction In most cases of design of moment frames, drift limitations, and not strength, govern the design. One of the efficient ways of reducing the drift of a moment frame is to increase the bending and shear stiffness of its columns. Using deeper cross sections than the W14 s traditionally used in many moment frames will accomplish this. The following text provides a discussion of the issues related to the use of deep columns. 2.2. Issues Related to the Use of Deep Columns 2.2.a. Stiffness of the Moment Frame Deep columns with W21 to W30 sections provide larger moment of inertia for the same weight compared to traditional W14 column sections. For example, the weight/ft of a W27 section will be less than of the weight/ft of a W14 section with comparable moment of inertia. Relatively large bending stiffness of the deep columns results in increasing the global stiffness of the moment frame, which in turn results in reducing the drift and damage. 2.2.b. Strength In moment frames subjected to relatively large lateral forces, bending strength of the columns is one of the important parameters. Deep columns provide larger plastic moment capacity than the equivalent W14 s, making it possible to more easily meet the strong column-weak beam design requirements. For example, the weight/ft of a W27 section will be less than 70% of the weight of a W14 section having the same plastic moment capacity. In using deep columns with relatively small weak axis moments of inertia, one has to check the possibility of lateral torsional buckling of the deep column, especially for tall floors.
According to AISC Specification (AISC, 2001), if un-braced length of compression flange of a beam in bending is less than the Lp given by the following Equation 2.2, lateral-torsional buckling is not expected to occur before the beam reaches its plastic moment capacity.
If L Lp the beam is compact for lateral-torsional buckling, where:
L p = 1.7ry E / Fyw
(AISC-LRFD Manual, 2001, P. 16.1-33)
(2.1)
By rearranging the above equation we can obtain a limit for L/ry of the column, Equation 2.2, that below this limit lateral-torsional buckling is not expected and need not be checked.
L / ry 1.7 E / Fyw
(2.2)
For A36, Grade 50 and Grade 65 steel, the above limit of L/ry is equal to 48, 41 and 36 respectively.
2.2.c. Panel Zone Issues Deep column sections have deeper webs than the W14 columns and provide more web area than the W14 for the same weight. This means that shear strength and stiffness of the panel zone in a deep column is greater than the corresponding values in a W14 column with the same weight. The larger shear strength of the panel zone in deep columns can help reduce the need for doubler plates. The larger shear stiffness of the panel zone in deep columns can help reduce panel zone distortions. As a result, the contribution of panel zone distortions to the story drift can be smaller when deep columns are used. In deep columns, where the web is relatively slender, shear buckling of panel zone should be investigated. Shear buckling of web can be avoided by limiting the h/tw of the column web to the following value from the AISC Specification (AISC, 2001).
h / t w 2.45 E / Fyw
(AISC-LRFD Manual, 2001, P. 16.1-35)
(2.3)
If h/tw of the column web satisfies the above equation, it is expected that the column web can reach shear yielding before buckling. The term on the right side of the Equation 2.3 above for A36, grade 50 and Grade 65 steel (Fy=36, 50 and 65 ksi) is equal to 69, 59 and 52
respectively. A check on currently available rolled shapes indicate that all rolled wide flange shapes tabulated in the first part of the current AISC-LRFD Manual (AISC, 2001) have h/tw less than 59 therefore satisfy the limit of Equation 2.3 above for A36 and grade 50 steels. For grade 65 steel, with the exception of a few sections, almost all rolled shapes have h/tw less than 52 satisfying the limit of Equation 2.3. 2.2.d. Local Buckling As far as local buckling is concerned, deep columns have a disadvantage compared to W14 columns. In general, b/t ratio of flanges and h/tw of webs of deep columns are larger than the W14 s with the same weight. However, most deep column sections with grade 50 steel have compact webs and flanges and can be used in high seismic areas. 2.3. Comparison of Behavior of a Frame with W14 and Deep Columns In order to identify benefits and limitations of using deep columns in moment frames, a limited comparative study was done. In the study, a typical building was selected and was designed using W14 columns. Then, the same building was designed using W27 columns. Both frames had the same girders. The results of analyses of these two frames indicated that in all respects, the frames behaved similarly. However, the weight of the frame with W27 columns was considerably less. Of course, one should not generalize the outcome of this one case of comparison, but as an example, it sheds some light on seismic behavior of similar frames with W14 and W27 columns. In addition, it shows the extent of saving in the weight of columns for this building if one uses deep columns.
2.3.a. Building Used in the Comparative Studies The building selected for the comparative study was a 10-story perimeter frame building. This building structure, using W14 columns, was almost the same as the structure of a 10-story study building designed by the SAC Joint Venture (SAC, 1996) and provided to researchers in 1996. For these studies, the building was assumed located in seismic areas of California within a 10 km distance of a major fault. Hayward fault ground motions were the used in the nonlinear time history analyses. SAC designed the study buildings to comply with the UBC-97 (ICBO, 1997). Figures 2.1 shows framing plan and elevation of the 10-story study structure.
10
30 ft
30 ft
30 ft
30 ft
30 ft
A
30 ft
B
30 ft
C
8 @ 13 ft
30 ft
D
30 ft 18 ft
E
30 ft
F
12 ft
ELEVATION PLAN Figure 2.1. Plan and Elevation Views of the 10-Story Structure
2.3.b. Design of the Building Used in the Comparative Studies As indicated earlier, the building used in the study was adapted from one of the study buildings that was developed and used in the SAC Joint Venture program (SAC, 1996). The tenstory building designed by SAC for a Los Angeles site had W14 columns. The SAC-designed structure complied with the UBC-97 and its maximum inter-story drift (for 18 feet tall ground floor, see Figure 2.1) was 1.7%, which is less than the 2% limit given by the UBC-97 for this structure. The frame on column line 6 of SAC structure was selected as one of our two study frames and was denoted as W14 Study Frame. Then, we replaced the W14 columns with W27 columns while keeping the same beams and denoted this frame W27 Study Frame. Since in moment frames, usually drift is the governing design parameter, the replacement W27 were selected such that the frame had still a drift value less than 2% and both W14 and W27 study frames had comparable stress level in their members. Figure 2.2 shows cross sections of the girders and columns used in both frames. Figure 2.3 shows Demand/Capacity ratios for members of study frames. Instead of LRFD methods, in the design we used AISC-ASD design option of the SAP2000n software and the nominal loads. This was done to be able to compare the stresses and deformations generated in each frame by the combined design forces at service load level and not at factored-load levels. The use of ASD methods here is not to advocate its use in design, which is best done using LRFD methods. To the authors, the ASD method provided a better feel about service level (unfactored) stresses and deformations in the frames.
