UNI\roRSITI SrIII'IS MAlAYSIii School cf Comparativc Socia1 Scienccs

I1:-"!-

"&l.-"-ogl"I,jg' l-,o!.[q.qi-cs

'1.11,

l{ESTEmi CIVILU/.TION

fN T}E CONTRiCTION I{0nE *

1. 2. 3.

/.spects cf thc medioval Ol the decline a^nii fall

systcm as a soci:',I forrno,tj-on cf the mctiieva.l- systcm sornc s1:ccuJ.ati(-,nson sr:cirf forrnertion,

The post-rnod.ern pcriod.i dcclinc atcl" fall Conclusion

4,

W Jolra.n Galtun6; ancl peacc rcsearch, Uni'rrcrsity of 0s1o1 Chair in conflict dtetud"es du clcveloppcment, Gcncva; univcrsitairc Institut Sains i,lalaysia; Scliool of Cornparative Socia1 Scicnccs, Univcrsiti Goals Processes ancl Inclica-bors of Dcvclopment Projcctr UNU

PenanS, ,rugUst 19?9

loAw*s*--tAo--ggLlg",e-t-:ysjg'_.?.8--e.-sgc_p1--{_9ry:t.iop.
, lihat were thc-l,1id.d.le Agcs ali The ass'mption if about? Can lve talk is that it about a is meaningful

me&icval system? to d.o sor at lcast not to worly the ideal

in what follows is

tlie pcrspectivc

sufficicntly

maero-historical for would be

too rnuclt about details. (in'uhc

l,ftrat we ar.e looking

typical

Wcbcria.n scn-se) rathey,than

thc variationsl

the sweeping characterizations tha:r thc minutiac

of, v;rst regipns ln space and. tinre rather ': of a minor space-tirne region.

su:plus

To start at.a basib point in the systcm: sorlc words about hov; ',:': . lvas prod.rrccd",rend ty whom; and how it was spent, md Lry whom. syctem was an agricrr-ltural systernl irei.th,qr cral'ts nor

The medicval

trade d.ominated.. orcr 9V" of thc population

werc tiecl to the soi}, frorn thc place prod.uction was

most of whom nevcr departed. moqe .tjran one or two miles wltcre thetr, isut" bornnl the qjutgl - a largely had. the soil tied. to thc tillcd. scil, Tlr" bapic sclf-sufficient, bv frcod.men. bound. to thc larid. o{ the mastcr. turit of agricultural oftcn big,

farrn - some of them ') Thc co.Iq4i backgrorurr.i.

of frecdmen and. smaLl pcasa,nts - the smallest

of the falfen ff:a.rrrnlrrhr-.r

llcst Roman'cmnire - constituted. some of thc ravr naterial out of which '..'' thJs new social entity was formcdl similar formations arnongthe
:, : l

transalpine barbaria,ns constitutec anotncr and. cquallJ, imporbant input.J .. Similarlyr thc aristocracy was a, blend of the Roman a.ucltirc Gc.rmanic+ - aria thosc without or r';ith vcry ideally littlc J-and.wcrc blougiri und.cr thc against

land.onnerts prot6ctibn, serwices.

.guarantt:cing ,a minirnurn s:curity

one way, iabor prod.ucing good.s nrrd. .,.: servicep. lhc ,qther'; rrJ&s the ;'gencral 'fonnula f or thc rcpgg1,aljy_Slee, as lator (trgm thc ninth centuryy in'Francc - in the rval.-c of thc brcakdown of the Carolingian cmirirc;5 ro" thc feudal systcm.' ,no

lnd'#d'p"otl"tion

cxcha4ge w?s J,g..R\ Trad,q -wosrnostLy ullneccssar5,-r so w.rs monby - thc' exchapge kin{f a. balter,-sf,ri.ghts and, d.utics tc.r good.s'Ancl' . '':|l'1as.,in / : : r ' , i_ , .,... lervices"o.

L- '

Ihe fcqd.qr,lgLJn,thenn nranorial systcm. speal<. It latcr It

is

scr:n as a:l claboration

of thc sb to startecl on the

is thc rnan.orial- system at p. hi4hcr lcvel, rVith thc Mirlcl]e Ascs: it was stecplJ, hicrarchical:

shoulcl not be idcntificd, rnuch longcr.7 X

r-r,nd lastcd

top wcrc those'*lho had lend and protucticrn to offcrr 1-. thc ul:bimeutc -:. l"andownars and a,;rc u]tirnats,owncrs of the mcans o{ violcncc - at ti'r<; bottorn wcrc thosc uho ha-ud. nothing but ttit;ir o1'goods a.nd.scrwiccs, to offor. labor, for thc prod.uctiop

rn the middrc werc those to whom

ownr:rship llarL bcen c1e1r:gated.. Feud.alism was an oxchangc systcm tlrat vras baBcd. on tltc simple ,significantly, exchangc rr:lation menticpcd., ht cxtend.ed it, spacc. be!'lve-ep strtrcturc

in social. spacc, in timc anci i_n gcographical frorn bcing thc systcm it simplc rcLation

.L"-.s-9c,4-g*g: lud.or"rnor anrl scrf

in a marroriai

becamc a rnulti-tier

lcrng-1ord-vassal--serf Tlrc scrfs

'1 " '-

- with thc lattcr bcing ncither frco, nor sl-avc. could not marrn' without cc'nscnt, thc larid. was not theirs
B

*n i*\ r r r i ^^r(/uur-u r 'l ,l rror/ h^+ ., lappaaaff (tbcy only had '"access" to it Jr +]^r Lr.rjy rrrovco

D.rt thcy could

not be-bor-6ht ancl so1d. anay frcm tire place cititcr; i;hcy vrerc not o commod.ities j-n that sense.' letwecn tirem and thc top any number of ticrs, thc r,lhole :ggflcl13l?Lsystcrn, could bc i-ntcrspo""od.1O The basic rcli-bion'bctwcen ad-jaccnt tj.crs was the sarne, but thc relativq strerrgth of the rclations is thc histcrry Midcllc Agcs 'rn" of hoiv thc 1.,yramid.shot upward.s frorn a low bottom lcvcl, r{erc crystallizecl intiict arlcl ccnentccl, how it prove_cl rLiffcrcd.. Tl:*: history o,

hovr higtrer lcvel- links

irnncqsrihlc *a lrosp aI I links system ultimatcly collapscd,

at the sarnl'tirncr md hgw tire own ureigH. to al-so

parbly by its

Those whc werc given titlcs issue titles had. thc right to thu lcvcf to offcr

to lancl also had thc right

be low; thcso r,rho rcre offercd. protection d-ownward.s. Where it all

protection

cnd.ed.r, l.rith

the serf l thosc'tcrms,

tlleurd,it ahd",ttprotectionrt in cxchangc for: ttgSod; W far, to be mca.ningful. The

and scrviccsrr bccarne too cuphcmistic, tcrms conccal thc abject povcrty,

or rathcr

mi-sery and squalor implicd.

3j.n tilling that thc

thc soil

for

thc l-an'ioivncr rather

thir,n for thomscfrrcs (so

laurd.ovrncr hir.d-cnc,ugh -bc, coltsrrrte o.nr1cnough tr) Paas on to

i

Jri o l r n n

' ' l e,tt.

r ''l o ^ v v ..-rp e e o fi o a fu I1 y

te hc isr r u tc rrc i dl rrv r rr u u, i ul,iu + se --h t

To ohm 1and i rnpl i cs ). .r' ,* 1i t, c,!J , vrec,--.d a -ni o v r:,. th r r *r''i l' brrra.] S srrrn' n] o:rr.trr -t h, . , !vvC ulerr' 'Lural uIpl L-l \., ' ,." l .f /,

equi ppcd. frsol i i crtf

serfs

d-id. not havc this

rigirt.

Thcy were cxploitablc

d.ovrnto tire Ic:vcl should. bettcr bc

of rcproduction

;urcl belovl.

And. thc tcrm rrprotcctionrr or elsc!ft

rcad. tfe:*ortj-olrrr. rTou acccpt nlV protcction, form thl rigirts fcuclal systcnt lJas 3 ncatly

In the iclealizccl systcm of

bala^rrceclhicrairchical

and dutics

cnsuring human cxistcncc

at thc bo+,tom (trsatisfactiorr

of basic nced.s?fvrc would say toclay) a-rrl not morc appropriation tovrarcls | / .^thc top (rrlu-.mry consurnptionrt;lc would say t.rJa;') than vrhat is: .-; . cororncnsurate. witii th.; :bolition of miscry for tiru scrfs. Bilt i:r practice thc systcm could. casily ir:gencra.tc into cnl--,':it tirc top, a systorn oi d.utics Tlie ftrssialy'tserist quotccl as arl

c,nly at thc bottc:n, a.rrcl riglrts sys'bem(rot:'Iong-lasting, cxample oi' the latturl
' t1

at l,:a-st till

185Os) :-s oftcn

"

parbs of thc trtrunch systcm as closc tc

fcud.alism in id.calizcd. form. .f+.:!+p.q: from bcins a sys.tcm of cxchangc for it bccarnc a systcr,r for futurr: scrariccs; frcn bctwccn concrctc pcrsons it past serviccs

bcin.g; a systcrn sct up thcir of a sonrr,

loccamca systcnr: ,:clually affcctirrg

d.cscerrd.ants. i'iot only was the off-spring vassal a vassal ald so otr; not on\r'.tas but thc relations bctween thcir aur infini'bc botwccn thc fathcrsi

of a serf also a scrf, thcre rtlikc father", lik,: in thc rcLaticn

r.ras rrirrorcci

sorlSo Tltus, like serics

in 'r;hc mathematics c,f n.r,t-ural numburs, throu6h thrr property to thc of thc basic

w;i.s colstructc{l

rel-ation ancl thc transfer principlc in perpetuity,

of tha* propcrty f'or ctcrrrity.

succcssor - in

.[g*sp-gcg: rolativcly
t1

thc system sprcad, thi: fcudal

rulcs

became

stand.lrdizud. ovcr ''rast rcgions in sf'acc, d.cfinod statuscs

through thc in social it

crbonsion in timc and spacc'of spacc.'-

altcl rolcs

F"rorn thc simplc mir,norial bcginnin6 to thc rnost claborate cvcr E\!:cpo in onc perriioclor thc othcr,:ivfth'th"

coulcl be founci. all

4i'

cxccptions

of the e:rtrcmc north

(vrhich ncvcr cajrc fllrthtrr

thal

to its

v,':rsion cf thc manorial systcm?)rto 1q ,r

ua tlpn aTe, ^ ^ 'r;* r.-+^ Tn rlo in.if ^t oI t hC Tnd SO Ut hO aS t SoUTnoaSt U n *dc *r Fln t h, : f : ' r r d; ' r l s ws * om

of tlLo southwcst un.i,ir thc l,{uslinn 16 _ 17 R,:ant.iir,,y,r,

u16;11 1
a

aJI(t tn

lta_ty"

dofinr-.cl

r. Er:rc ,n(,vr/vt

i. 1 , o r , . 'l t r 'l r r r r n o v ;ith Y.r uu.!vv\, {vwr

pcruca.blc l-:ordcrs a:rrl wi-th ar 1cgal systcm (rc,,rar. in form, m-tlicva] in conten+,) sc:"vini; 'bo dcfinc social sl'ac,) th-rou;;h long hlghly pcriois of tinrc anC in vast regrons of spacc. Thc'sc rniho travellcd., iur,l

they wcre not nurncrous, could. fc:cl at ]rome: they wou1.cL'not go mubh ':; .^ \'' 18 ^ vJrong if ttrcy a.:plied the social rules valicl'whcrc tiLcy ca,rc frorno

Thus, it
takc tlnt

makcs scnsc to talk

abr,ut a J1rgl-!cJ{'4-_gtrjcq if
ft

we

tcrrn to clenotc both thc manoria] of th-r lattcr.

a:rd feud.al and. see thc formcr vlrs "irar:ccl on,:xpLoitatic,rr

irs a rudi.nentarX, bcginning

c,f naturc e'nclthe scrfs - ty bcyond- limits, in bhc firct (inclrrd-ing hrxnm naturc) possibly cstablish .Jggl. cstablishinl;

moaning making usc of' "cxploitatiunrr run l-irnit:; rgr.irrst brcakrlorarnsct ty naturc in th' sccon,:'L nrn W man-mglc nonns

itscit';19

lcwcr thrt:shclds howevcr)o cxploitaticn,

(:-n gencral thcy tcnclccl to l'he 5;.sf,s,rtr3s, as mentioned., as rvill bc delved. into latcr,

highcp thrcshokls,

Thcrc was ccrbainly

but there A similar locaf

was not r'rhat today would. bc calicd fcuclal sJ'stern could bc cstablishcC i;;l thcir

cxploitation. 1p;b-c-q11,atgr-ona! in cunothor plece, but thc

serfs woulC bc e:ploitet1 lry

vassals rvho in turn would be

l-ordsr ffif, so on. Ebcploitatir;n frorn onc pJace to -t_b-q:g anothcr Was trai:smitt,;d tluough inj-tatj-on cven up tc', isc,m.rphism, but not thrc;ugh intcracticn transporta-bion pyfamiclr ild betwccn systcms. l{ay bc cne could say tlrat fcudal the

exploited.

of surplus as thv higher

was orrllr yE;y;ica] , unwar,fs in thc links

i^rcre wea.k most of tho sur;rIus was witld:r a rclirtivcly Ic ,

(serwiccs) irrc'babIy consumccl(;1ood.s)or c<,nsurunatcd. lirnitod arce frur:r r.lherc it (fatcral) ct iginatcd.

Tlicru wcLiJ Tro, or litt

horizontaf

trarrsport

of srirplus as latcr,

1:etlvecn co-opcreting

bour3ecis cIites.20i I'lhat tilis ,;car,s is vcry sir.,,rlc: thc pressure was -$,crJ put ,:n thc ner.turc .end.thc Io-"*],. scrfr';. It all clepcnd.eclon hor,r rrrucii'bhcy werr.: al:Ie to producc, otr ]rovl much coul-cL1rc sgucczcd. out of

i
cithur rcsource. Thcrs was ncithcr

-.
crternal naturc, nor oxtcrrral /, knip"lrt mi:"ht but thcn that

scrfs to rcly bc givcn,

urron if'this

shorrlJ provc insufficit:rrt, .r ficf with scrfs.:l-s:r.rhcro, its

c:'cstablisii,

elscwherc t-,""*n" a systcnr with anC ,consumptic;n of varicus .har,se togethor for at a, irighcr levcf

prc)bl.efir of balancc betwecn rcsourcc Tru.e, systerirs could bc thrcugh 1inkod

kincls,

as vrhen a king,

cor:qucst or marriar,;c rule

AA

instancc

exbond.ed his tervitc'rT-.

