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The viscosity of a fluid is an important property in the analysis of liquid behavior and fluid motion near solid boundaries. The viscosity is the fluid resistance to shear or flow and is a measure of the adhesive/cohesive or frictional fluid property. The resistance is caused by intermolecular friction exerted when layers of fluids attempt to slide by one another. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow The knowledge of viscosity is needed for proper design of required temperatures for storage, pumping or injection of fluids. There are two related measures of fluid viscosity - known as dynamic (or absolute) and kinematic viscosity.
The dynamic or absolute viscosity can be expressed like = dc/dy (1) where = shearing stress = dynamic viscosity Equation (1) is known as the Newtons Law of Friction. In the SI system the dynamic viscosity units are N s/m2, Pa.s or kg/m.s where 1 Pa.s = 1 N s/m 2 = 1 kg/m.s The dynamic viscosity is also often expressed in the metric CGS (centimeter-gram-second) system as g/cm.s, dyne.s/cm2
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or poise (p) where 1 poise = dyne s/cm 2 = g/cm.s = 1/10 Pa.s = 1/10 N.s/m2 For practical use the Poise is to large and it's usual divided by 100 into the smaller unit called the centiPoise (cP) where 1 p = 100 cP 1 cP = 0.01 poise = 0.01 gram per cm second = 0.001 Pascal second = 0.001 N.s/m2 Water at 68.4oF (20.2oC) has an absolute viscosity of one - 1 - centiPoise. Liquid Air Water Olive Oil Glycerol Liquid Honey Golden Syrup Glass Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity of some common Liquids Absolute Viscosity at Room Temperature (Pa.s) 1 x 10-5 1 x 10-3 1 x 10-1 1 x 100 1 x 101 1 x 102 1 x 1040
Kinematic Viscosity
is the ratio of absolute or dynamic viscosity to density - a quantity in which no force is involved. Kinematic viscosity can be obtained by dividing the absolute viscosity of a fluid with it's mass density =/ (2) where = kinematic viscosity = absolute or dynamic viscosity = density In the SI-system the theoretical unit is m2/s or commonly used Stoke (St) where 1 St = 10-4 m2/s Since the Stoke is an unpractical large unit, it is usual divided by 100 to give the unit called Centistokes (cSt) where 1 St = 100 cSt 1 cSt = 10-6 m 2/s Since the specific gravity of water at 68.4oF (20.2oC) is almost one (1), the kinematic viscosity of water at 68.4oF is for all practical purposes 1.0 cSt. Kinematic Viscosities of Some common Liquids and Fluids Conversion from absolute to kinematic viscosity can also be expressed as: = 6.7197 10-4 / where (2a)
= kinematic viscosity (ft2/s) = absolute or dynamic viscosity (cP) = specific weight (lb/ft3)
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Saybolt Universal Seconds (or SUS, SSU) Saybolt Universal Seconds (or SUS) is used to measure viscosity. The efflux time is Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) required for 60 milliliters of a petroleum product to flow through the calibrated orifice of a Saybolt Universal viscometer, under carefully controlled temperature and as prescribed by test method ASTM D 88. This method has largely been replaced by the kinematic viscosity method. Saybolt Universal Seconds is also called the SSU number (Seconds Saybolt Universal) or SSF number (Saybolt Seconds Furol). Kinematic viscosity versus dynamic or absolute viscosity can be expressed as = 4.63 / SG (3) where = kinematic vicosity (SSU) = dynamic or absolute viscosity (cP) SG = Specific Gravity Degree Engler Degree Engler is used in Great Britain as a scale to measure kinematic viscosity. Unlike the Saybolt and Redwood scales, the Engler scale is based on comparing a flow of the substance being tested to the flow of another substance - water. Viscosity in Engler degrees is the ratio of the time of a flow of 200 cubic centimetres of the fluid whose viscosity is being measured - to the time of flow of 200 cubic centimeters of water at the same temperature (usually 20oC but sometimes 50oC or 100oC) in a standardized Engler viscosity meter.
Newtonian Fluids
Fluids for which the shearing stress is linearly related to the rate of shearing strain are designated as Newtonian Fluids. Newtonian materials are referred to as true liquids since their viscosity or consistency is not affected by shear such as agitation or pumping at a constant temperature. Fortunately most common fluids, both liquids and gases, are Newtonian. Water and oils are examples of Newtonian liquids.
Thixotropic Fluids
Thixotropic liquids have a time-dependent structure. The viscosity of a thixotropic liquid decreases with increasing time, at a constant shear rate. Ketchup and mayonnaise are examples of thixotropic materials. They appear thick or viscous but are possible to pump quite easily.
Dilatant Fluids
Shear Thickening Fluids or Dilatant Fluids increase their viscosity with agitation. Some of these liquids can become almost solid within a pump or pipe line. With agitation, cream becomes butter and Candy compounds, clay slurries and similar heavily filled liquids do the same thing.
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Kinematic viscosity can be converted from SSU to Centistokes like Centistokes = 0.226 SSU - 195 / SSU where SSU < 100 Centistokes = 0.220 SSU - 135 / SSU where SSU > 100
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Viscosity Measurements
Three types of devices are used in viscosity measurements capillary tube viscometer Saybolt viscometer rotatiting viscometer
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Industrial Lubricants - Viscosity ISO-VG Grade - ISO-VG viscosity grades for industrial lubricants International Standard Atmosphere - International standard atmosphere - ranging elevation -2000 to 30000 meters pressure, temperature, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and velocity of sound Kinematic Conversion Diagram - Convert diagram between Centistokes, Saybolt and Redwood seconds Kinematic Viscosity Online Calculator - Convert between different kinematic viscosity units - centistokes, poise, lentor and more Major loss in Ducts, Tubes and Pipes - Major loss - head loss or pressure loss - due to friction in ducts, pipes and tubes Oil Viscosity Conversion Values - Convert between common oil viscosity units Pressure Drop in Oil Pipes - Pressure drop in oil pipes - viscosity ranging 100 - 600 Saybolt Universal Seconds Recommended Delivery Flow Velocity of Viscous Liquids - Normal flow velocities on the delivery side of the pump in viscous systems Reynolds Number - An introduction and definition of the dimensionless Reynolds Number - with online calculators SAE Multigrade Oil Properties - Viscosity and density of SAE Grade oil Steam Viscosity - Steam absolute viscosity at pressures ranging 1 - 10000 psia Viscosity Converting Chart - A converting table between viscosity units like Centiposes, milliPascal, CentiStokes and SSU Viscosity of Foods - Absolute or dynamic viscosity of some common foods Viscous Fluids - Recommended Suction Flow Velocity - Recommended suction flow velocity of viscous fluids Water - Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity - Absolute, or dynamic viscosity of water in centipoises for temperatures between 32 - 200oF Water - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity - Viscosity of water at temperatures between 0 - 100oC (32 - 212oF) - in Imperial and SI Units Williams Hazens Equation of Pressure Drop - The Hazen-Williams equation can be used to calculate pressure drop (psi) in pipes or tubes due to friction
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