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The analysis of the frame with W27 columns showed that the maximum inter-story drift in the frame was 1.2% and for the frame with W14 columns was 1.7%. Both drift values were less than the limit of 2% as per UBC-97 (IBC, 1997) and occurred at the 18 feet tall ground floor. Figure 2.3 shows values from the interaction equation for the two frames, which indicates the stress level at code service level forces to be similar in both frames and relatively low as expected in a moment frame.
W14 Study Frame
W27 Study Frame
Figure 2.2. Girders and Columns of W14, and W27 Study Frames
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W14 Columns
W27 Columns
Figure 2.3. Values of ASD M-P Interaction Equation for the W14 Study-Frame (upper frame) and the W27 Study Frame (lower frame)
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Push-over Analyses: In order to compare the performance of two frames, using the SAP 2000n program, pushover analyses of the frames shown in Figure 2.2 were conducted. In the pushover analyses, both frames were subjected to ever-increasing first mode pushover displacements. Figure 2.4 shows the push over curves. Both frames were able to reach a roof displacement of about 2.5 feet before collapse. Figure 2.5 shows the hinges at the time of collapse. The frame with W14 columns showed soft story formation while the frame with W27 columns had more yielding in the columns at the time of collapse. The columns in the frame with W27 columns were considerably lighter than the columns in the frame with W14 columns.
3000 W14
W27 2000 Base Shear, kips.
Roof Disp.
1000
1.0
2.0
3.0
Roof Displacement, ft.
Figure 2.4. Pushover Curves for the Frames with W14 and W27 Columns
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Note:
Indicates a plastic hinge with partial yielding Indicates a plastic hinge with full yielding of the cross section
Figure 2.5. Hinges in the Frames Just Prior to Collapse
Inelastic Time History Analyses: In order to compare the dynamic response of two frames, inelastic time history analyses of both frames were conducted. The dead and live load as well as the mass applied to both frames were the same as given by SAC (FEMA-350, 2001). The inelastic models of the frames shown in Figure 2.2 were subjected to the E-W acceleration component of the Hayward Seismic Evaluation Earthquake (SEE) generated by Bolt and Gregor (1993). Figure 2.6 shows the time history of displacement of the first floor for the two frames. The drift values for the first floor can be obtained by dividing displacements by 18 feet, the height of ground floor. The inter-story drift of the frames with W27 and W14 columns were 1% and 1.2% respectively. The drift values calculated using UBC-97 (ICBO, 1997) provisions were 1.2% and 1.7% for frames with W14 and W27 columns respectively. Plastic hinges formed in both frames at the RBS areas. However, since the girders in both frames were the same, it was not expected that non-linear behavior of frames would be much different. In previous sections, it was shown that the drift values and stresses in two study frames, one with W14 columns and the other with W27 columns, were essentially the same. However, for
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this 10-story building with a 150ft by 150ft plan, the weight of the steel using W27 deep columns was about 1.3 lbs/ft2 less than the steel in the same frame but with W14 columns. According to a leading steel fabricator, the 1.3 lbs/ft2 equals to about 6-8% in total material saving based on 1618 psf of steel for a typical structure of this type. Of course as mentioned earlier, this 10-story building was just an example to demonstrate that using deep columns instead of W14 can result in improvement in lateral load resisting behavior, much better drift and damage control as well as possible savings in the cost of construction of steel frames.
W14 Frame W27 Frame
Figure 2.6. Time History of Horizontal Displacement of First Floor to Hayward SEE Earthquake
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3. ANALYSIS OF
CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF DEEP COLUMN CONNECTIONS
3.1. Introduction This Chapter investigates, analytically, the cyclic behavior of beam-to-column connections with deep column sections ranging from W14 to W33. A compact beam section was used for most of parametric studies, since; almost all available wide flange sections are compact. For comparison, a non-compact section beam was also included. Detailed nonlinear finite element analyses were conducted to address the issues that influence the cyclic performance and design considerations of one of the most commonly used connections pre-qualified by FEMA-350 (2001), namely the RBS connection, whit the column becoming deeper and deeper. In the following sections, a summary of the results of these studies is presented.
3.2. Simulation of Cyclic Behavior of Tested Specimen 3.2.a Computer Model of Test Specimen As indicated in previous chapter, two of the three specimens tested by Gilton et al. (2000) had web doubler plates added to the column panel zone. The third specimen without the doubler plate, assumed to more realistically represent the current design practice, was therefore selected to be modeled and analyzed in this study. This specimen was Specimen DC-2 (Gilton et. al., 2000). A nonlinear finite element model of this specimen was constructed with the nonlinear finite element program, ABAQUS (ABAQUS, 2001). The specimen was a standard beam-tocolumn assembly consisting of a W27194 column and a W36150 beam, both specified as A572 Gr.50 steel. A reduced beam section (RBS) was introduced to make the beam side of the connection pre-qualified by FEMA 350 (FEMA 350, 2001). The details of the RBS, the column
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stiffeners and web shear tab plate are shown in Figure 3.1. The test setup of the beam-to-column assembly connection is shown in Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.1. Non-Linear Computer Model of the Specimen
Figure 3.2. Model of Test Set-up Used by Gilton et al. (2000)