BLrt it

r^ias hartLl;.the

th::.t

surplus trcrnspcrteC upward.s (to thc kini;)

trick:lcd. ,lor.rnwards.zl .

fn otncr r,Jords: not only tr:adc, but also plunelar for tho tf irurposc -r 'l
'f rr1 1 r. -

irrini;ing

irontebooty (wo'nen, cattlc, low l-cvo1s.

l;1aves, precious nrctals,

;3ood.sin Scncral)
hr r *

:vene at vcry

TraJc w.:us nrainly intcr-torm aystarn. fhc tc,wns

i toms

*lr rrv , * r'Icru rnarSir:ai in thc mudicval -..e "utrls

nr.rr"l r] . :vnlin../' ..h; +''h^1 ,.-^.1 ! uu- r u. c .{ u j .i (u ]i ;L } i- ,r6 ,r4 v*s ru rc !r,.prvql l c' bs foi l craftsnanrshi ' ;t, ^'"'l

Luxury

and cxctica

'Iry Cemand-ccl thc Thur,

l-:urclccLarilt^,criLcy oJ' iru-ry[c.rs

(lncl 'incrcasin,,;11r (tivrn; ircirj-ncl tireir

'" ^ a l

lq,' them), o-em:::rcicd.

a oLass

. hrrr ?rnl.in,t +l'.crrJ/ ,.,^11warr.s-_*tli:ir rci]l.nr: Tlic ^i+"r

. r.,i *)' n; + ti'r]-!rr cxpilndrnG "n.rr.linr cr-t/ r,rr)'rrbh)*- clced. o'rt

an existohco

and. grcw i.ncreer;in6i1y l'ue:-1 tip'. intc

{U lr .-rr IIUJ

Thcl' vrcrc marginal all,

t,l f/l i eS
ta

tr, tlic

cystem, tlicy tj"iclnot i'it

I .Jr6r ir vr r r" i n lri J rM '1 .,t.r r r .e L Y a.' i J r ir r L {u rD a ri i,Ilr nt "ttLsv

th,

fcul:l

lri:r:rrchics:t
S i mi f - ) Il l l l I2 f lf t,, U" Wl Wl l r -U i L .,t

tircir
l tU J.ne

,l i d. l V aS u l g ,Yc;D

lJJ trl

sociel

outcas'bs'6uci-, a"'Airbs

dn.l Jcr^rs. Onc r,ri;irt arlil: thcir rlcrc ethcs, tirc

crutciists bccausc l;krt

thcy d-iC wes currtrary to th.;,lcilini,ni lrith it s crrirrharsison tiic

clornina^ntccsmol-oi5r at i;lic tirnc,

locai

ancl thc

inwarcl*foghinU - and bccirusc 'iuhcy wdrc scciaf cutcasts tircy could clo (an,1 yct clcmanclccl,likir thr: brcthc] j.n a wirat nas crtra-parad.igmatic \ jrui'ita:t cultrtlc ) :utcl hence, possi b1;', cicst incC 'bc bcccnc thc basis for a nevl d.ominiurt c,-rnsmo1o5;y lurkin3: thcir in rhe ccrri.J.ors of ldstory. But road. tc,r.Iards thcir incrcasi:'rgly clovrit.>cl status in thc rhre.d-ern 'r7 fcrmal-j.zcd 11- fin^'r n,rn.ir,r'l r-'vl f vu r llttrLl--Lr/ thc Frclncj-rr,.vcl-ution - was lonc. UIIV vs thrc,u;,ll vrrr UL,{LJ: I.t'(JIL;ll, a:rtt tortuous ind.ccd, pcrsecutcrf i:y aristocraclr " ',
n^r r i r - t r :r r . q1r \:+- .,m

ern.l clurgy alikc, .

rrf ,r r i 'l lc .'* r r nr r 'l '

; cla.ss".divicled.within cr:ntcrs forbhc

,l i rfo n d ntrl i 1l) ullvlllDgJvUDUlr + .1' ,' r m!:ar 'ltutJ1r lr r r .c .- !' ( tlr r r :.nh.' r '.!\-rU rliu y'nr ....,*

and in harsh cornpttition

'.s- -

)), v;iti: cach otircr.'-'

the

clovclopn,r:nt'of thc bfgglcr

syston wc:lrctwo: onc in

o-

I.lorttrern ltaly,
*. r , r r i, . , r f * .o r. part of thc
q F .et

Cc;untrics. one irr tlru L,-.,i,1

n n c g ri o rl c f c.rf thc ?A b ri l l .? .ncui -' t t]re

Thc formcr lrcrc condenrnod

l attcr evcntual l y
2\

becarnc a

center

rnoclcrnr crpansj-<-rrrist .1-'r:riodr.-' as thr: rncrl"icvir^l qrSlclir naturod of' fcudal -i sm thc l ti 3hcr cchcl ons ty frorn of

B-,.ck tc, thc m anor i; r lis ;rn ' u o t i. Lo s ls t c m livcC

cc,urrtrX'sitLe i 1 o v cl s

c v r:r l d S h c r

j :r i rrc rc a s i n i ;

spl cndoro

E uroi ,ro w as covererl

forcstt

d.c'rlcarrci.lm0cn'tc-tl.ill-Jlol
b:"iga1d.s, piratCl:. safcty

2 5 . ', IIK{: a Se;l that fOrCst w'.rs inf<:stCd with

scmc Thc rnaJloi'ii 'rJorc lil<c srnal-l ::oai;s offering 'wincis a.nclwlr'/',si tht: castlcs that r,'tcrc tc' of frorn thclfp;.nZ] cvcn morc. safcty, btti ilsr; att:c.rcting morc a-btacks. of r-'rliutizatiiln

cmcrgc 1;r,Lor crffcring

?hcy worc the poirrts of cr1,$te.l1iziJion, fc.'r sponclil6 thc fcasts rlisplay surplus, witii for

titu cclitcrs

instartc.r in tirc fcrm cf 1on5-lastin6; 3nd

,'7

intcsspcrscd of galliurtry

irrrrtini; ;.'e.rti,-'s in su:"rrlmdin1-" fcrcsts

and alrts.-

3ut tlrc spcnding c,f surl;lus

l-']rt'uld bc sccn rroi on';']: in of the spirit with witlr the ;

i:concrnj-stic tcrrns of wirat was d.on.r, but j:r tvrns wilicjr it 1clrt was rLonc, I'l.rtaphorica,l\y

spcaking i-t was probably

brcrin, or in contcmporarir langua,';t:: -,rrith )R homo m.:clicvalis thr: right rather tllan thc lcft half cf thc braint'that ---2A 'Trrnrc wos cr:ir-,tiolialism r:tller tnan ratiotralismtT - a '.,^o rirrinn ri:.thcr tiran with,thc
ll( lo f J v lr r L, a rrrvf u wes v r '. \ .'l

.ri ntr,r*,rmrr *lr:r'i: qggJlls mctrrix,3ful

u} vtl\,U\,' 1.\) g .l | v w }| * ..l ) .

F4

in

Wcstcrn

lristrry.

nnotircr

lichctor,i5tt

ft;tcltccl from socicloi;ic:rI

pulmc,r

-c.-,gl$lfv(j,

vclsus

.iryry.it!:t

"o,

bc m(]rc a;pro1.,riat1.,, hctl"vrrr. In society organizccl erc;rurd corrtract ;utc1status, frozcn into

rncrc Crr lbss aclic:tc

.)-"L

b:rlanccs'witi'r rclartivcly li'ctle mcbility "i",.*6;" ruill casily wanc into thc inctnvn.:ntaI rnc,i:., soc.ia'l lv cr rfcoqrq.) hically, insignificaJlcc. that which is, M:at rl,ltt.rrs is to cxprrs:l e''lcquatclyr to I^fn'It d-cfitrcrl"

reI;itivc rr4ibuletc, is there

not tc, strurjtllc

fCr sOmcthin'-lclsc.

to bc instrumciital

aboui whr-,nthinf,:s arc ,'rivcn a.nclwell

This c"sl bc d'onc in from gcncratirtn to gcncrlLtion in pcrllc'buitW : ccurtcsy torms, or ilt eu:lyform'of sobial cmbroid"crl', irt vliurt to us

7-

would bc r"athcr crmatc f'i,rrns cf social'bohavior.3O

dn tro tvjr r i+uir h hi r "h r , m n* . i nnr ' l uurru rrr.(,fl L.,,cvcnts of lifc; cieath;inii ni *n h clefcat Q,ccojnpiufr:y'in5 the on onu itcrilcl,

Blt it
tra5ic alid

can afs,.r brr

joyful ancl

birili,

inarria;gc

victory

cn tl.rc othcro3l

Ir. this

tlrtrc

is nothill;

gls6yororclina,4,,o What r.;ou1L

was cxtraorclinary

with tirc rniddlc i,4cs sccn from cur sttindpcint

helvc bccn th.: am.ounJ. of cnnbrc.id."r1'ancl rrl;rotiqralisrn, n...ar.jLLrcd nc,t cnlJ,

i 'l a .vi- F .' u^ ut^ ltljJL j*.I rr rr J. n t,J ^ ,1 iu iu1 n .i*n :r ) .) L vw- 1 , Jvr* r'l .:_ r J U L c'.J-i i rl 1,fl tufi nS trurTrS in 9f ' oi r:,rrrr hqrr.r ._,.*,j Itc.,. nrz,f ,r-.p*ted, i n..i ,.y.r.

aitd in timc bud.lrct tcrms - thc erJrrount cf tinre (pcr aayr pcr rucck, pcr y.arr por lifc) -r4cl cclcJ:ration. spent in ritual , fl,oul'r1irrf, Tllat this cxj.)rcssivc rnod.cwas roirl- to thqml rl,oru ri:al bhc instrumelttal noil-c (ce i. \, t'relds ) j.s c,i-:vi,-rus. .ilrd it thc lliddlc /iljcs clirl not ]ast brin,jn;J rfiattcrs f,:revcl c;;ttlc than vrlu.it llc woul,.L call nnanure'bo t1a cxhausted

in tae eff r,rt to under-l:tiLnclw\y - for r:nc thin5 bcoausc tiiis

sirrp)y cha:rnelecl so rruch sur::l-us arrrl :ctivit.r' systcrn mai:rtcnancc in our sctlsc. vcry sir-rrificantry,
f ) uf Du r u u .
t r t r nc r . i* c r *h a

irr othcr, clircct.i ons tllr,:r

this

afso appriccl to thc mcre valia:rt

crusarl co vaLuc
.h*
t

u l ru *n r,u tl ry l s J n c rl , t the pcrlra!,s

,ln' rrr t L \ ) Li L L tJ

be;ttl e , thc was thc

r .r l :r \ri4 9 -i lw r J;J .r r

A 1l ,of -Lhi s w as thc ,1,:dic,val

,,y ,r ,f -

or:{-:':'!izad,ir.r'c;ufl.du}nt
q trrrtr't;r:
''.y'vvfrr.

kcy

of
U-----***

l' nlttT
::t:".!,1

m ru ,:ltr r rru r r i r '. .ir i'

r i JIr IIU J

n4nqi r i - - n;r ..,

static:n,jl

lif'e.

'Iire station a:rc fcr

i.Jasgivcn 1ry roirth or rsi a rcward- for r.ft-,

seruj,ccs rcnccrcd sc)r\rc thc: Lc',rrl (in out fu11;',

q ,1 4 1 u \,\,.rrs .rttr - r l:

thc tray in which thcy wcro rcn.lercd. lessor

ircavcn) ;mtJ-thc

iorcLs r-n ,.iari,ll wal tc, act -, j_n a u:,i- for

l :ettl c S

cvcn morc tha^n fuI 11'7 ctrtcts ctatic,n

{ nr ,r 1 \( .o.r \' nncci }''l rr i,v,) { ,r ,JaJ, r v !r qi r r a,,. ) - r 'r ,,,r - tl

al1 tc,

:,r ( - r 1ni !r r r v nn

tL." - .',.r \,r ar r r or r r v .r tS,

a:r i ].

c r uliad e s J l l of m . ; . sliil,s

s c mc C

th c s c to

p u ri' )orcs,

' Ll i cr' ,,;by c(j i ncnti n,;

-b1,.rfcucl al is

rcl ati ,:n-

siipallini,

c:vclir1t, tly ilI Jirrovr v;h<,rI

an :rn.l r.rlilt

uxpoctc(l

itrl:il.t hi.r.shcoi said so far, stiintlarcl, mcrLicval. syctcn:

tltcm
rr.r r,r'l -/\h

lJC ass,u,nc, rtr.rsiiorc or. lcsr: thc s,rnrccf

antl

rurl.1, r,ritli nar.53inaii:ic,l-tcrms;

Br-rt vthn.t altout tll.-

l it t lu

inol: c - hiix t
Lr{- rrrn*

7A s t oc k ac 'L c . i o - 'r

i-rnucr.ial

i onsie .^ -,4 w c rc

tt rcy

nrt

al s< , i ;art

Of i t?

I' i r' s t ,.' ti l rr:rc .w c rc t hc tl trcrcr sttccc[j s,.)rrj tr. ' b]ruI(orrran E npi rc in t ir l l ,l c s t I ti ' re i | -z a :rti rrc thc D r1;i rce thl R .,man E npi rc in tLu E ast cf c,r

::3Jllcr

SouLlicast;

l,'iuslirn C,-rf i;-,h;:.'tc i-rr 1;h.: Sc-uthvrr:st (ncst a"lrr.iibri iluccctr;jor',

Spairr) I 1;1.1c C,rro,lir, ,:in:r.n o(,rrsl,r'uctiot't Gcrniau-Roman &,.rpirc" arrcr-a.nbitic'ns

i

t.iLi- [{c, 1;i

Il,1

blLrcc o.r.''dlturr 1t:d, ir.ctually

fiu'
-.,

ll,iycrn.l vrr,Lrt th;/

,.,,,- v L!.l r l '.

irl variorr-s ncricclsl d..si;1'r', 1;i 'lchj.i:vlJ,-'Thu ByzanLinr:

o {' Islali in

T[,,,i n,' r - ' r c F- \ m .

t hc

l, lus ] r t n

0e."1 i]rli;iLc

w i - ! i s a r , n 'j x i l r c s f i i o n

Ll. - c x D a rrs i o tti s t

i l t> d c i n C .i c rti n:.;

thi .!b fr.;.1.;rlrnay l ;,-, ci i urr-i ;r)f,-oJrc1i c,:l 1tc, f

tl'Lc, n;)f'rr Cnristian-clc'rninlltcil Ner s a c l e a r jriusli-nrs, t hr : succciisajr l'ncL tircn s y s tc m,

par.rt

th - I,l"lt rJo :.r.,': tltc '.'.r.,dl Car/rfirri;i'Jl * uhi : c;t& 1 1.rnfl 3 frcrn thc a1 :;' -' i nspi r' ,-d.' )v r,lc,"]- 'ulrr,.ir;hoilb .37 sai .l sc far, cl Jr n()l v n,ost o1'

thcrc

vtas tir'c Par].,:,cy, alsc rl i c

nc r ..i,rrl- i n

s c i i rc h

cj -car c rf ..-,.r ;o trra l - l y al l

fc.r i t" ,-,]f hl s

T h i l s ;o i n t, t t a: s ur n m a ri z c d i u i d b c ttc r c( sr,-,i'f o5l L;' eli','. ''-i-;'

thai ;

' i ruen

a l ri r cci atci l

by i ntr,,rcLuci n' ' ri hu ., Li ros, coC .r..:, irLc tl.r'. ;icturco l']:'

il-.'h;lclLlr:,1'.;a)1u t cr::r ; crio.L :.l-t, llrili

ilsjstxri',)tion j.rj that "+ 'rB ur '

triir'',u,jli'-'ut tlc

b--, )r'cl.t-rclitt,' l;t:ry rr,.

nr"-,

' ' .;1 ^ ' r^ ^ 4..rl r lrr,rr' ,lr ' ,lL ,rL f . f r ,> fccl" c (1 . w L a D wu

r"v"i r'' Cjjl '1}l C r,t.1;...,: :...'-, r^c1r.tl r.tl rl l ' r1r._; ,.,.r iir^cl

+ .; prw ' v if

'''',.

t(,

t c l. l ac c e r^ /i :s c ()rrs i l c ru d v,tcrc a 1'c iiurn to

l. r Ut / V\ !

:,i tr cnnal , urrci rl r-rf sl'cial

-ti rd.cnl -rrj i i l ;t i f i al l l ., cri.,.;in.

c4 .L -

ti r' ,ru

the

ircinLs

:u:r.1il.io,.jrairltic
rl i (rl \{IL
l l \r U

T.Lrc, se wlL,.,
nt"i ' V IOU -I,l

,-...,^.1

(!lrl

-.- .1

V r l . 'J 1 , . , \ , L l t

^ l- ^ ..,"^ ,- l

-hrrrl r, _ ' h r r r .- ,tr ,- .2 .q :..nrl cJr 'L U r q q u vtl r u lncm,'i rl

- " _ A a *- l - - 4 , O .

nrrf

nr,r:f v\r r l a Jl :r l t r.].}m-

hr'"'c to llt: scon as outcaJsts - just lik.: oubcasts f'oi: o'tiicr rcar.sonr:: / rar.ra I ii'.to rr!u\/ put thusc ullvD rolcs. l,iuslim6) wor;lC r:c If tlrcrc wcrc DrvDt '1.,*, L/l\JvlIJt
dn-'er.nrs t,f :;xjransi.:n rt thc to:, of c-l'rr"rrchuutd. monar'chJrr ti -u,s' ucrc aty| i c.l l * in -Uh,-'papal

. r nJ ir n,:c ri ,i marr'ti-ilalizcd cc)nsjtrlctirrns pc olllu l :1

;:l mc tru c ti o n c from in

o tfi cn

arrcl vr:ru prob:.,r)l] lofty ;r

-bhc mcC.iclr:lI rj;rsjLJrn as sui-lcrstruct'rtt;li, tliin air. Thris, th,:rc may be thrcc

llalrs r,f mar3inali:;-i

inpucnccl uthincall-y ( trtc

Ly' (as ul ti natcl ;' " ,;,si r: (tirc bc'.1;hc]r1t.-11;jf.g.g.),hy 1:ii.:,cina; tlicrn l.relr-,r.ias rr:cll- otrtcastc rl a c i n .; th c n : o u tl :ri si .i ' l ,- t,f norrnel alicr:1 tlrr, buCr.ii.lrs arril- r'tl;}urs), et secul:rr cultuz'r:, .?lJ': i-;r' ll.rc:.n; not tlion abov+;

saint s in

n)ucl, i-,rLii:i-rcdllrb

imitatcd.).

Sc, -bhc ocsn, lor,y inc ludir r ; tl tc ,-,u ts i c 1 c ,

i'Jiis illrlur'-ilrr'ccte'l an,.i .i ,ul rc::i l l

, r'llly

occirsj olrally ncvi ,rtl i cl Loss

Pa ;e l

co:r;tru.cti on" l

>; ..

ccn .ltl cl.sti:rn

m ai( ( j s oniio cvu? i:Lrriu

1s

lt ar v li i: f ' s o i i r l l i f . i , r i ; i i " , '; i i d . i c f i ) t t r L i n _ 'b h c i n 'tir.rr: :uid ri.tiarcc on lvliclt is

r;iriLic:viil nct thc sa.nc

L'-i.itir:rcc;s

r,il C)l:;:Lns l, r n. . llrcL LccC s s l; r cornpatilrlc

r ill. . . SI S- t um w[ ] S n i - ';

prciliCL-bci: 'I l t c C a " 'i L l l

-Xpiulsirn of thu tc,

lrkr..: t;-lc f,ejtli tnc,st evcit

, ' ! r c 1 L: ' . lCc i) if s j.1 s ij' C t r l , l S o wiih

b cc:lf:)oLrril[ tl:.r: d.:,i.'rirli-u']

[.IouL]. Iuvc

.-.r, 1c-.oat illcl

/.,\ \r'Ll-:rrrv,.-Lyl sc.rf-.su-ifici.;nt: ilt-cr.I.rrlb r'.i dcel: dlscontcrit

il;:r,.:rji-c'b ot-' r'Iursia b.in

.b.ir,-, Ori,.;inal.ly, 1i1tr,ij;!-t-i9_q;-.!:!.cfr.. witii-blL,.- Ri,.rn.:n irlipcrial

tlis

c(lr5tn-tction -

' c;i llr'm,:.i alii.stocri,-r'bic hiLcli,'jro'Jlii ancl liil i,;cl ;. 0r.' rror;pc,tl cl rn.;i :,' , ti t; carui i I. of

' tl . ' i r.,tti r.i l l c : ; i- l; t , r i tl .(rrrti l t;:L u rl

' b:l i l ; ct,l rrr I,-" ,' ,, r,/' r' " r1,i s ( r c Ll. 1a rrl )u w c j t i ,;o s t c e rn i :r[L ti b .i el s:, i r;;vo t..' - tJi t]r (lTitt) l.;c 1.'Di)l: 'l;1,.cl.:ur.towncre Jirt'-r' f,iic v:Lr;l:illo dr:tc;-;i;tirn c- ltr-rljcr c lc , Lnr v l ,tr.l s tl i r-,' n i ^ /ro n t: mc t' i . l tr.r' f,-)r:-11r,1.:rst-x)C .i .i t,_;-i l r:,,r:.1i .:va1 :r..r;tcr,r,
nrillr-, l r - l :r iJ !1,)"r . r ,,.i ,iLLVIL la r - r r i .,,.r ,. ,.1' .r 1:.. j i? l .,rui l L.J()s;-i .1. :.Jti l j ucccs:scI" $)-j turi l s as

" u r T nal .rto P r,' ..' c l 'j l + ! - i; lt u niur rrri a l

tu

l :c 1 i,c.::.i , i l i i .bh- l oca.l

i l ;" s tl i c

;.,,,st : caI .

Tl :i u.r ,

s y s ;' i ;c m ' rJ &si rr a l ensc

mcr:.-ri i rsJi cva" l . tl i ..n tl tc

fcu, ' -tL1 s1,1;f ., '1 1)trl ^Iea i n t,rc

- . r lr o le b -1 .:r s l :L o r:fd ra ti rr:r L1; r 14, 11 ,,.1 L r' la c c ;i rti i l r'illi hi l:.,.':rrc,t}'r i cvcn
1c,,itr i r n r l' i m .ir .,

b c scen as I.JpC ' s ci ' d,-,J-ggabi :r; l oci :i l i i ,,;hcr,;chcl _r,rn: Uitimzr-tc

n r,t

r-' n l y 1,.j .-l i -bi ri l i r' vi ,tn fron

clcpe::.lcncu c:t ihcr:i for

c!r r ( :- l- o m r .r f i -i l
I

r:s.urio!;e

in

i .i S

tf:U i S C 3nd-C i i tal

C OnV i C ti OnS

Al

*hi. , n ., I r ur r r , , . . r'"

.' ..r.1 -r.,.. . r.r rr!!i, rf \ r i , tt .-. tc , C vvat. S

o.]r:l uut af irrom r r 'l t PL ...tc? ^

/u u u a l v hi r r l l r rr, br; ic J'l ,L J j r cstcl rf

succcilitj.(,rtt,-, ir.r;rec antl'lrj.slropsr39,,o,,l - lcss c1.,1r1y.- tc, thr-; ccrrmtlur-r' monarcr^s r.lllc clair.-,uCto rulc or,.Icr ui,ich thcy lr;rd littlc i;ratia dci,
Jusi as papal iurd. irnpc::ial consbralctionrjl r.Ju.",out in social f)artl y ?ry

(;ft'n

mv."ninJ'lruijirlinl:

uV,)r s(,m\jtl'.iJi[ .,1'Gocl; I'SI

cffccbivc

con'brolj ir:''tlu;lricc

.: : ' . pr ic c ' cc u l ,1 h .; c o rn p a tj .l l l s .a
j' : \ ' v v v v r r t

u i -b h .r, ccrn' c:l ' ," :ti vc .66j -:r1 cosri ( l oi ;,' r s.bcbi 1i .ty,

, . - , *, n .t-..ir-.--F ' .c s ma l l ur: r

r-rn i ts ,ncl ctr$uri n.,; ti ,ci r

partl y

havinil tlie rual

si)crcC a"nr-l sccuiirr

j)ohrcr locatcd" rouch Lcr,IO:. dowrr, cornpaiibl-o with;r

cxoursionri uay intc; gjco;;raphic;r1 spaco could i.lsr,bi: non-expsJrsionist ccsnc.l-oryo ThLrl;, therc for instancc
i

tlic filst oi'thc

f,;ur or fivc,

i.s nr :rccrl to sce thc crusa4os, A (\ inclucLin-' iir: tltcc,;fcts crusadcrfr" tl,cy wcrc usc.l

as atypical

Itliddlc,',.;,;:;o Tlrcy vrculcl jr:rvc l:cerr ii

f c ' r c olc n j -z a ti :rn , f,;T b ri rr;ri rr;, bi i cl < i rr est,:rJl l i shi ni ; a ri cl l cr fcscl rrcc '.:t, 'lh.: lu, f cr r.ir.:tlic..ral :;'st -m" ii.'.t , not rrrrli-]tc tl:c IliniL d,1.:r-rsty trxpcd-itir:tts r at h. c r int,-' t. ;lf'ri ctrr4l tirc-,r ilic'i. i'rct s,.,irr/c s'Jclt frur.r-,riscs6 Thcy c o ;tIj,' sr:ci al ri tr.ra-l - that sh, ulcr

b c s c c :r a s a v c ry

cc,rrl i l bt-: cortrJcrtedTlicrc wcrc thcse trhc cf

.nr:nc,T r TtoL as aJi cc..rrrcni,j ir,s'uru.mintality. n i .1 l L t b e c c ,n e :r,-" c tL;' that, 1-i r' .ttl i cy

1t < . 1r c lt irc y

w crc not

' bhc c:' " rurcrc

r.Lr,rlinl,nt ncrl-i,ov;.1. comsciolgr. lu: . t - t c t r o n g c o tru ri o l c i a l

:.JCrc, cf 'it!.:.c';thcl /

coursc,

I'i;illian

ci-t1r-sta+ c.

i u tc rc s - ts

i ropccl ttt

s.-rl i cr-i fy;rrro- trr,ancl

'Ll;rcu;:.5 t hi s mct i',o'J.42

If t im c

ti tc

p c rs j fc c tl v c -i n Mc d .i c v a l s ta tr:

sj j .:.cc ' ,' rer,: l i mi t;:1

tl :e

l )crsi ),-cti rro t,< ' ,[' rc,..zc a

i ri

nas u n l i n ri tc d ." a c ,:r' b a i n

cor:n:1(j {ry i ^Ias an cff .r.t thcr,) f' (,l ' cvcr. -

s i' s t em in

a :tc l kcc;t i t r't' ilr

E 1 scv.,herc43 ro a naj(rr onc cxpcct 'Lhcir

ha.vc rr6p.ccl.'r;h,r.t f'ru,rrriniticrts is t y pic . ' rl rf

ir,lfunr-l.i-n.,'cr.irit., tl u C X ptl ul J-rr.i st

crisis

c c s m r' 1 r)J/ i l " .o i ,i i :1 a rt ericl tirc-.r 1;et it ! In all wcil a s I{ -s tc l tr

i r1r.Ls..

f i i .y

1it;r "rrr,:l:aL.'.

R,",r,t,"-n crn..cr(rrs an]

hc 1; lc . ls r . 1 i ; s us it ic ic , n ,

i m i ' cri ' .1i 1' tl ,

i -tr.' l Li r,,rr:;,

l t:rl a- l ' ncC i i trL i i ol ti JIt is

c v c l t u l -c n th c r,s i t

S)' s -t(:l rrsccl ,c' ,1tc' i rc w c,ri ri rr,' 1hrcl l -, th:Lt that it r:t' ul i i n.b i ast fo::cvcr.

' Lhing wi. r.i n i it ho. l' d.t ( , r)c l i e v o

l ;h ' ru 1 d b c ;

b ri a t ti r:s e s rrs p i c i o u s

v J hr-' rl cri t l , :.rt t5c

i i r,, c(.f' ,. ,,i ' ti i c r,r' i v:,tu

rncrl i ,:vl rf sl sturn bhci r c,w n

lur , r l. r or c r J s i n ri l a r l;:,]-v;:lic,n,

l cve], 3rr:s, for lthcy murt

bu-L ltarcll;t .fo:c ';itc-: r;ysr,,:rn :;s a. v.,L r.lc.

sc)rnchor,,J i .' ,us

hev c l: c c n c a r' .5 i rt u n p ru ,-)l .rc d -- p,:ssi bl y,,n,, lc r c nr uci r g t,i c l :c r in l i ;,i .n ,; tl ri r rr t]r' , Ii .i ,,arr

r.i :3ss1i r^r4,tl .c i ro.4i " ],' .;

l l i ddi c

Il e rl i o v a l c p i s tc r;rc l o j r i rrl Jurrdl y ' l i al ccti c, i ;ub prcbabl l r vcry .i q 46 llol. is + , ic o ' ' l Oc c s m c a m c a t ti rc r;nrL cf' thc i ,l i ckl l c l i l :r)s, as I I.)rccurfl cr
6f \-/a f)6c]n-1 yvDvwr p{..c] evpa ll,,f rr.., J&1./lU ll., --lurt.f,v . r r*i 'i r.)rl.,.Llvtv n *h,.., ..1,* u,rL,uUr.U crrcl. .-^ p.",tJl;iil5, lai .-h l." tlL)!I-:,...y' .r^.1,,.r*i<r, (.UtLLlUUJVUl

c l" c s i, ; : r c 1 ' L c ' fa tj i ,-' m c v c ry th u i ,; rf

a- l- : "' l

i ' ;" -bi rt:l ' ' bi rLrr s,.)uci ' ).1-i zoti urr i ntcr thc

mi n' ati r, ;

r : t r e lra rb i o u l a r'
, , -r'l

(X,

Y) -

ri :1i .* i tnsl :i 1.

l ,,crr].1 l ru ' Ll i c i l ,cr.i i :ran1,i ntcl -1cct' ..1 ; '. . 1

A 'l

After
,::rnn, rI avv , t *irrr u rrr:e ^nrl \'rru

thosc rof]-cctittns
lzrrrr.r'l .^,rlrr., htrvvyrvuL,v .h^ Ls.r

t-rnthu rnccli:val systLm cosm^Icry vrhc:".:

1.,'F r.*rrm u 4ra *,u! r,rLsr-r,Lu, 9 nlaJl-n&tl'f (

nnrrnz.mr,,l

44

:Jrar.r:iaJt--G<,C rclations. -, .;liilt iain'-l r,,1'r;i;rr:ctrro E y : ' t . aa .I rf fn t.i Il i L d l c

Iioll -n.lcrc thcsc a"nr].;'roc',.ss,

rrii:lrci.L, I',r-,w vJct'c thcl/" irn;t1;r.,urrtciin tlu-,u.,:1,.t rirLl in rcafit;,/ rr1ti ,.r.r], wcr(i \: :!..1:? l .i r:j l i n

-\-c s ?