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The computer model, denoted here as ABQ-DEEP, used fully integrated six-node and eight-node three-dimensional solid elements (Element types C3D6 and C3D8 in ABAQUS). A finer mesh was used in the RBS area, panel zone and shear tab plate areas. Rigid links were used to connect the beam tip to the actual loading point (reference node), which was also restrained to prevent out-of-plane translation (Figure 3.2). The material properties of the steel, yield strength and ultimate strength, were specified from the mill certified coupon test of the Specimen DC-2 (see Table 3.1). Stress-strain curve for the steel was a tri-liner curve with three segments: (a) first segment, (the elastic segment) from the origin to the yield point, (b) the second segment from the yield point to ultimate strength point with stress equal to Fu and strain of 0.20; and (c) the last segment, a horizontal line at stress level of Fu. Table 3.1. Properties of Specimen DC-2 Tested by Gilton et al., (2000)
Cyclic loading pattern in the test, controlled by the displacement at the tip of the beam, was of a standard small-to-large displacement cycles as shown in Figure 3.3. At small displacements, the cycles were repeated four times. At larger inelastic displacements, the cycles were repeated twice.
Figure 3.3. Loading History Used in the Test and Analysis
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3.2.b. Simulated Cyclic Behavior of Connection When simulated cyclic loading was applied to the nonlinear model of specimen, the specimen remained virtually elastic before 1% drift cycles, when some yielding was observed. Though such elastic deformation cycles might be desirable for physical testing, a finite element analysis does not record any effects of elastic cyclic loading and unloading on the assembly. Thus, in the simulation analysis, the cyclic loading history for the analysis started from the cycles immediately before any yielding was observed. The number of inelastic cycles appears to have a significant influence on the post-buckling behavior in terms of strength degradation. The actual test of specimen DC-2 indicated that strength was reduced considerably when the inelastic cycle was repeated. Such cycle-related strength reduction became more significant when a larger inelastic cycle was repeated, apparently due to the Bauschinger effect leading to local buckling and low cycle fatigue phenomenon.
3.2.3. Comparison of Analytic and Experimental Results Figure 3.4 shows the load-displacement curves from the test specimen DC-2 tested by Gilton et al. (2000), and from the analysis discussed here. The overall cyclic responses from the analysis and the test match reasonably well. There are some noticeable discrepancies in unloading and reloading regions, particularly at large inelastic deformation levels. The unloading curve of the tested specimen was highly nonlinear, significantly different from the linear unloading curve conventionally used as analytical models of hysteretic behavior. The reloading in an opposite direction after a full inelastic unloading made the specimen softer. The softening in unloading and reloading appear to have been responsible for an accelerated strength reduction from its peak value after each cycle with the same or higher level of displacement. The deformed shapes of specimen from analysis model at 5% drift level are presented in Figures 3.5, showing an isometric view of the buckling shape near the beam-to-column joint. The deformed shape is similar to the final buckling shape observed in the test (Gilton et. al., 2000), especially large deformations in the RBS area. Figure 3.6 shows top and end views of the deformed specimen at 5% story drift.
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Figure 3.4. Load-Displacement Curve of Specimen DC-2 and Analytical Results
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Figure 3.5 Buckling Shape of the Specimen Model at 5% Story Drift
Figure 3.6. Deformed Shape of Web and Flanges at 5% Story Drift
3.3. Parametric Study of Cyclic Behavior of Deep Column Connections Having successfully simulated the cyclic behavior of the tested specimen, the ABAQUS model, ABQ-DEEP as the prototype, was used to model the connection assembly with various column sizes. In the seismic design of steel moment-resisting frames based on improved connection details summarized in recent FEMA publications (FEMA-350, 2001), there are some concerns related to the connection strength reduction after its peak strength is reached. Slower reduction might indicate a more stable connection performance, and vice versa. It has been
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observed that strength reduction after the peak strength is reached heavily depends on the number of inelastic cycles. The main goals of the parametric studies were: 1. To investigate whether or not there are any significant characteristics in a connection with deep column sections that are not considered in current design practice; 2. To investigate the effects of floor slab and transverse beams in bracing the connection and preventing lateral movement of hinge areas. Six beam-to-column connection assemblies were studied analytically. Five of them had the columns listed in Table 3.2, and the W36x150 beam section. The five columns were selected to construct the connection assemblies within a practical range. The column sections were selected based on their plastic section modulus (Zx) and moments of inertia (Ix and Iy), so that the comparison could be made with respect to lateral movement of the hinge areas and twisting of columns with different combinations of Zx, Ix, and Iy.
Table 3.2. Section Properties of the Studied Column Sections
In addition, the effect of lateral bracing on the connection assembly performance was also investigated by introducing actual lateral supports from transverse beams and the concrete with metal deck floor that exists in almost all steel framed buildings. To study bracing effects of the floor slab, in some analytical cases, the beam was laterally braced along the beam top flange outside the RBS. Two different boundary condition cases were considered: (1) Unbraced case where the beam had no lateral restraints similar to specimens tested by Gilton et al (2000); and (2)
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Braced case where the beam was laterally restrained in its panel zone and top flange except in the RBS region. For comparison, an additional beam-to-column connection with a non-compact beam section, W30x90, and a W27x194 column, was also included in this study. The cyclic analyses applied a maximum displacement of 6% story drift ratio in the same manner as conducting a physical test per FEMA-350 (2001). The following sections will present a summary of the analytical results together with discussions of various issues.
3.3.1. Overall Cyclic Behavior of Deep Column Connections Figures 3.7, 3.8, and 3.9 show the cyclic behavior of the connection assemblies with W30x191, W33x169, and W201x201, respectively. The cyclic loops of the connections demonstrated that the connections with deeper columns were stable. With lateral bracing (the solid-blue lines in the figures), the connections did not have any significant strength reduction before the 4% drift ratio. Under the cyclic loading, the strength degradation occurred upon the