.1,-,,:ti tr,w i ra' b r/Jas c(:rsi cl ci ' r:l

i. enri ri ' ,1 -L c n l s a v i i s t

h i c r.iz.oi rl ' r,l i th tl :o thi

, ti r,-' n ," :ntj -ti us GL,i on -b(rl , C l :,ri st' tl i i ; gcrr,

- i; hc t r au rs c c n rl c n te J :n rl Vir;iin l.i:13;'rth,: l,r:t.rcr,

n i unchl .c (srrcl ' r as Jcsus li \r 5',i..it ha;i ,:n scrf s, to

ancl l'11- -r,h- :u,,1,,1s r.ir'i cl:c bc al i vc thcil , at t,-l ey tlLc vcllf ri rnl i c,l - i n' ui i c b.,tton, a

Cc nons ) ,

ti ::n ,:u i l a n :rc i n g s ' i ;h :* ilic

i'r-:ull;;l cr:.l,ar.r crir-li.',5 uitrt c|csor-rl-ccln1'ulire -tllrrIrLrcll st:t - r it of

i:iii

anirr,:ll.l,

pla::rt s; rtt;l rrini;ri. l.s, roa.{r tc

t<, l.rc r:x,r1c,i-tccl.

'"iurr p,r''l'b:r];11.closor t., tL i ' in i n fl :n ti c i -r.L e

r ' .- lr i ,r r n r r .- i.

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rf

thc

netl i evl l

s c c ic . f

Sc , f-av -t-,--"'Fh U-!v W U\ , I

I t

ctlusc
l r r; v Cliu ]trIt\/ ir r:

i,;f thc

dccl-i-rru? t,f tuh J- C v

.fursvicr: inc,l.ict/r.l
l r i u l l J\,

t:c

srnglc

tU it lr\ ,- _ Ua f ^- r r - , 1 O
rJ.,lLDU

1 1 t 1 , ,f1 r:,11

s . , 's t o m WA S

'b;i' 11,,,-licvrl $ystr:rn itsclf.

f wcu1C.ha,vc becn unsa1va43cal,le even if

to

tirc,:1itos
l. etr^rrrr:l vr,

had sh,.)wn r[or,] rcstraint

t:tr'l n'r,irrrci, ( d r - v^ r r ,..va \ 'n Fr.)r1.,i n,rrl es

oncu thc rr:sour.cc basis itsclf

'{r'.,,.r,;,,,"rti c,
.t; .-.^^

:.rr.s

v4

uLurrrl ^v*

i rl i th

Jrvi nl i l i nl :

irrcl,mcs bcca',usc c;f rl-i:strr,lction ;:r'c n01, nccrlcrL to

-,/.:+-.rr nr ,r r ' l L ' n r - .-

of tlLo ri)s()uf.ce basc

i-ecrc:rsinf,r rrrill

cotts Tirs

-ltrini': tite
]:;lr yg
f - c . r 'v

slrsf,cm il'r'n111 : constiurt

Sa.l V .-r.,.c(:l l rr ir rr,,.,r^rrrri n.,? \;v r .l ./I tr r ,j

costs
tl vrll c v
r

iir'.

l:CCn

fC .)uI.C a) v\, uS * ..Ju i

Jta:,.cf ,,

It

l,:.-.s+" k:crin.;

it

conlrti,-n l,

.rrrrl tltc

l;Jrs'btrn ri:t:t l-nc:]fr,rl)l c. ;ri 11,':in,' J;r' r.nr*itl.l:.r.ds)o nct ;1r,,q;hetl -bo i,rcvi.1o
nr-C l -i C V :.]

.'rs: 'bixr suiir:l.u.l crtrr.otulJ-rr'.ckinto

I'rtrf',,r.*i'l

vrrs 'rwastlrr-r-t'(lV ft

thc
iz,.r -

rcs.--,ir.::ccbesc.,
r,'1j.-"1:,'

lr: ,s nr-;t r-rscd to

fOf

l-lu1r cet-ufe

cfi. *,ct l' u tr ,' ,r lr r ,:rn -i ,O r)fL)V |!l .' |JLv U J

-U Ii ., S Off!-j o

T[C

,'(-r,r0 cf glJ.9e:a.s.u!", tii'. tr,urnuilcnL,

r;ra;' it:Lv, n(;:rnt :<rr.r.tl:iriil t, clocs not in thc

s,-.r:i(: i lcnfli:r

but as tkre Ronransl:ncvJ; cir_c_els.oirlvithcut;;g-g11 ntrl krul, cliscontrtrt at ll:"yo

Consc,:;ucnt1;r, tirc . r.Jb:l,.trn i:i act'.r.ally uct .'ji,'in..if'or s..iclL: ionl; timc!

vr:i)rthe iiJrstun tlcc1incrl", :t:ut whet 1:c;rt it

. c lit c

'l)c 'bireb thc .'.rr'L jli. itrl.;trI,.,rti fouli,r. itr -+.i"'r'; tli:-L'l;llu:-r-b -1,-iLct:,rs: " l, I a i j a ' b l e a s t i n ' i h c b u , ;i n:ri l -r.-: vLrV srri ;tl -l i -rl rl crl r.rrtj ,on to ti rcsu to -hit,: r':,-,i1, lui'.] tlicr'..: l.tas 1r tl rc lrttcnllloJi;.r;rfigi;1r tiil:inq' l .,Jj ' i i :r,i )s0j i ri s;t j -.ni t.r' i l s rusti r.l ; thu p1;rc,-.; cf ni :rsi r-s,

lvllc, i1,,tjrc -tiul ; r liic c -

c -l .e .u i n ;;

f' o :^ c s t;: (Lat j -rr C l rri sti ari r' ;;' , f' o r es' bs ns l l .xr' l Jr,ri i :., to

:r'c l r' ,? rn L l i v c i l o f in . ; . . r . r ' ,n .n; ; v i1 th() 1' o rc c s , riwompti. ;)s s (,fl i ,tl i i n i ; ljut

bc c:C rqr-rurc,1 )1 cul 1;i r' :ti n.' ; cvcn t{, this is

thc-re r;i!s a lirnil;

inolc. i-niL rnorr-. n-ir._'i'-" -i ;l .i ' b i -n:rnrl b;/ i tsvi l

] ; lnds

c . :x rrcu -rrr,It:ro u fl ,i v 3 ti c rr,' . rcl;r,rurc" bo.o.

ir',5;ovcrislLccl tirc

fon,r of 68

cul ti i ,' r.ti on

hc l,rccliuv:11, syst,;m i{l)rj un sel-vir.r-;ualllco Jn short , -b

t,-,".. + ; ^ ., ' r L u r r v v r , .r vt *Ullv lr,
lL\ . 1iM

-lrtcl at
that l j u1.f ;l

i }ic
of

.1 .f .i.t- ., h ,- .^ + i,v r JvDU, r vi. r! ln rl U 'l

i+ rv

69 f- 1,.!'.({ ,-"1 .r IIIU C -1t',t-r ]l bcaU -

l l Ot brtt-::

1.1;S Lf:

thC U r tl fC

l l f i ' r , r 1 1 Eln ' .i n rU, Ullrljl

I \ z D J f 1 *J .

-bhr: ITl i \,l l l l .;,1 i,Si.r li,,' :.rsl t- t 'r ,.:'1 -,

than
in tlri

tlurt
s

syr']tr:m l.res on thc

r i) ( :7 .' i a ,:' l - i:ir r ' yr r : r r r ,.r : *

gl-."rc,:.70
T lS tr ','rr :i:'.'..r-.Y. t rri *h

Ii,':1.6,.1,r". er.j rncntioticd

*h ' -.rn,.';t'i ..n cf t]rc

Clovr;,
T(rrs]i n

C::iipb.."tc, ti: j tc,,-uti..cr t)y :.r slrsrud sys'b:m :'"n:L rlct ;:'r1i'b :rp'rrt l{'
*r l\,rJ qrr.ywlt r.I .{1 r J[; rru t\j f,,r u

Lhu

t hc

niit i, .,n -s t' .l b c s

tc ., f' o 1 f6 r.y " '

17

3.

The Post-flodern Period: Some S oecuL ati ons 0n Social Formation" Decline A nd Fal l It is the basic tenet of this uhole exercise that uith it makes sense

to talk

of a h.lestern (or occidental) and a centripetal, in tirre;

civilization

a eentrifugal, oscillating like

expansionist aItcrnate

contracting

side to it,

current

slroulini; the expansionist

sidc ul during Antiquity

and the i\lodern Period (particularly of LJestern Imperialism),

in the form of the RomanEmpire and side during the t{iddle and trite sha11 refer continuity, periods. to

shor,.ringthe contracting

Ages and rrlhat ue here, r,;ith a rerm both neutral as the Post-f-vloder n period, only that

Thus, uJe assume a contradictory in the diflferent

the balance turns ou'c differently tlrese contradictions

lloreiover, ue assume that polarizationsr uith

are refl-ected in sharp socia] imitators adopting the - and uith

a-rn.i llL*nr'l iz:rrj

the dominant qroups :nd their

dominant side of the cosmoloqy ot' a qiven era - by definition

^tL-u ul IEI ^:l- UE Jf L-:-UcIllg ^l^^t^f, dUUIJ i* rU LtiU L,, Uy ^,,1.^--..-^ LU! UU UUP+h,.'/ VttY\/ t rL^ ullU m:r^in-l llrclLjIllCig 1^. IUUr-r -^at,l^^ dl lKJ.l n:r*lri lJuLvLl l9 ^^l lU dl +L,^ Ur lE

the

r -

narflrr PoLvl'/

rdnnl-in^ <lUUPullly

Fan^"rn UEVOUoU

OIE -nc

honnminn uauurr4r'y,,rur

marninnl

rr\, ^ .r^ ^ f . ' ^A ul ouuPLar19

IUa

:I

0lnnonUor llurEUVsL,

J-U

i+

fJ

io

OUf
UUI

C UUlleqllLJ.Ull Onr-entiOn

that

eithef

Side

O . f , l L l e s te fn

l s a n Sx " a a e " c _iv . l] - f z a ti o " uler e ev e r u ri tte n o u t, b u t r r nr r i r , hl e i n p ra c ti lat er dec l -i n e uill ce lor set or

runreasonabLe it tends to remai n

al ready in the

on the

paper

(i f

it

col l ecti ve of ti me.

unconsci o us) : S ooner or

rF:1) 1y extended peri od "ny search for i n u j -th a frenti c th i s b y the ui 1l l ead of to the fal l

i ntra-paradi gnatrc and the usheri ng in l hey of

s ol- ulior r s; t he ar a

sooner

l a te r

neu e ra o

s p e a rh e a d e d of th e o ry Pe ri o d th e is

outcats

the

precedi ng [< noui nql y it is

one becausc or

t he c a rri e rs This

a l te rn a ti ve not

cosmol ogy, in

unknouri ngl y. Jus t

pendul ar; repeti

anythi ng

spi ral i ng.

as t he per iod

ll o d e rn ui11

u ra -sn o e xact of l e vcl

ti on

ofl A nti qui A ges. bc, the

ty r l -he P ost-modef n meani ng j .dentl ti es. to

b e n o re p e ti ti o n at a n a b s tra c t

the

w l i ddl e ui l l be i n they

S i mi l ari ti es, not empi ri cal

idc nt it iee B ut t lr is It is t hes e t y pe like

there onl y

s i mi l a ri ti e s o F th e o re ;ti c a l la to rre th e

r' 1 i 1 1 n ot

structureg a.Lso be i n

accordi ng the proccss,

p e rs p ecti ve in P i sae

rui l l is

p e n d e n te v i s i to r again

there

e epi rel i ng

stai rcasc (the senrc

I eading v ieu, , her e

u p u a rd s ; f or

l oes

through but the

tl re same experi ence from a hi ghur l evel is

i n s ta n c e )

a n d agai n, that

" hi gheri l

on. l " y me a n i .n g o n e th i n g s

earl i er

experi ence

somehout

,18
i

inc or por at e d r' i rr.rB indiv idual

h a v o b e e n through of

thi s

bcforert.

It

can be l i kened

to

c r:n s c i o u s n e s s seasons to l i fe in

o ne r s orrJTr D asts years,

many peropl e

secm r-o rel i ve consci ci u : r r j: '] : .

c Lr f es poncJ i n g A s um nt c r b ri n g s s o on. So ,
t , LlUJ t

c a rl i e r m e m o rics

anC thus

have ar mu,Lti pl c from L-.rfl i er

and senti ments

summers, and

th e
.i

bhcsis

is

th;ri ,
n nri nd
pu!rUu,

l :i rc l Ll est i s
r,ri fU tr h U! snrrn ourlU

headi rg
Il i r PU l

noL i or
Lrr(lLoLLL

thc

N er,r w l .i ddle
f i S ti C S

n ^-^

UUU

^-,,,1. 6 I U!

p n .;f- r a r 1 1 J.r r n ruJU-r.ruuurrr

i n^..-r--f u u l l u

^r----^t'-

ir , c onr nr:n u i tl r r r r r em ot ion a l l y

a snncf uvlJUUUr .r nF ur
fL.-

th e l Y l i d ,i l rL A q .-; s" r,l i th o u t

f,4 1 - , ;vli rrfuult.

Thi s

thcsi s

shoul ri

be cuntc:r,rFfatcd of the
.rnd

i m m e d i a teJ-y
dguri

l apsi ng
q-rra J-lu.rfu!, l nr..

i n' co vi si ons
f.tt'r l -rrr rrnS ti l C nC e Pv

ntr-i st neqati. vc
rj i S C C S e in

lh r, urru

A- ,,,r ..

+t-^ Lrrc

y e, , r jr a.1r , T o t hink to

.i^^ u ,,s ry ,ro to i ' l c J a n d e u p ersti ti on,

thc

di rt

and the

foul

sml l 1s

--'

in

s u c h te rms s i mi l a ri ti .c s

is

to

conmi t

thr; fal l ti cy

ofl rrl spl acrj rl

conccl ctencsst sr.;]-1' -

c , r nf us e

r,L i th i denti ti as,

l vl ort.' over, i b. J-s al so r.rittri - n Lhi s sLt

d; f lr : : - r t inr ;l l

a n ru c h In L ' l re p ro m j s ;.i r,q atti tucl r-.

appro.rch r,l oul -tl thc F' ,st-ntoderTr

hr r t . n , v n l n r.r l -h n i --ro s sh i i l i 1 i e.s rl i th j .n t.he l i mi ts per i od. L J h a t, th e n , . : ider ? f ut ur c Lcst in a n y re :d e r u i II b c somc of thr i hc

f or

characteri sl ,i cs brrl j .eve thcy pre-knoul cdge,

of nre l ct

the

neu soc ial

b e l i c v .-s

authors

rcadi n' i l r; it be sai d

a c ry s ta l all th a t is of

b a l .l e th i s

o r have concD atc j -s aII i ri ghl y

onc e and fo r t lr e uholc and t hr ee

conj ecturaL" three

f-or one thi .ng: phases, on is Luo turns cnough i f knor,r tuhat do

th e c ry s trc k e s

e m p i ri c a l l y a s p i rrl i n ,3 u i th

hcsed on onl y pundul urm. but In

,: sense thj -s

" - r e k nou L ri :l a re d e a l i n g t hat , ue me re l y use it ur e us ec [ ? [rJ e s e e to d a y t hr t ihc

a pendul unr -

Lre certai nl y

do not

a s h e u t i sti ci " S o,

uei .ng that

heur:.cti c,

a s y s te m

in

a der:p di ]emma. i np-ri el i sm ci -i tri

0n thc

one had i t

knous

i :x p a n s i c rn i s t o h a s e . r,r i th l :l csl i ;rn m .l tc ri a l l ' r,

hcs comr: l o ui th uvcr

;' n ;nd.

A n ur r ur e x p a n d i n g : pp, ; t it ee obt ainar ble . bc 1, ' - ; v , n o t r es our c es , s e e n s to

n on-producti vc,

cxprndi nq

b rr: p rrc l i c rl " c d re s e rv c i rs

cn rnrernctj -onal -

as:runrpLi r:ns no l ongt.r Labor anJ so otr ui -l -I

E x te rn a l

c..rf' n.:tu-i e, c;-rpi LaI, 0ontracti onI

m o re ,tr,rl i l -a b 1 ,-. -:s

f i ' .). 1i nr3 I;eck on oncr s; o' .urt al ready l ocal i -sm di scussed is ci l l l E :rl seri ousl y {' or f' o r

s e e ms i n c v i ta b l e

is

today

t l- r c c as e rrf e n e rg y n

So mc k i n d

of l Li cstcrn

19

t : x c ur s ic ns
/co \u Y hy v u

bcyond,

hauling
fn LU th,. Ltr !

rJ :j o urcJS
r r in.-,.c - i nn PIUu - - - r r '!

or
in r

ch::ei l l l aoor
fho tr to- + u,oSt9

onr. r,ray or
^rf O l - ,n;^r i ^O fl .nql .ng

tl rc
t.l U

othcr

h ri nninn r,r4r r gr r r g

them ur r Yr r r

irrni:n lisin n

fn

f hg

sc.:ms to out s idc

h e o u t. the

UnCf r . , n a L U f r - ' r 1 n e J l - t b o f r 1 'e C h p e p t r n C j a b U n d a n t ) :" " T o + -h c c o n tra fys i -h.Jre nay bc expansi rrni st, i orccs DI 3CCS

tra o i ti o n a l

!e s t

tr ytri q

:o

rcvJrj e A fter of

the S umee uxpl oi ' " i nq al l ,

the

lLJ ec t as t h e L J e s t o n c e e x p l o i i c d and k ept fc r a l c n rr- ti m c

i hcrn.

the f,l us-L.i rnsr conqucrc:d Fi om.rn ei npi .rai as i t uou]d not and bc

J q o o d pcrti on th c Iasterrr

thc U l estcrn Just

ev c nt ual- 1y r uled

(1 4 5 3 ) c o n q u e re d o n e o fl th e

r;npi rco ol

ouc th a t

l -a s r- efforts A rao

tL.Jestern i nperi al i sm oi l u:l -Is from

uoul d

be a

let t c r - dc y
lt . r

c rL rs a d e to in th e

i -i b r:l a L c l -:te

and Irarni i :n

che l ' l usl i nrs i :l

( 1ik L: J , : r u s a l c rn

mr:i l i i j val " crus:dcs) :,rl I, thry are

on- shoul -d nr-rt rul ,e out

illus l-j. r n c ou n ti :i f-a tti tc k " ' ; hr : E ; ant cs o c i o -Io g i c ir s t iic s t ar n c i v i l i z ..rti o n

/l f tc r

al .so ctcci dental

and exD osed to

a n c j n ,r7 u ntc;r,-j n in th u ). to norL

rj xp,:rnsi onj .st ph.,rs;i .: al - bl re s:ri ni i ti mr: cont.r;tcti L-rn (tn,.

nafrouJ sti ns,, r:nters

c , : unl' - r - c y c l i c e l

h y p o th .;:i s

.T h e d e e p d i l e m n re r' ,f.:rrcd it rn pls s jf ' Le oLhc r fo r th c l r,' e s l to f.:rIl

abor.re can fror!, be formu-l -:rt" rd: D ui n rLsol rrccse U estcrn

is l -ocr-l isn

b:,ck on i ts

L i l o rd s r YC t d c v c J .c p a v i rbl r-. alsc c h a n g t:.

u,:y oF 1j -fc? both

C f,rvi ous.l y onl y

i r' .;omc

ot h, : r

f : c lo rs

If- ,,.' c i tssumg l l ri rt rcmE i n

si zr-. .-ni J ;r,pi l r+ .i tcs of :,1r,, i r0U ,-thl y

it m i: i. , , , I ' ia 1 1 ' y n o n -p ro d u c ti v c ;l i tc s p: c i' r k in, ; tu o s c t;r:ri o g . F i rs i -e pr c r J . et ' r r i:t? o n u n ri l h L try to

C r.tostanL, th:re

bri n,;

rnrrrc l ressurc

on the oi

i nttl rnal sccn;.ri op such

i ,n rj o n n e tu re "

This

ucuLd bc sonc ki nd

mcrj i .-v.l -

s - inc t : t . hc m e d i e v a l f ac t or s pos s ibili a c c o rd i n E

s y s t.i m s e c .rns to to

have bsen based on prucj scl y rbovc. If

th rr p f e scnLati on of

ue rul -L crut the tl -re

t-y o fl o n c p a rt

th c Lt.;sl col oni z.i nq in the

;nc., Lhc,r (at. 1.,ast. f or l Jestern furLrpe -

lir ne bt : i- n g th e re

j -s i ,r b a l a n c c th rt.

N ort.h A meri ca l ul u thi s

[ . : r s J : et n f u ro p t-r tri .:n r,rIe t hc r c s ult uould uhat kinds h a v e to

t,, rr-ru].cJ sccrnt to

ouL crn a arand pr' c.rl ctr,ri ato

sca.,]e )

b e a r c ontrol fa rmcrs

i -rF the

presunt

thc the cl erk s

r r / olk c r s ; r nd c r f v 3r ious ev c n f ur t he r pc lr ! ur . nlr ' ; ur c

re mr:i n s o f to dellver

t:: del i ver

tfre qct-rdse and of

th r : servi ces. blsc prcbabl y

I' l ature uoui -d have to i nctudi .nq t y tc p rrbl y e> .ton;i vc contrcL

be seueLrz r d nucf e: r r f rorn thom

a s a ' re s o u rc c -u c u l d

use of

Th e s y s te n

h i n c -rc on i ts p rcl ct,' ri ,rtr

:,bi l i

thr: protr:sts

r r n d f ro m L h e i n t.rn rl

by noL cxpl oi ti nq

zu

int : :

ex ha u s ti o n ,
, n- * ian

p a rtl y

b y rc s tori ng

them through -

neu.r l echni quus nuu.rf orr.rs of

cri contrcl ,

^c r r Ls u, L. r , u rrr,, v

al i kc ft3 L L l tG .1 n d h L .rmnn

rt! through

l" ik r r 13c o s y s tc m a n d b i o c h c m i c i :L ..ttLr' rcl -i c Sc ,c o n d , ti rc rc r , Ll lilr

I

cngi .nt;,j ri ng. hc;u f i rV .;l i Thi s rIi ' u.rs of ni ght arl -,to producti vi ty ri rorr.rcut bc tir n

i .s 1 -h r .tl ppnD ach through

uh h .,o rd

o 1 " , th ro u g h

a u tr.-mnl i on/rob,,1-i zrti on, al -rove3 ii the hrs

r r f dis s r l- i .s f:c ti o n nr ai; t iin- : l in L rtfr

u i 1 -h i .h c s c i )nari c

d rrm' l i rr .rn J r,c[)p' :, then n:' Lure

ti r.' rc

tr. l ' ;r; i upur-cxpl oi t. prol t-' l ;:ri ;rl s:1f-r,,Lri rncc fi omt:n empi rc. rl sc :nd

; - r f t hr : in l ;:rn a -1 . F rr' o l .' rl .:D i a t :n d n: r LUr !

ul hl n i ;-xti -rnrl i ncl cr' .si n1t thc

: : l :r, n o -IOT r;J r , v .ri 1 ,rb l .,. : i ,.:c.l uS D of p ro v i n c c :; h l rti t-c l a l k lhc ir' i nr

l ;f' t-i rc Li ,.;

t ) < L3r nr r l : h: ll ui11 nir t ur r

J rrngua,,r, ol is

nc L rc p i -tt v er y

rr-a strns i ,-rhythi s

pr' :babl y nct

an Lrpl -i on Lha t j -s h;.' rd on Lh;v

q u i c f< 1 y tu rn but j .t.

o u L b ,o bc ncn-vi 3b.l -ca sinply it is bcc.l u::c i t r fi )rm cf rs

!:ccaurt: i t tl n those

. r r rrth D fs , fro m

h;l rd

,r.thothi n,:

uil- . L bc ; n:,i i t t hc rc.i r of

i :xpl rri t' -,ti on,i .-,-1f

by cur' ;:ri l i ncl

^. . ' r p ^^ ' , , 'i . ^ , .1 -, . ! u,

th " r h u m a n b L .:i rrg L o sc' r;r. l < i nd r;i honro l udcn.; cxi i j tr,nc,,r-, ' r -* ,( rcraL,:d) bf c.rcJ l nd .,,.,, r, tu" rt-af c i rc :n S .fs Ii {' ui th ru .p -l

r r r oqr . . m nc d c i rc u s . Hcncc, be nor i. ; t h a n th c s e s c e n .rri o s p h .rs es. for th..-. P c-rr:t-mcd,:rn pE rrrC based on.1 trrn:f th::t can hardl y ni s-

tra n s i ti c n l l

They;i rc

fundi i mt:ntaL ui thi n

t r nr lr r r c t . r n c li n n ,rf ' u h c n trtu r,.; o f' ' hi st,tri cal oiv ili: at ion. r 1' t ir et t he in IJ h c n th i re is a rcal cri si :r

orm:rti on sho,l s thc

hl estt:rn

non-vi i rbi J.i ty

on ti rt.:.p a rrd i g m , of o n e f:c to r end of

s o th c only, th e

thi :ctry or

qori :r, l -hc chrngur-i r,.,i l l nor- Lru .L -those ui 11 ui th bc chi nqcs a vi eu iS brought

lc v c ; l t oular d s

a coupl c in dr:cl i nr:

th e

o h :s e

and f al l

t{ l ,

qr ' lr r r ni nn c n m c r .:S s en ti a tl c c s m oloqy s s;unr .:ilT ; pt ion i t:i c l f, is f.r uc hav r , - js p e l t hy pol- has ic r l1 not only

C h a f aC teri S ti C S . s o m c f rctors, is

ThC hynC th.;si s

th tr. thC d,rr,i n, Thc

rui l I h' : tLrrnud up:i d,: trr,J.y i n thu typc of

th ri ,

th e l rl c s tc rn :yst,-:rn

rJr:cp cri si s A ncl si .nce thc mcrre l tre cir l( ;:ftr,r ncuj

a to ta l out th e

tre ,rn s f' orm:rti .on, n' t c o s mo l o g y of

r:rr1y f' or i

ch.ngc.

thr- medi cvl l in the

systum:rbovc

u J o u l d b c th a t r:i ' f' !rts tc

th e u c.st ui Ll s a v a thc th a t

comi ng gr.j nur...ti nns, rr;, to ccns,tl uct.r

l< inc ls o i

uns;,:Iv--gcl bIc,

s y s t unr c o mp a ti b l u

L ri th

l < ind of' cr.tsrtri l oqy.

1 n $ ,-ry i n g s o u e n rL c . l- c m r : nts i n a me d i c v a l

nut

i nsi sti n.r

on i .x,rct

rupl i crti 3ut

nn oF aIl bcf ore

s y s tc n r econtr rci -i nt_r n:r' tJcrcosrnol r-gy. JL:t us s(ri , tl herc thi l or:i c lf

r ; peninr r fl r-:r s u c h v e i l i a ti ,;n s c . : ; l us .1 buildinq l :" 1 -t_ .r3 | in i: r c iel

i -h.. l -hcory uoulcl cosni l l ogy. i tsc-l If I' s on' : p c j nt or bc

c n u h ,tt n cs been sai d l _ l tt_ p _ g thc

' .l trcur- m;Ji cr; rl scci ng lo

1.l i :sl u.r,-ru.l stert -rJ as thr suord, ccntef cr ls

s p a c { -i , o n r,j i rmr.l n on anye not byl b y th t r,-ro rd , c r i ts c ]f bv l h;

bc i ni t:.t, l d

c r : r r v r r - .J Fcr

l -hrouqh unurl u:1 di fl fi cul t

crchrng' ."

t h. ; trl c s t, n o l . to :e e

..s thi r ci rnl cr rJl rsturn

1-r:dav boci tuse si n:pLy' : gt,oLJ

t hr r [ ] r ' : .,l 9 l rn b L l c :r- i s t lt r F t i. ; i h c , ! , it h, r ut - lf ihis re a l

i rn i t,rt.td j

3l l :rt;c cosrri cl c,C y,i g

' l c ,rl -d .