Figure 3.7. Cyclic Behavior of the Connection with W30x191 Column and W36x150 Beam.
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load reversal in both positive and negative deformation regions after the plastic hinge formed in the RBS region at about 3% drift ratio, mainly due to inelastic local web and flange buckling. Without lateral bracing (the dashed-red lines in Figures 3.7, 3.8, and 3.9), the connections experienced column twisting and beam lateral torsional buckling after 4% drift ratio, demonstrating a larger strength reduction than those with lateral bracing. It seems apparent that the lateral supports to the beam flange under compression improved the inelastic behavior of connections with deep columns. In particular, the post-buckling strength degradation was reduced considerably by lateral supports provided by the floor, as shown in Figures 3.7, 3.8, and 3.9. The lateral supports to the beam prevented lateral movement of plastic hinge area and extended the deformation prior to the onset of strength degradation. The local buckling of the flanges and web was mainly responsible for a slow degradation in strength at a later deformation stage for the braced connections. A larger strength degradation under negative bending moment, when the beam top flange was in tension, in the above figures indicates that extra lateral supports to the bottom flange can help to enhance inelastic cyclic behavior. Note that all cases involved a compact beam section, W36x150 with Fy=50 ksi. If any non-compact beam section were used, the strength degradation would have been more significant, as discussed later.
Figure 3.8. Cyclic Behavior of the Connection with W33x169 Column and W36x150 Beam
25
Figure 3.9. Cyclic Behavior of the Connection with W33x201 Column and W36x150 Beam.
3.3.2. Effect of Column Size/Depth Figure 3.10(a) shows the plan views of deformed RBS connections, with no floor slab and transverse beams present, at a relatively large story drift ratio of 6%. The large story drift was selected to show the deformations at very late stages of cyclic behavior and at drift values much beyond what can be expected in major seismic event. The figure shows RBS connections with deep columns where no lateral bracing was provided in order to reveal the effect of the column size on the lateral stability of the connection assembly. The larger lateral torsional deformation of the beam was observed when the column was weaker in out-of-plane stiffness. For example, there was no lateral torsional buckling of the same beam when the column was changed to a W14x426. It seems that in this case, due to lack of floor slab and transverse beams, the deep column was the only element responsible to resist the torque applied to it by the beam. Being subjected to such twisting effects, the deep columns with no floor underwent twisting as shown in Figure 3.10(a) for four study cases. The values of c given in Figure 3.10 are approximate values of column twisting alone in degrees.
26
c 1.5
c . 2.5
c 3.0
c 2.5
W27x194 Column
W30x191 Column
W33x169 Column
W33x201 Column
Note: (All Beams: W36x150) ,
(a)
c 0.0
c 0.0
c 0.0
c 0.0
W27x194 Column Note: All Beams: W36x150)
W30x191 Column
W33x169 Column
W33x201 Column
(b)
Figure 3.10. Lateral Deformation of the RBS Area and Column Deformations for: (a) Connections with no Floor Slab and Transverse Beam; and (b) Connections with Floor Slabs and Transverse Beams Figure 3.10(b) shows the same four connections as in Figure 3.10(a) but this time the connections have floor slab attached to the top flange of the beam at shear stud locations and a transverse beam is attached to the panel zone of the column. As the figure indicates, by having the floor slab and transverse beam, the column twisting was negligible. As can be seen in Table 3.2, the torsional stiffness and weak-axis flexural stiffness of a W14 sections are greater than the corresponding values for deeper columns with comparable strong axis flexural stiffness. When a beam-column connection specimen is tested with no slab and transverse beam, there is no lateral restraint to prevent lateral movement of the highly yielded and locally buckled RBS hinge as shown in Figure 3.10(a). When the hinge area, not attached to the floor, moves laterally, it can apply large enough moment to bare column to twist it as shown in Figure 3.11.
27
Torque=(Flange Force)x( Eccentricity.)
Figure 3.11. Torque acting on Column due to Lateral Movement of RBS
We believe that the lack of floor slab in Gilton et al s (2000) tests is the main reason for development of column twisting in their tests. Had the floor slab been present, as is the case in almost all buildings, or at least the restraining effects of floor slab been represented by bracing in the test set-up, most likely the twisting of columns would have been minor and non-consequential. It is strongly recommended that in future tests of beam-column connections particularly RBS connections with deep columns, the restraining effects of the floor be represented either by having the actual floor cast with the specimen or by attaching to top flange appropriate bracing mechanisms to represent the floors.
3.3.3. Effect of Beam Section Compactness It is necessary to use a compact beam section in the earthquake-resistant moment frame to ensure a stable cyclic performance during a strong earthquake. The limit of bf/2tf ratio for a compact flange, (Fy). In practice, most wide flange sections are compact p, is equal to 52 sections. In this study, all previous discussions have been based on a compact beam section, W36x150 ( f = bf/2tf = 6.4; f / p=0.87). In this section, a non-compact section, W30x90 (bf/2tf = 8.5; f / p=1.16), was selected to compare the behavior of the deep-column connection assembly with compact and non-compact beam sections. For definitions of terms, see Notations in Page 4. Figure 3.12 shows the cyclic response of the assembly with W30x90 beam and W27x194 column. The strength reduction rates are 35% and 50% at 4% and 5% story drift levels, respectively, which are twice as much as those observed from previous analyses based on W36x150 beam. An early local buckling of the flanges, as well as the lateral torsional buckling might be responsible for such accelerated strength degradation. Figure 3.13 and 3.14 present the buckling shape of the assembly at 5% story drift level. It is apparent that the buckling of the flange is much more extensive with a non-compact flange than the compact one. However, even in the case with a non-compact beam, after considerable local buckling and distortion of the RBS hinge, the column did not develop twisting.
28
Figure 3.12. Load-displacement curve of the assembly with W30x90 beam and W27x194 column
29
Figure 3.14 Buckling shape of the assembly with W30x90 beam and W27x194 column (the top flange view).
Note: 1 kN= 0.225 kips, 1mm=0.0394 inch.
Figure 3.15. Cyclic Behavior of Connection with W14x426 Column and W36x150 Beam
30