Sc m rt tnLrs; i t tc ., d tt rnythi ng. n o n -l d est th e b ,r:i s

,-vcrr l r;t1tp.' ne ,.,'-, -,t,' ,h :,r.:lf--66f ;fri z.rti, : , n i l ur prcci scl .y as ' r cj onl ;i l qLt' -ncr c' n = .t..., ul " th l -r, dr-:mi n a1. . cven

th e l .i i c s t l ri :v i n 1 l i J o s te rn i z a ti o n ,

beccrrnes pouJcrful

sn{ rugl .} to

ir J t : s l- , Lh u s u n d e rn ri n i n g t lt hc lr s abl' , t: by lhe s u o rd ,

f rrr the i dest :ri ; a cuntur of

.tbl e

th rc u q h

rrncl uaJ. exch:rnge In th: C i al ecl i cs ui II

nnd u-1 t.i rrat.i :Ly n' :t hi stcryo ar.snon-t!est

d o s o b y th e u J o rd . i ts e l f i n to p ro b i b l y u l e s t,

ir : r ns f lr : r m s

U est

l ti ,vr.: Li t i r:i rsf i r.ru l hr

,.l rrn i tsul f i .,rni ,r

i ntL.r ncn-

\ ilc : ,1 . r nd u a tc h o c i r r i: inue s

u i l rr

cLecp rcA rets,

nun-uJu,,t. f' orrner non-.U i lst se:i -ng themselv': s; statu s. as

i mi ta ti n g

th e f o ri n cr l .1est.

ID 1-f,l s ppr,.cess tl ti cvcr-r t(r Lhe c;< tcrrt nf

r r et y t : . 1< c o n rJ r;s L e rn c h a l a c i r:ri st.i cl ; ' r , t hc iiut tn n i t!' .rc e n te rJ , s -(l o n e s e l f is only l ry i rrg tt-., frrrcc

i ht-, r' orrner [/-.S t i ntr.r puri pl -rcry of seci nq rrnescl f

a s p e ri p h ,:ry th c adopt o th e r I

i s ncrt rr o..J ,ti ori

c ( ; r - lt - c f ; i t 1s l- hlt

si de

r:f thc: s' rme c,ri n.rrrrl i t:;rrl f

t-hc hypi :' chr,:si s hsr . rc ni :i thrtr, ' fhi s i tut

Ir-,s t u i l I i ts e l f ,

s p .c t. oi is uf

crl 5D ol rr3y sci :i n,;

: iim t - , f; , l s [ r ui. f r i- ng rf

' -rs a c e n te r it

ci l nc-i l f r, r, i i .s rtun conccrn. tL, bu th,: obj r:cf el i i .j rrrhere. of

i r, thc

r' -rn tl .rc ti o n ; tfrc p e ri p h e rT

n,,t

sorni :b..dy i ,]scr s

( ix p, Lns io n -

i r cLr,t;r

cf

Second; im m in e n tffi i s .
tLIJUUU.

: ' r elr ir euEr ) ,

'inti:r:.f.1:)y

a mc re rt:-laxcd ti m,.: ccsr,rl l orl y l ess fraught ul th vi si ons T h e i rl e a s of' auakeni nc," pro-qress and ci i ri i s are
Dr a ^ n a o a
trlUUrUJJ9

p ,r ' | 1 f - n

C 6rffi 6g r l i r e .r r r L s, | 9)

r '.l J

s5 :trlr;d i',.rf ,.rr rt un d rli"h

Lt y s , . m ' r t hingr 1s un! r , ' li, is f

l. f t , , r , : 1r r l l k L i t 'i n i i y :rctrrry to ii,rnrln

orr Iighlr:nn.ntso I

,rnd it.s ,ril :;,imc)

conti-nuatlon it. llrs to

t l . r r - r u , 1 li - r ( o r A I lrtbr-.lr

c r i: . is ,

c : t - h8r r s iir

r 't r t : c t h .

t - i n L . c o s . m u l t c l '1

i c ; r - , 1 - d h r r ,,,-

it - s Ii

s t r . rl l - u p s n n i l rj c u n s , ihur r is nr d i s ti n c t

n o l i tl " re cn::rmi 1.i r-:s knoun frl m idcr of, 1:rl ' ;rc:5 e i tfrc,r -

U ostern

hi strrry. rrf bLtqi nnir r r s

dr.rrn:,Li c conccpti ons thc

. r nd r n. is

a re n o t

c a l L u -d fo r

1s m?i ps to

uL' rrl .do as scl i -

f ulf il1 j -n q h y p o th e s e s .

-LL

Thildc c onc er n uit h u l th

a mu re h o L i si ,i c

and r-l j .rLocri c

epi si ,cl ntrrl oqy. rnd

l j ore Icsi mi y

to ttl i ti e s .:ru i i re l a ti o n s th :t

L u,i th t,hei _r r;ui tracJi cti rns t,rk e n rtu,: r:f' corrtext

chrn3ee

r nin c r

and used i nstrurnent.l l l y

c aius e m a j o r

d j -s tu rb a n c e s .
neui m - 3n- m 3n r i j l - 3 t j - L ) n s l .

Four t hS

i .i o d oubt may

rhctori c

uoul _d be but

c galit ar ien , pi; s s ibly appar ent in

lnd

equally

o b v i i - .usl ys

rr:i l i ty

agi -i i n bc vcl ti cal , srl u.rri ng thi s

a m o re c o rl c c ti v i s ti c u rru l -d b c trr q ivc

set,ti ng.

0ni : i L-ray of to

c i rc l c

s,pec:,al st,:tus dl spl

he nl

she uh,r i s

mr:st

egaJ . il: r r ia n , , , J f uor k ing cr f.rr c t her s t ,

mo s t s o l -j -i l rry , h rrd o s t a ri -l th e f:r th e

c ;r1r..l b1r: of

ryi n3

m.:st spi ri l

of' s.,rcri i .i ce ,

hi ppi esrcr' rrci rf:.Ler:; -9gl rl l nmr mo s t o b v i ;.rLl s exampLes cf' hou urhat hcs be,,1 sci d so in a s t rucl -urc uj .th scne vi abi l i ty of vcrti c^,l ,i ty ancl l h,:y thr:.ucn -aIs-. rne -,rrd ccrr:i n, ;

c o m n(.r) uea-l -.

c . r n b e i tn p i e mc n te d u s u i th

pr ov ide

a x a rm p l e s c rf thc T h e y i e nd

rcprcducti on to

ir ac l' r . , r - r l- !;ffrs m e n ti o n e d . as t he out m e m b e fs a re of th e

be col l ucti vi st,

urri frtr.mi :;t

i n c j i v i d u i l i s ts

ui th

:;tr:-,nq e' rgi l i t,.rri ,-rn r:.ni ng, ancl o1" i ts i nt3r' n.rl prrr-rst

bot h

p re s e n + ' s n c i :r1 re s u L L is

fc, rnr.:ti on

nl' J v s r nP nts r th e 0nly if th e

e -.i s :L l y authorj -tnri ;rni -sri i mL ru i r d ui tl r of -r vcrl -i c,rl :rnd s!rthzsi :;

, uvi n

tr:t:rl i Lari rri s,i r. co:nri rl i ,gy s truci .ure hc nci :d.:d, rr(rul c ns a

m e m b c rs a ri j

crl Jr:cti vi sl r.-ri l l thi s ccntrol ,l i l l

em beddc d i n lr nd pr oc e s s t hc c c nlr ll

s r--rn ;e n e u ty p e

i de ol oa.i cal

b e c ' l me n a r.' L ra l /n o rrnal B is oi a l re rd y th e rc ;,

no ext:rnal -

i .ntcrnaLl y. l l ut it

r' ' l rus verrti c..l .i i .y

r ; r f l- ec iir r n

th e l l i c j d l .' Ag tJ s .

ct-rt.tl .d.-rIsl i .ri -r a tr-,ns.t-* ;i r,rn f' r-.rr,, f it i rrti , f ri tcl . , J

I olJ . r f Cs 3 n i u c h mo re h c ri z c n i -a ]c t r r nplc t e n c !.1 ti D n A gc s . .| !!s a c os par a s i r,i c -1 Lc t us t r y al l of e x p a n s i o n i st

Fcrmn bi ern t.rl -trcfrurul -cj thea ci rsnofri gy

th.rn muster;c1 by 1-hu l ' ,1i cl C l e

ma n -n a tu re : r cl ,rti ons a l th o u Eh .

ui l -L

probebl y

bc much mL-rresynbi uLic,

tr,; m o l i f y th i s rfl i ts sciencc

r.nl o not i n i -l ru medi dvql systcm. H encce !h e v s trtc me nt.. Ths l dcst i s not qci nq tr: fcrrgct or a n c i technorogy, j ust. l i kr: the medi cval - system ns (of sei ence and bc l r;ss

f or i: gn c ic J nnt

fo rg ;,rt fl o ma n 1 a u ,-r l n ,_ j s o[r,: t]f thc th u ro u .t :s n t,t m u c h ).

i nst.i tuti r

t ec hr r l, r c y lil< c ly ' l

H l rtrce ruhat. u;:s i r i -ntccj ,tt t)i qci .ti n,;

ai rl ul . mi ql rt out pf

c c c -s y s te ,n h -,v i n ,

e n g i -fl e ;r..;1 ' 1pqe ncui ui j /s l .u c o rn c r;rr,ntal l yr thl t:i rc

nruch nor: cl osei to

n: r i. ur o uitl -r o u t T he dc s iqn e r cf

spi ri tuaLl y

nrrturc. ener{:tv and

n L tu l e c o -c y c I;s

l ' cr-l by rene:uabl e sol ar

23

LJ as i- t ) ' r n c l m a k c i l m p l c u s e i rf p hrrl .r-;synthr:si s i n oF pr or luc ts s liJ . r s c e d s t c c hnic ian ol t hat only at Le: :s t fo r c o n s u rrp ti ;n

orcJer to

l ,-rf46; orJt a maxi mu m (such ;rs

b ; r:,r-' c on a mi ni mLl m rti t' rgri -i nput,srt cl -osrr t o th;t

a n d u .l :,te r) h a s a re l el i cn ti : n a tu re is to th .rn th e rel i ,rti on

cF r uastcfl ul by.pri i ni ti vc' rTri -rr.l Ls qui .tu ri l tul e trj .l l

aqropr-rssi- bI e be r,rj l l

ni ertai n' :d

so it

a s s u m e d hcre. q e t:c 1 u a 1 1 y

H oul svct,

oncJ r' ti ,rr! i t

bhi- ; c ffo rl a t ra n s i ti .o n

much rrr mqrq r-l ut r:f l csc d ' .bovl : -,and th.rt

p h ,rs o n c Aa ti o n

.rs i ndi cate

i l f t,ci . th::

c { ' ] ir r ear r n c re tru e bc c r r ugi: i rn l is

c l f c;< prnsi rrr' ti :i t

c,-,smof cj gy, suf ti :r

cn n.,turc

c ;rn tc n r- u i th uhat about

l o s_cr.::nd r,ri th mcra h:r..mr:ny. f l an-C r:d rcrl ;l i .cns? transcencl rrrtrl The i vl i dr-j l ,-rA ,l i s uerc rr:ti l i ty t,.r:,i real . Th. rl c ci-

-Q U t!: c ' r i[ lnt er l ; to th c c { lnt c nt inn t h: : r . L' r i l l

mcdicval

s y :;tei i th c

u o u l r,l b c th a t bc I re v i v :tl .n

s.,Tn,)uJ-ri :1.,.1 :Frpfy tr: t.hr; P :r:;t-rn,rcl Lrfn I.rri rf(,cJl i tcc,-.mpanyl ncl t.i rL,l .i ni i l 5 mc of thi s nav i n I

rL -li r_rj rtuc i ntcri ,::t, s ecul -i :ri z.:d rcl i qi on. l'ic

r J eniis c of Lr : ns ili. c in

i n s ti tu ti o n a l i z c d elso

b e a c c u n ;.l a rti t-tt) by sci ;nti ti .r l h c J n g i i te ' l rj .nq

r:ncJ tE D nnc,l or-1i cal brl ' r,ktl ti .;:i tr h: . abov.--: bri rr,.l ;ri rrr!t i rd.rai : il, '

r r f a l' < intl s i n i -L rr ar t if ic ially ,

menti .rnei j

c rg .rn j .z i n g

e x c ' -rr si Lj rl s i r,to

l hr: bcyc-rnd.rnd thcrel r fter, r..,vi i raf o

ul- t im nt , el y h a u l i n g I nc r c i. , s ; c l c lim : ns ions c o n tro l of

ti re p e rs o n

t.l i ck t.hrrruq;l -ra phyel cl oqi crf arri J mcnl l l

c .rf u n u s E ri s r'rn:ti c e x p l ri c n cc. re l i q i o u s

r-.s:ourccs m;r\, (rfrcn f,or ncu ,

re l .j .g i o u s of

T h e n a tu re r t r v is c d lnd T hat f o rm

cr:ntent

mi gh vcryi Lh,

it

cr,ul d ucr.l d

ucl l

be scme

o i ' C h ri s ti .rn i ty , ccemology. a i - l t:a s t Thus,

rcfl ccl -i nq thc U t::;turn

ch-i nrrr.s i n

struci urc

r l: s t c rn

un.i vcrsal

[i .,d i :

prrrbr,bi .y out. the rol ,i gi cus

r : pt : n s fo r ci th c

trr;o v c ry

cl i f{' r-:i ' :nl -

i rn:ii 1.,s crf t,od i n

t hlught

[J c s r;u rn Po s t-m o d orr-] purj _ut1 ,t m { J rL tro d i -ti n nrL pcople o n l y.

.r r].rn-ccntr.el -i zr.:l f .j cuntL_,ni c.rI

univ or g; t l. i s m ' :r.r Cod l' or H i s r c ligii. lus t ' 1ly be it c x pc r ic nc e

ILrd ul rLr L:oni ,raots anc] bccomes a tri b,.l Thcre thr rrc fi rst moLi eLs rnd,tnt' cecj ent,s c.tsd, is Judal srri fi :r.tha to i nt-crprct in hur n; Ln

trl e s te rn

e x p c ri r;n c e ; rri i l l of

Bu d d h i s rr for

l atti r. l -hc r)

d c p e n d v r:ry mu c h on hor:.ri h.,Ll r,st be inq d ri v e n bnck -

goi nq

and :tV i :n :to qui ckJ yl chi l d thu

0nl y

I' nL qrj ncrJti r

aqDr m ay b c tu ,ro , th rr.rv e ri l g c a m ap han g i n g em pir c br ounis h re d f or in fr:r th e his th u school Eri ti s h ,

l . i j cstern schccl u i th col crs fnl for thc

couLd si nurtl -y cr' l ntL:mpr:r t c vari r-rus p,-i rts of' thc for the thc l l l u:jt it r n R rl c;i r.n,

i ndi go

Frr:nche qrc.l n r and thoi rg

D u tc h r v c l l o u

f c' r the

I t,rl i ans

ol cj uhi te

24

m an r r it h t hc

e b e a rd ,

all

p rc s i c i e C

over

by Lhc l l estern tc j ,ri i r

C or-1 . thc

In

short,

r,-ri J. 1

lllLjs t s e e th c or

ro l l " -b l c k oi th e

r..s an i nvi tl rti r;n c li e sL-,ol f, rc l i q i ous p ;rr' t-rcuj l ,ri st of bci nq

huml n r:i cL: on r:q ur 1 Ll hrt is

t c r ns r r ighbly or t het

as some kind [/i 1 i -

drj -vr:n back fr;:n l ;c uni vrrsr:]-i st in is out i hc i J,st

t l -re i rs ?

cxprcsgj -r;n -.i i :r' us

i rut sTmrrir t r ic, rnl y -9j -vcr r

l- r ighly t he

a s y mrn e tr:-c b u t u n i v e rs a l -i s t

a s y mme tri c

c;mbi nati on

(" rnd thi .

p-rti cul ari st

aey m m e11 L c m a k e s n o s e n s e )? Ag a i -n , o n . m i g h t t r ar is it , ir : n univ c r s alis m ex pr - r ns ion i s t p h a s o i ,rr p e rhrpc h),pr,thcsi ze tf-ri : trj brl Gocj i :s a and r:curncni cal _ tht: [/cst-crn in the

a s u l k i -n q

cxpl nsi Lrni st

ci vi l -i z:ti rn, of

a s th e mL --rcrn a l -u rc:rrnsul er as a ni j gi rti :n Ccd. 0bviously, thi s cJspcntJs on si ni l ar l ht' y ui l l "

tr,:nsi ti ons

I I ) an- r n. lr l : n c l m l ' n -n c tu ru t . unt ] d l- r - .r s 1 6 5 o th e r, b, : t ior n, Gc d c n th e

c o n s t-1 ,- LaLi rl ns; e i th c r th e ncdi evat

-r1-l threc:

l -cnd trt bc

hi cr.trchy i r:r

uJ-th ni r' " urc i ' t' ul -re al I-snconprs:,in!

to p

a n d m a n i n-betueen, rr.i i th th i g nr.i 1r-l,fbove i he 1 " he sh;pc j -' :n . It

prnl hr,i sti c,

ni, r . lur t ' ; - G i rd -ml n h i rm L rn y , Civen c en be dr a u n r c l: : t , iv e tc th e all cl

otherso uf f utur.c l /cstorn soci- c l, y

:nt-i cont:urs

a s a p r;d i c t p re s e n t

ur:ul -' -.1 bc Iocal rzcC ucul i d.-crc:se

:nC C ecentrrl _i ;cd in si zc, tr:J,: Lrculi

p a tta rn i

ci ti r:s

dc c f r - r s e i n

v c l u m t,

b a -rta t

u o u l cJ br.; , n th.

i ncrc.sc

ano moncy on thc ln ath;r rctd3, rnc to

dt . ; Clr : , t S ce -1 t,9 1 1 S ;l l .-rc l i .n c e

Ll ,rul J b., L-; i h., j -ncrcrsr:, the

t hl. j r . jf nc r:,l . p trc c u s s J c c o rn p -rn y i n,; l -hr- dcc.Li ne ci ener qt nc e scc t hr t it of th e medievel s y s tc m

R i .ri l :rn cnpi r.r' :ncl it is vcrv hard

uoul -d br- rLpeatdd. cxtcrnal ,,xpl oi t--ti cn , thc c,roi t:l s

c rru L d b r. o tl re ru i s c x of th c c i trd e l s

i r.i nq of

i _.:i thc , ecrn:r,ri c and

m aint c nanc e p, r lit ic : I t hc pt t int

rt' ccrttral i si l

pcuJLr cannot of vieu of

b d mri i rl ' ti n,:cJ.

l ' i orc i nrp,:i tentJ.y,

h,-u" .vi :r;

i rr,m

o c o n trl c ti n g

j .s ;tnrr thi : cusmi _ 1r,rr1yLhc n j !:,J-i ;pt-r1 mi ni -c:,p;i LrrJ. tr:dr tool < to (tl onn?) or a

r - ir . r br iilliiL i s rrrr-ru d l l L o o k ;rb s u rd j hiqh 1, - r vc I o fl Io c a I t/i th i n t y pc llf e x tc rn tl th i s s c l f-re l i ,tn c e s c tti n q

as absurd:rs:r in thcrc that fi .ru li

nany today"

u.roul d bc rnuch L-.;ss crnpl rai si s on any can b,.: i denti fi cd i l i thrtprggrcssrr. sensrte tl

a c c u m u l ,:rti o n

Rat her ,

u e u c u .L d i ts s u m e a trrn s i i i .r,,n f rtrm uh:rt S crcki n tsj ras /. r - ,/rd c rl i s ti c l- r iuiit f { , i- .1 m o d i -,s (j l cxi stl ncco A t l cast i ni ti rl l y l i rv ' r.rJ o f p u ri t:rn i s m, cvcn csccLi ci srTr nLr duubl

tht.;1,: r,rou.l- c rrrouc1nt

bc I hiqh

portl y

25

abc r ut as a d e o d o F n e c c s s i ty r ; f nr . t ur lr l int er f c f enc e nuc l- c ar rc s o u rc e s . in

b eccuse

oF thc

dupl eti on

end non-avai l rbi l i r,v i rbrrurt by hum' rn t' : ci l , sr:fl ,c i .;

S r:n r: n a tur::l

cat,r:;tt,;ph,;s

brouqht

ofl them rcl -t,i ng d c L i c ;' tt.-r b ;-.L rncai se s(.rmL.i uould uill p rc ,c i p i t" tc tl ri s typc c;[:r1..i :l ,r.rcl r. fl i c

u n c rg y , T h e re

b e mu c h s trcni l ;r beclusc th c

:i rrti -sci enti

trcnds

than

r,-rhat i s U cst,er' n

ulii. r r r " ' s s c d s o fa r s c ionc e t u j .l I hit

sj -n_;1emi -nducj nessof mucl r harC cr. -.r trcnd it is

l l udurn 0thcr

pcri :d

th c

u h ,;.j .c r:;;p uf:rti on i nvcni ..;d

i r;rrns i rfl trnC cr-

s ; Lenc linq u ,i 1 I t hc en. J : f ' th a t;

b e i ri rp i rL u d ;rn L l 1960s. Likc

that nct

nl -rcacJy:;t,..rtrd,rt Ji nc r-, thurc i ,' i l .L

l .l - L sucl -r trands i ut the ovcr;rl 1

c ont inue t uur ef ds :

be ups and dounsr c h rn q e li bcsic i n to

tu-ndcncy ui l l -

bc cIe;rr3

d p i s L um!l " ogy. s m:l l er uni ts l crt Ii l < .- thi s, t,.i i r,.t l ,i Il of' thc; ri :1i vi n1 m:rn--ri aL:-i nC of th.r

N c r,l , p re s s e d r nc r nn. lic s oc ir l int r , l r.x p rri c n c e s 1t of

1 5 0 0 y ri ai !

Lc tl rc.;trtrcLur,:

r : r rj e r? pyrrmi d a l

c o u l rj

u e 1 1 b a.:r rcputi ti on u h i r' h It

ment-' ri i l - sy3rtrrm gruuting

f i :u ri rl i s m

l fren f--rcrgf r-rrr,:J ti ., ,rs ' rf L:,Ji ' r-rl i stnr ', t' .ri rul -cJ cr:rnnrunc.

r : r r r t he n e u / fl e d e ra l ,i s m n . r ^ Irr f ^+ I c : UUt

c cul rJ al -sr; bc C f.torr 5,. 1i 2:rntrl the C D ntradi C ti r,n ur;ul d

.i + l* ; ^ l r+ ..,,-^ F ,- ,-^ " , ^+ ,ed that IL lllt-/IlU UE EVgll 'i , \ F L . 'L (th e tta l p h a trrn o ' ? b c t:-," g j -v c l i l c An d th a t

betU {j 0n thcse

t ur o f . ; f m s t h: - l1- u; ul- d

sl ructurr,s) i hc

l J- i ' tr' rnq l ht= 1-hi ng:

a n d d y n rn i i nr t.r c o n tra d l c ti l n is

P i rl t--rnl ,' dr,rn s r.rci ::l - fl orm.:ti on. exprcsoed i rr toh begi nni rrg u: i Lhir

al ruody f.o the th-

s c c t r i, n

o n c o s rn rrl o g y l h e l ry :s

a p pl i rd

FLrst-rnodern saci ety. sysl -cn i s is in nol - r

l ,Jh;l t u; cL;Fi r.l -Ltc an;],t,rtrcni.

hav e des c ri b e d neoat ion of

th c , c ' :s mo J -o g y of c o s m c rl ,:qy.

nrei l i ;vaI

ol'expansionist

Ixpansi .oni sm nr:t.

nei :d of

v c r t ic al i L y ,' 1 c ,-rn tra c ti o n i s mrri s

'-ll

Thc medi r:va1 ;y:tcm

t.,i f,91, Via the :j i j 1.f

u.ras a
t:n{^J

^.^+*'.^+: ^^ ul.lrLt lULf

^ ..- r .in n ll.J

PUdnf

UFrUiltJ>9 ' r n ,.,iF .lc

,.;i I... rt
.l

nl tU f'C

e, r innr , , , nir , if - pr us r r v c C s quc ez ing th e

rn -\,b c th i s v u rti c rl i ty e

t.r::s 1 _ hr,ccsy' " t:y but i rl sr

of

doi ng

i t,

rtot onl y

br,c:,U S c by r,:i i h is tr6j; r y

br:causc i L

prcservutJ

l ,l grrurcrr

b o tto n r l c v c l e v c n u i th

s o herci ?

r,rJoul d thL.l c.mpJ...tc nug rti t:n L,ri Ll r.r !ust-rai rrt not Jr:un tu

hr - ; r iz r , nt a l i tv ,

r; rti r-rn, mu d r-:

uhrt

c all- t r d I ' m i n i m u m 1 e ,v c l - b a s i c giv c n

n n rn f
P! c , uur J UU

n rc.' ;.f srr but

bel orr.r , si npl y it

t,t

L e torr c;st1y, coul c.l onLy bs

- .h.,,f l r .r ,Ju L ,- .;t
llL

a rrd u c c d
i c.d aFf rr
L L :n r

fe s o u rc o
-I dr - m -l lf'l r i u a u ir
U!

b a s ' ;?

D ces th' -rt me:n that

ri u ur ur l re rru, l i n.r
L J!l r u L l r r !

ru1.r nhi :F'r ^ r .:v ! : l r - r..r.nr !!

n- - ,.

n_C ,- .;"

: - -i y

by a m ajr :r u r' ? r o r

c a ta s tr,.p h t.,

" n-' n-maC c' -l r nrtrl :uf-

by scl f--i nprtscl :

26

Lr !UIIllIllL- ]

EI

U fl

i f rr OD

:l rc l i y

tr' somc extent

di l ;cerni bl u

t,;i i ::y?

LJ:; do

n cl -

k not r r , but

sooner Lct

lat cr

th e s '-, probl ems i ;o r,ncthgf

r,-ri Ll - bc ur' rhc.r :r;cnda" uh,r ui . 1l thc bc bhc carri c;i s pr-r,rs -rnts rrf i l eo? mucl r r:i r:nJ-y

u s n o rr.r tu rn p e ri ..l d ?

arsp(j ct!

t . r i Lho P c s t-m ,l d e rn t hc s t urJ c .;n ts o l social cf

T h rr LJ3otr< sfst:f fl l arrx? to neti cn the

i ' l a rc u s e ? --

3 i Is ci ' ,rrl i n:r ti ng tr thi s

r adic alt hos c

th o u g h t

o l ' 1 :h ; ' 1960s?

A cc rrC i ng i nl -crnal -i zcd

prrrspccti ve

t-h e m u h o h e v c s u f f j c ,L untl y C i ff.r.:n t

r:r ccntri pr;taf They ort:1i kr' l y

r-r.rsmol cgy t,r: bo l i k;,i ti

t Ll r dani a fu n d a m l n ta l l y i- h- m : r gin a l to try to ru l -h ,rr in

si -.ci ur1 r;r,Jcr.

th ,:n th c

l i rrl sj ,.rtus

D ucrpl i ' :; i :he l rti .cr i rr i -r' , l i thi :r'

-rrc n,rc

cliinh

l h .: ,-rx i s ;ti n ci srrci rrl L l i ;rs n ,;t th e

ff-1p1111r.;t.r i r,,l i -vi ,i r.l ,rl u1-i ri l ;i -nqr' l ;vr,;.1-t

m ; t - ili r ilak in;

i' 1 t' r,

i 1 ' th :rt

u,rf k r l -hrr;urtl r c,rf 1' rct,i ve th.-

l' , ,i r n .ti

fc ,-rm a t

..i nc ttrp by..1r.:ci i l i .; c h.rnnui s3

by Ll: - J ; nin g

cllggud

n c .rb i l i ty llit

pL.r:;r;i bl y' rl ,:r: -i -i t,,s, :rnur cr.t,' l ti ,nq ne r,r ef i te pi :si t j -ons.

l -{ cnceo ii systcm I iv ing is jn mri n l y c i ti c s s te t,u s rn d

3 s s U tT rr:st,h:rt thtt cl omi rr:rnl c.ri j mr.rl -crJy i rr tfrc pr.sL,n t i rduc rl -..i nnc

nl ,l ,rs r,;i th uni versi ty c rr-' ri c :d b y m i cl rj f r' -* ;.;q;,ci in in c c n L r-1 q :n c rrI, s l c l -L rs g p :r ri r cf ti -' , i r in

:rrrrLr j .-:.,, rLrj th h j rl h i nc.:m1s is

anr , i s ; . r c ia l s c c . r niii. iy in

u ,rki ni J th;n

,,r|,t-r i s, kni :r,rn by thr-. syst-i n it

tc ,rl i a ry cr

cne h' ;i ;,-;i h,,.l i s utrtul -rj be ti ri t. i hl s S ti rtus;:.ri ,t It i hat

t h. , ir o fti J l ci in

c i --mp i e tc n i :grrti c-rn,tf i r-r l n a t i ot' r

l hLj i Tti r3t 1i -l <; iy,

c t r j: iLr s t , h. : uglr t

a n c u r s o c i rl c o o p c re ti o n

ur,,ul -.j o,: fi :unC . l.

si rr,u.l -i j bc:rddi :cj , Thc nl cl i cvrJ systi ,m

u i t,l r l u tsj " dJrs

chc systemo

hc d as i. ts s y s t i: m

c a rri c ,;f s m :.,n k s n n i .i . c-o-Lgi l -ii l nd rrth' i r f ro m R o n re i ts ,l f in th e b i E, ), yoarni nr; t' -r

raf uqi :cs f rom i ht s,-curi Ly in

i l cman

( o f' te n

tr' ,- ern:.Ll r-,Ll r, - r '

t h; r n ins c cu ri ty ' lit . . o1" t hi:

L V :.n rJf;rnrJj r,r,r- ol -i i m;nts

buL th;:y had to:..6,1.1g;1n1,1;o harbori ng had:i s si ni l or i ts c j ncupti ons thc th::i r

G c rrn a n i c a n d t;th c r nr trm a l (i n s rl c j -a l th c

b :rb rri an

o fd e r.