3.3.4. Lateral Stability of the Connection with W14 Column For comparison with deep-column connections, an RBS connection assembly with W14x426 column and W36x150 beam was used. Four cases were investigated. The first case, named as ABQ-Fu, involved no RBS. Other three cases involved RBSs with different eccentricities and flange reduction rates. The eccentricity is measured from the column flange face to the near end of the RBS, and the flange reduction rate is the ratio of the cut flange area of the smallest RBS to the original flange area. Figure 3.14 shows analytical and experimental responses of the assembly with ABQ-e1 RBS. There was practically no strength reduction visible from the load-displacement curve. The deformed shapes of the four cases are given in Figure 3.15. There is no lateral torsional buckling in all but one case. The case with a large eccentricity RBS suffered lateral torsional buckling primarily due to a distant RBS from the column. In none of the cases, there was any torsion or weak-axis flexural deformation visible in the column.
Figure 3.16. Deformed Shapes of Connections with W14x425 Column and W36x150 Beam: (a) No RBS; (b) Small eccentricity and moderate flange reduction RBS; (c) Large eccentricity and moderate flange reduction RBS; and (d) Moderate eccentricity and large flange reduction RBS
31
In order to compare behavior of connections with W14 and deep columns, a connection with W14x426 also was analyzed. The beam at this connection was the same as the others, a W36x150. Figure 3.15 shows cyclic moment-rotation behavior of this connection established by non-linear finite element analysis. The connection was analyzed with and without the bracing provided by floor slab. In addition, a third case was also analyzed where the beam did not have the RBS. The analyses indicated that in this case, presence or absence of floor slab did not make much difference. The RBS area of the beam did not move laterally and the column did not show tendency to twist as shown in Figure 3.16. It appears that in this case, the W14 column alone, because of its large stiffness in torsion and lateral bending, was able to brace the RBS hinge and prevent its lateral movement. This may be the reason why in more than 100 tests of connections conducted within the SAC Program, and almost all were without the slab, very few specimens showed tendency for column twisting. As a result, the SAC tests using W14 columns, by default, ended up being valid tests even though there was no floor to brace the beam. Simply put, the column alone provided the bracing. However, in case of connections with deep columns, the columns were not able to provide the bracing that the floor normally provides. As a result, the RBS area of these specimens moved in lateral direction causing twisting of column making these tests somewhat unrealistic and the results questionable. Based on studies summarized in previous sections, it can be concluded that the twisting of the deep columns during the tests conducted by Gilton et al (2000) most likely was the result of the way the tests were done rather than a realistic behavioral phenomenon. The test specimens did not have the lateral bracing provided by the floors that exists in almost all steel structures. Had Gilton, Chi and Uang (Gilton et al, 2000) done the tests with correct boundary conditions and representative bracings, the results would have been realistic representation of actual condition in the field and most likely the twisting of deep columns would have been negligible and nonconsequential to the behavior and design. This was clearly the case with tests done by Ricles, Mau, Lu and Fisher (Ricles et al, 2000), where the boundary conditions in the test set-up were correctly presented. No twisting of deep columns were reported for deep column specimens tested by Ricles et al. Currently, a series of cyclic tests on RBS moment connections with deep columns is in progress at Lehigh University by Professor Ricles and his research team. The results of such tests, expected to be done properly as the earlier tests at Lehigh (Ricles et al, 2000) and the design recommendations stemming from such results, will be a valuable addition to the field.
32
4. CONCLUSIONS
4.1. Introduction Based on the results of non-linear analyses of steel moment frames with RBS connections and with W14 through W33 columns, the following conclusions were reached. The conclusions herein should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer or architect. As indicated in the Disclaimer section, anyone making use of the information herein assumes all liability arising from such use. 4.2. Conclusions 1. Based on the observed performance of the frames with deep columns and the behavior of their connections, there were no considerable reasons found to suggest preventing the use of deep column sections in any moment frame including special moment frames. 2. The inelastic analyses of connections with deep columns indicated that the study connections should be able to provide the required strength and especially the rotational ductility in excess of those required by FEMA-350 (2001) for pre-qualified connections. Figure 4.1 shows the FEMA requirement for minimum moment-rotation envelope curve (curve OYF) as well as representative envelop curve for connections with deep column studied herein (curve OYA). As the figure indicates, the connections with deep column clearly satisfy the FEMA requirement.
33
Figure 4.1. Comparison of the M- Curve of Connections with Deep Columns to the M- Required by FEMA for Special Moment Connections 3. In reference to deep columns, FEMA-350 (2001), Page 2-23, states: The pre-qualified connections should only be used with W12 and W14 column sections. According to FEMA-350, this statement is based on the results of only two tests of deep column specimens that were done at the time of development of FEMA reports. In these two tests, the deep columns showed a tendency to twist. A critical review of the test set-up, as discussed in previous sections, revealed that most likely such column twisting would not have occurred had the test set-up and the specimens been realistic representative of actual buildings. The specimens had no transverse beams connected to the panel zone of the columns and had no floor slabs. Almost all moment frame steel structures have floors (typically steel deck/concrete slab) and transverse beams, which provide significant lateral bracing. This investigation indicated that presence of the floor was enough to provide necessary bracing and to eliminate or to reduce the column twisting to insignificant and non-consequential levels. 4. The cyclic behavior of RBS connections with deep columns was found to be similar to the behavior of the same connection with W14 columns. Our studies indicated that there is no difference in bracing requirement for RBS connections with W14 and deep columns of up to W33 when there is a floor slab at least on one side of the beam. 5. By using deep columns, in a moment frame, the drift limits can be met with less steel tonnage compared to W14 column sections. This is due to considerably large moment of inertia of deep sections for the same weight per foot as a comparable W14 column.
34
6. An added advantage of using deep column is a potential for saving in the cost of material and construction. In the 10-story study frames, the weight of the steel using W27 deep columns was about 1.3 lbs/ft2 less than the steel in the same frame but with W14 columns. According to a leading steel fabricator, the 1.3 lbs/ft2 equals to about 6-8% in total material saving based on 16-18 psf of steel for a typical structure of this type. Of course as mentioned earlier, this 10-story building was just an example to demonstrate that using deep columns instead of W14 not only can result in increasing lateral load resisting strength, decreasing drift, and reducing the cost. In other cases, the amount of saving may vary but most likely still there will be some economic gain in using deep columns.
7. The specimens without floor bracings, Figure 4.2(a), tested by Gilton, Chi and Uang (2000), cannot be considered representative of the actual structures. Design procedures and recommendations based on such test results cannot be justified. Future testing of the connections with deep columns need to be done such that the bracing effects provided by the floors and transverse beam(s) are represented. An example is shown in Figure 4.2(b). .
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.2. (a) Unrealistic Test Set-up used by Gilton, Chi, Uang (2000) and (b) Realistic Set-up
35
________________________________________________________________________
References
________________________________________________________________________ ABAQUS (2001), User Manual I, II and III, Version 6.2, Hibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen, Inc., Providence, RI. AISC (1998), Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL. AISC (2002), Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, (in review at this writing), American Institute of Steel Construction Inc., Chicago, IL. Astaneh-Asl, A. (1995), Seismic Behavior and Design of Bolted Steel Moment-Resisting Frames, Steel TIPS, Structural Steel Educational Council, Moraga, CA. (This report can be downloaded free from www.aisc.org web site.) Bolt, B. and Gregor, N., (1993), Synthesized Strong Ground Motion for the Seismic Condition Assessment of the Eastern Portion of the San Francisco Bay Bridge, Report No. UCB/EERC-93/12, University of California, Berkeley, CA. FEMA-350 (2001), Seismic Design Criteria for Steel Moment-Frame Structures, Report, Federal Emergency Management Agency, MD. (This report can be downloaded free from www.fema.gov web site.) Flynn, L., (2000), Letter to the Editor, Modern Steel Construction, American Institute of Steel Construction, November, Chicago, IL. Gilton, C., Chi, B. and Uang, C. M. (2000), Cyclic Response of RBS Moment Connections: Weak-Axis Configuration and Deep Column Effects, Report No. SSRP-2000/03, Structural Systems Research Project, Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA. ICBO (1997), Uniform Building Code, International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA.
36
Kitjasateanphun T. (2001), Seismic performances of Reduced Beam Section Frames, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL. Moore, K.S., Malley, J.O., and Engelhardt, M.D., (1999), Design of Reduced Beam Section (RBS) Moment Frame Connections, Steel TIPS, Structural Steel Educational Council, Moraga, CA. (This report can be downloaded free from www.aisc.org web site.) Ricles, J.M., Mao, C., Lu, L-W and Fisher, J.W., (2000) Development and Evaluation of Improved Details for Ductile Welded Unreinforced Flange Connections, ATLSS Report No. 00-04, ATLSS Engineering Research Center , Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA. SAC, (1996), Northridge Model Buildings, Internal Report for SAC Researchers, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento. SCI, (2000), Structural and Earthquake Engineering Software, SAP-2000 Software, Computers and Structures, Berkeley. SDI (1989), LRFD Design manual for Composite Beams and Girders with Steel Deck, No. LRFD1, The Steel Deck Institute. SEAOC, (1999), Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary, Seventh Ed., Structural Engineers Association of California, Sacramento, CA.
37
About the authors .
Jay Shen, Ph.D., P.E., S.E. is an associate professor of structural engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. He is a registered Professional Engineer and Structural Engineer. Dr. Shen's expertise and research interests are in the areas of inelastic behavior of steel structures and earthquake engineering. Topics of research interests include: cyclic behavior and design of earthquake-resistant steel structures, dynamic analysis, seismic retrofit of bridges, and computer-integrated analysis and design of steel structures. His current research includes nonlinear finite element analysis of steel bridges subject to strong ground motions, and seismic study of special moment frames and semi-rigid steel frames. Since 1994 Northridge California earthquake, he has conducted considerable research on inelastic behavior of moment connections, particularly pre-Northridge welded and the post-Northridge RBS steel moment connections. He has also been involved in providing consulting and advice to the industry on behavior and design of steel structures.
Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl, Ph.D., P.E., is a professor of structural engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the winner of the 1998 AISC, T.R. Higgins Award. Since 1982, he has been involved in teaching, research and design of steel structures. In recent years, he has conducted several major projects on seismic design and retrofit of steel long span bridges and tall buildings. Since1995, he has also been studying behavior of steel structures subjected to blast loads and has been involved in testing and further development of a cable- based mechanism to prevent progressive collapse of steel structures. The original concept of the system was suggested by Dr. Joseph Penzien in 1996 and in the aftermath of terrorist attack on Murrah building in Oklahoma City. Since September 11, 2001, he has been heavily involved in conducting research, funded by the National Science Foundation, on the collapse of the World Trade Center due to terrorist attack.
David McCallen, Ph.D, is the Director of the Engineering Technology Center for Complex Distributed Systems at LLNL. The Center is responsible for developing Engineering's capabilities in agile distributed sensor networks for data gathering and advanced techniques for combining simulation and sensing for enhanced characterization of complex systems. McCallen has a Ph.D. in Structural Engineering and Structural Mechanics from the University of California at Davis. His expertise is in the area of structural dynamics and the response of structures to extreme events. He has collaborated at the University of California (UC), Berkeley as a Visiting Research Engineer and has performed recent work in earthquake simulations with a multidisciplinary team of earth scientists and engineers from the UC Berkeley and LLNL. He has also led LLNL projects for the California Department of Transportation that studied the seismic response of key California transportation structures.
He can be reached at: He can be reached at: Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl, Ph.D., P.E., Jie-Hua Jay Shen, Ph.D., P.E., S.E. Department of Civil and Arch. Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3201 South Dearborne Street, Chicago, IL, 60616. Phone: (312) 567-5860, Fax: (312) 567-3579. E-mail: shen@iit.edu. 781 Davis Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710 Phone: (510) 642 4528, Fax: (510) 643 5258 Home office Phone and Fax: (925) 946-0903 Cell Phone for Urgent Calls: (925) 699-3902 E-mail: Astaneh@ce.berkeley.edu David B. McCallen, Ph.D., Center for Complex Distributed Systems, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, MS L-151, Livermore, CA 94550. Phone: (925) 423-1219 E-mail: mccallen2@llnl.gov. He can be reached at:
38
List of Published Steel TIPS Reports*

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------June 02: Use of Deep Columns in Special Steel Moment Frames, by Jay Shen, Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl and David McCallen. May 02: Seismic Behavior and Design of Composite Steel Plate Shear Walls, by Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl. Sept. 01: Notes on Design of Steel Parking Structures Including Seismic Effects, by Lanny J. Flynn, and Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl. Jun '01: Metal Roof Construction on Large Warehouses or Distribution Centers, by John L. Mayo. Mar. '01: Large Seismic Steel Beam-to-Column Connections, by Egor P. Popov and Shakhzod M.Takhirov. Jan 01: Seismic Behavior and Design of Steel Shear Walls, by Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl. Oct. '99: Welded Moment Frame Connections with Minimal Residual Stress, by Alvaro L. Collin and James J. Putkey. Aug. '99: Design of Reduced Beam Section (RBS) Moment Frame Connections, by Kevin S. Moore, James O. Malley and Michael D. Engelhardt. Jul. '99: Practical Design and Detailing of Steel Column Base Plates, by William C. Honeck & Derek Westphal. Dec. '98: Seismic Behavior and Design of Gusset Plates, by Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl. Mar. '98: Compatibility of Mixed Weld Metal, by Alvaro L. Collin & James J. Putkey. Aug. '97: Dynamic Tension Tests of Simulated Moment Resisting Frame Weld Joints, by Eric J. Kaufmann. Apr. '97: Seismic Design of Steel Column-Tree Moment-Resisting Frames, by Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl. Jan. '97: Reference Guide for Structural Steel Welding Practices. Dec. '96: Seismic Design Practice for Eccentrically Braced Frames (Based on the 1994 UBC), by Roy Becker & Michael Ishler. Nov. '95: Seismic Design of Special Concentrically Braced Steel Frames, by Roy Becker. Jul. '95: Seismic Design of Bolted Steel Moment-Resisting Frames, by Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl. Apr. '95: Structural Details to Increase Ductility of Connections, by Omer W. Blodgett. Dec. '94: Use of Steel in the Seismic Retrofit of Historic Oakland City Hall, by William Honeck & Mason Walters. Dec '93: Common Steel Erection Problems and Suggested Solutions, by James J. Putkey. Oct. '93: Heavy Structural Shapes in Tension Applications. Mar. '93: Structural Steel Construction in the '90s, by F. Robert Preece & Alvaro L. Collin. Aug. '92: Value Engineering and Steel Economy, by David T. Ricker. Oct. '92: Economical Use of Cambered Steel Beams. Jul. '92: Slotted Bolted Connection Energy Dissipaters, by Carl E. Grigorian, Tzong-Shuoh Yang & Egor P. Popov. Jun. '92: What Design Engineers Can Do to Reduce Fabrication Costs, by Bill Dyker & John D. Smith. Apr. '92: Designing for Cost Efficient Fabrication, by W.A. Thornton. Jan. '92: Steel Deck Construction. Sep. '91: Design Practice to Prevent Floor Vibrations, by Farzad Naeim. Mar. '91: LRFD-Composite Beam Design with Metal Deck, by Ron Vogel. Dec. '90: Design of Single Plate Shear Connections, by Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl, Steven M. Call and Kurt M. McMullin. Nov. '90: Design of Small Base Plates for Wide Flange Columns, by W.A. Thornton. May '89: The Economies of LRFD in Composite Floor Beams, by Mark C. Zahn. Jan. '87: Composite Beam Design with Metal Deck. Feb. '86: UN Fire Protected Exposed Steel Parking Structures. Sep. '85: Fireproofing Open-Web Joists & Girders. Nov. '76: Steel High-Rise Building Fire.
The Steel TIPS are available at AISC website: www.aisc.org and can be downloaded free for personal use courtesy of the California Field Iron Workers Administrative Trust and the AISC.
38
STRUCTURAL STEEL EDUCATIONAL COUNCIL

P.O. Box 6190 Moraga, CA 94570 Tel. (925) 631-1313 Fax. (925) 631-1112 Fred Boettler, Administrator Steel TIPS may be viewed and downloaded at www.aisc.org
Steel
S P O N S O R S
Adams & Smith Bannister Steel, Inc. Baresel Corp Bethlehem Steel Corporation Bickerton Industries, Inc Bostrum Bergen. California Erectors Eagle Iron Construction Eandi Metal Works Four Star Erectors Gayle Manufacturing The Herrick Corporation Hoertig Iron Works Junior Steel Company Martin Iron Works Inc. McLean Steel Inc. Nelson Stud Welding Co. Oregon Steel Mills Plas-Tal Manufacturing Co. Reno Iron Works SME Industries Schollenbarger-Borello, Inc. Strocal Inc. Templeton Steel Fabrication Trade Arbed Verco Manufacturing, Inc Vulcraft Sales Corp.
Western Steel & Metals, Inc.
The local structural steel industry (above sponsors) stands ready to assist you in determining the most economical solution for your products. Our assistance can range from budget prices and estimated tonnage to cost comparisons, fabrication details and delivery schedules.
Funding for this publication was provided by the California Field Iron Workers Administrative Trust.
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June 2002

Use of Deep Columns In Special Steel Moment Frames

Use of Deep Columns in Special Steel Moment Frames

USE OF DEEP COLUMNS IN SPECIAL STEEL MOMENT FRAMES

ABOLHASSAN ASTANEH-ASL, Ph.D., P.E.

DAVID B. McCALLEN, Ph.D.

____________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS

Fyw h J in. Ix Iy ksi rx ry Sx Sy tf tw Zx Zy p r f w c

2. USE AND BEHAVIOR

If L Lp the beam is compact for lateral-torsional buckling, where:

(AISC-LRFD Manual, 2001, P. 16.1-33)

(AISC-LRFD Manual, 2001, P. 16.1-35)

W14 Study Frame

W27 Study Frame

W27 2000 Base Shear, kips.

Roof Displacement, ft.

Figure 2.5. Hinges in the Frames Just Prior to Collapse

W14 Frame W27 Frame

Figure 3.1. Non-Linear Computer Model of the Specimen

Figure 3.2. Model of Test Set-up Used by Gilton et al. (2000)

Figure 3.3. Loading History Used in the Test and Analysis

Figure 3.4. Load-Displacement Curve of Specimen DC-2 and Analytical Results

Figure 3.5 Buckling Shape of the Specimen Model at 5% Story Drift

Figure 3.6. Deformed Shape of Web and Flanges at 5% Story Drift

Table 3.2. Section Properties of the Studied Column Sections

Note: (All Beams: W36x150) ,

W27x194 Column Note: All Beams: W36x150)

Torque=(Flange Force)x( Eccentricity.)

Figure 3.11. Torque acting on Column due to Lateral Movement of RBS

Note: 1 kN= 0.225 kips, 1mm=0.0394 inch.

About the authors .

List of Published Steel TIPS Reports*

STRUCTURAL STEEL EDUCATIONAL COUNCIL

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