Thi : mcdern systcm J-r{ ' t* cv,Jr:i

carri crs

. *, : S f LLL but

N o rt,h ) a n d th r

i -;f. l -h.; l ornan consti ucti i ;n c,rnstructi Lrns ui 1-hi n;i ni i in

1- hey ' J u rc n o d o u b t,:Is r

i n spi rcci

by i mpr;ri ;r1 trl Ll crs

t r ic init y , In

l !1 u s 1 i m a n d B y z a n ti n i , R ;:n o j .s s rn c c h i s tc ry , ying o p ti q u e e to o d p ;rrp Ii :

ancJ thu

betu.rur.rn them"

ar . lr lit io n , if

uruf,c i nspi rerJ in

by l or.rki ng r.l ' l r!n fLl l gl l i ,f hi stl ry l frri ugn thc R onan

pc r y lc p! _t ;;:;;tf

s e ,:j -n g th - ri s' l vcs of s i rri L ar

l f,.rt ni rrr,r

:s,Jesthu Lrl -,

C ru;sk ci ty-:1;' 1a,

Lliir iLLl ur fr i c fr i, he ianin. rn t

ihun

' ,u t

.rf ? ncrm.rl - bcc;,.rsc (try l uf i nrl -i :rn) :rs1Tr,:rLuf gatnp. C rl rrspun,Jrngi y thL,s; ci n:;ci ous l fl

c o s m r-l o g y u a s th c

--

27

er nbar k ing t hc ll; s t

thji n g ' l n s c .r,(,' no doubt

v c ry

n e ui :1' tcr

thc

cr, l 1.rps.: :f

tha R e' nrn cmpi r, 1' run a pre-

ii:

s r,u g l ' i t a n J c;l t:;' rme o t.r c.rnqucst, th ;

r:1' 1-h,ri r

i nsl rrrati r,n

Ronr ar t luc a l i s D , J

L e s s b ,:n l lhan

ri l [i ]ru on .:ul f -suf l -i ci ent cmpi rc. mcdi eval gi v,:l Th:l those

sustrrnanci r

ul- r c c ,J k o g . r;rth :r
I I ULI

^" " + U 'U I I IiYD

^ F lLiUrn !
JI

E ].} i 2' .,r fU I hI U o U nUn thc I I Ll : I l :rr.q J 'J rr c,f te rmItrc n :' i s s,rnccrr c a fri ,:rs

uho startuci

one di tl to

si ) urc l < norrraLmost " thrt. In both

t or r ue1. 1r t,h e v e ry c . ' r s ir r t ho rc t hll-

t' sti rnl ,ny decl i .ni ng i magcs of

u J c re n r.l t c n l y tn c rc

r,,ri tl ri n the

ryst,;rn fc:c1i ng earl i er pefi ods in

t ilit ia u a s rj -p e ;

u ru rL j ,-rfsrr concrtcte

Lhc s . r r r e p h a s e . S r, ups ur r J r j i n D n L ) v e ry l ;f rc a s i -:n cbLe prcdi cti on th c rrrrl - y mi ddj .c is that of tl -rere ui l l studi r)s l :c an

sLuclies

l gesr,rnrl Thi s ui l l

u1- tf' tc I' thc ni rt rnl y

nt ir J i: 1c aL l e s !J c re n c t am : r ng t lr o s e tfte in It l, ; ed,

th ::L b a -rr| ' type. a D o v e as the

bc p.rpul :rr thc

h y p ,:th c s i z e d u i th

c.rrri er:-i s

rl rLi mcrt c young ancj , tf-r in i :l -ru c.rrtri trysi dc,

people

1 1 tt1 e

cduccti orr , pcr-rpl e l i vrncl

LhL' rpi rri p h e ry , s hould

r:.,i l h l o u .r i n c o nre unrl s;t:,tusr f cr i :hem, i n

urri rki nq i n' rgri cul tura. in i s rr, 't

b o re m e m b c re d th a t a n d f e s te rn to frri n f u r:p e

E urop., ond par-ti c;u1. rIy

S out her n t hat

-,#

1 :hr-: l ' l i ddl c ti ki :

A gtrs rncl thc th:rt

nrr,C i c,ri i ! sJbtj :j l

f , , r a u re .y : c x t r ap;l a tt' ,

s r:tr s c ,rrt:ti r i ng ii not

,1s n.l ur,rL/ncrmrl rt l ,:,.rst t,l rat cf

i ' ,, mi rreJ-y thc pai r[rnts

tc

o L Jn cxperi cncc

and l. he g rrrn d p a re n ts . syst.cm s ;-c u ri ty in

1 t ma y ;r.l -s,r bc afqu-1d i l -rat t,hu B 6E ene6 r;f i -i te l ' cud r L s e ,r' vi ces i mp o rtant hrs sui :vi vt?i vri ry thc ol u,D lI up l i l l ui -th tha trri .i :,y thc

" :q ::i n s t o n c v c ry

( anc l bc y n n l ) ! J ! m an as th o

i nsti tuti on:

farni l y,

s c rfl

r,n d th i : m a n as th-- prr,vi (i cr The l i [,errl i cn to thc

s,-' curi tyo

rrsccuri ty.l he

L, t J ns r t r ( m c :,n i n g . Liber r t ion uit lr in nt t t uf

b rc a l -u i n n c r). s c rfs

r-,f rr.l rmon, ]i kt:

th e

c x p o s j d s hcr v c rti c a l of

ual i ty cr,rnt,radi .cti crn crf uc1 ui l -l

an c x p a n s i c n s t

systLrrfl . somi th.i ng

The uJomanu.rhL3 acccpt.e thi s ncu, nr:r ui l l thc

as s u c h b e th e th c fl u d a l

c a rrj .c r o rc l e r.

uoman uth,J ui I1.nf,n, the r,rnl <s

ac c ept s
i

Eu t the

uomen l i bcrated nrrke i ts

from dent

ci ther i ntrr

f lult r r' : ihr r s i n s p i re d of In i- he t r :d i ti o n a l t hu qcn e ra l

b y e u c h - s tu di r-:s trri l l c a rri e rs

uel l

o 1 " ccntri i uq.r1,

expansi l ni st r,f, tho

cosmi )l -ogy t{ :Jo. r,,thcr l ut: bi l si c

th e .rry , th c

b i ,rs c d .rn c a rrri e rs

" " hc i nterpr-.' ;t:ti i l rr

t r . r ns f r ; f lnl rti u n s ;, ur i t h in t r . hir rra c n ,rn i l c U P,n P(r-I LU el i te -

Sta tU s -S u t
OUUUU)-OUU

-thtt: r i: thr-. marr.;i naJ., ' rmr)ng tl -i i .rm r' " + (-1,-+ h c!i ;.' ncl r ,r it , - I n,1rrr)r-h,rl rl ,.r^ ( ( JU U r J.- l J rJlrf iu-h;, llU U l l L .' PU U L r - r ,u l L ,U l ) 9 ti ,' ci L r' tu)t onl y th.:i t thu geme ul as l r)st, Lf-ret i t hacl

t he

th r-rs u r.rh o k n e u /fcl t

28

all"

ber : n tri e c l , a rc

th a t

th e re

u r.- ,sni ) r.:r:,ry out n ot ar: r:;rc

exccpt

by breakrng prcscnt

thc

par;-di qr i . -

lr jhat t hc y t hc y

]ri i k i l rg

f rrr i s th e y

ci i ti ,ru..;

oF thc

systcn ccnvl nci ng

d, r n c t

n e e d th a t

l i rcki ng

fc,r a.n al tnrnati \J,-t .Locrk for radi cai J.y ufl urU gl r t; thoi r

enr r ugf r " s i; lul. inns

A.L mo s t p a ra d o x i c a l l y ' fo r th e y uill

thcyi .rrrl fL

di fl ferent sensu tf r: si nL : l- I rl Icr,;i nncc. pl act.

h e q u i ck r.;i th i n . :l th c

3n.J txF,uri encrC systcrn that ar

, r f doc ay i n It is but , in of

re v i s i o n i s m

h' r:;1i rsl .

th c .s ,.r g ro u i l s c c u rs c ,
u!

mL ,sl spacl acul arnong tha

r,rcfl o -

rrcr-rnvurei .:nsr? i l i l -l - tri < c

p J rti c u l a rl y
i,,^ + Ju o u r -r ;-r \ u !L !7

u' :rncn, thu

not gc

yuung mcn anC thu

i ntl any dctai l ui th

. -r 1 rs ,r Ll , u !

/ - , + ;- ..,., \ ! u u r !su e

rri c shal -1

i. his ueLl

pr c c c s s on t h c

hcue, rL l a y .

s u ffi c c

it

cnl y

to

sry

thrrt

it

scems.' 1rur,:dy

li:

i r:

F i n a 1 J .y , Cr : c linc t hc or a n d fa L .l - o f

tr: c n n tp l c ta

rhe pi ctur' c:

r,.l het cor-,1t1i rri nq:l -reut it is tr l rr:.: rcturn

thc r,f s.r' ;nrr arnd rr-' ,ru1C

th i : P o s { --n,odcrn pcri r--r.1? If mc d i ;v e I

u!+ I

c i' s n. :l o g y f rt,cr th u

o i ' -i -i i ,
, u eu 'r

syl rcn frr

i .hr: rnsLrar i s i ts

-:Ir.' :' ,dy gi ri cnS rcsrLl rccs

s v s tL n r rrri l l i n L c rn a l plouqh i n s t;-n c c ,

c ru m b l c

1-ci < ofl r,;< i i rrni l l rnd hum.n -t:

ex h3us t i- - n .-rf bc un; r hle lhr uugh to

rD s r,ru fccso natur:r1 :,urpl us

bi ;c' rr-.rsl it

s u fF i c i c n t

b-ck

m:ri nt.-ri n thcsr: prrct,i ccs.

i r:r

,l c l l -,tc J i c r.i :rnrl LIL:1irr' c strL,, l n .J /u r il

ri ,-sri urcJS ' fhc surpl ul

uJ r r ulr l br -.:i n s u ffi c i c n t, or ilnlt : d f x c es s iv o c u l tu rr sccial

rti -rul LJbu rruJastl :i l rrt surpl us i .s spent

r,n i de,rti L.rn;rl ,f/ in oth,:r Jj -ructi cns"

u r,--l u l C ' -i u rn rn dthrt c m tl rJ i ,l c ry Lhat cculC rnd

emJti onal i srn

al sl u,-,ul -rJ

s L- r c i' r l c n i .;rg i e s t he poinlnf But cf his t or y,

b L : usci l t,t spcnci surpl us the the

hunl rr and fl i i r ,-J?rui sc-1-y;i 116,. s' )ri ^rr,i c,t]l -yc in thc cl, r r s s,,11' .i

absorb

v i rrrr r)f n :ri n ta i n i n g th u n , l u rk i n g in

syst.r,n m' rt;ri e11y, a{' the

crLi vi ccs

systcm,

will

l 1 ,ttl .1 g 1 ' ;l u c rrts, o Id c i ri ;s ui th

capi tl rl l st.s:tnj

sci -r-:nfi sts' r, fel -f

l ri ddr:n i n They modus ur:b: of Lhat i .i ruy

d: . . s ; r ' Lt jr j c u g J " y l .ri :k i n g

-Lefl t tr, .t.,cl -i ncr bl th .xp:nsi vc

and rot"

t ; uu- lJ Lc th r: s o c j -.1 1 ,;u tc a s ts r : 1' bhink in l ;, t lnc qu: r I nighc bey lnd. et ' i -L rl k i n g

rrncj cxpl oi tati vc sprj ' ;rni ng, agai n,

a n i J a c ti n g. u i th

Th,:y nri ,l ht,br the rest , ui

u x c h l n ,l s fe r

re .l a ti l ;n s th u

ti re uurl rl ;

f,:i l i ng

r J rc h

u x tl e -tc rre s tri a-1 th e y u .i ;u l - d bc the b r j -n r; u s i :i ,ck :9ai n

Lh.: j -nl ur-ptl :rnLi t,-.:ry systcm,rnLJ caf l :i urs .f Lhu P ost-p,' l sl --noderrr un j -vur-rl - i- t y
,

0bvilusly, ub i -c h u o u l d
-n r nnr n 'd

trr trri dr.l l L' :-rgud meLcs ui tfr

r .i SU pC r nPi r r er i r .! ol 9 r ..+ yr1.,,

.rrl rrn :l -i

i n

lr lr r qtc

nn

f rrn -, di

3C IC fIC C

u.,r r r pl i C atC r l

naiv c

yct

highly

c f f i c i e n t.

A nd thcy

u,' oul ci l ock

cl oun Lhe spi f al - uf

hi s i - . 'iy

29

inC ident if l y c ov J r c d

u i -th

th e of

ra n i ri s s a n ce , .-i nd rcr,:arl l L J e s tr:rn s c.i encc

' -; ccuf t

brol < s i ' rom thu

rj usl -

li b re rri c s

j -n u;l -r-rtsl

modusty styl uC

j -t.s,;l -f thc and ' ;Lhcr

r r ll: . ; C' ; r n P e ri c d rr. f or m s . r f c c ; lc s t ial

^-. DJ c-.-{lUl lLll -

And: ti i l l

p :-' p u 1 *' ti .i n i ati gued b c q l ateful

by i ntrr.' sp;cti :-rn

c ,-.r' i tra c ti o n bodies

t,r-; them fcrr thui r ci vi l _i satri ce.

muss.rqe ol ' crth.;r A nC sc nn. A nri

r,.ra i ti n q f,-rr thc

rni ssi on

-\

3:t

+.

Conc l u s i o n

In ccnclusicn,

sornc bricf

rcmarks abc'ut c'.ro ir,r;-,c,rt.rnt it ir tcc,dctcrministic,

oi-rj;ctions tc -bhis tyyc of i:.l alysit; -- ona ti.i.t thc othcr that
i rl rcl;rtiwr , lr r
eLr vL ./

it

opens for

vrishfirl tiriirkit-r'"

Thc r:ucorrrlc'lljcction

r . r r : ' i lw

di s : nr ' : nn, . , . I v r i t h .

C l c a ri y ri 1; r c s ; nt pr c s c nt tirc is all d a rk

l )L l rc l i l a l :l th c

i d u cl ogi cal fu tu rc al l

thi nki n,' ,' w l ^i tc -

' nri 11 tcnrl

tc, pni nt ,,f thi

tho

as .:l ncl ;ati ci ' r

c i ' b l :.c r .i o r: th c

s c l -c c ted

fcru (C i rri sti i m or cl I fc,r

ur;chcb c-,Io;y) t r fr.rr ih,:, lvr, It or-rnlllirl(ido Tlrorc ri ti l y l )c obj cc;tcd

cLo'rmt::c'i]dcn (,;:r.rxist no c f fo rt what is h c rc seicl tc ;ra i n t

;sctratololy), th e futrr.rc

w LLi l ;c.

th:"t

rbc.ut thc

pr,-sunt

,3t i'l)cs ivr'(,n,; (ttr. cvcrun,-,Lrasrj.zcsr^;.1 (* " nc

3

c x t r r loif , . lt i c ,n ,
rrn n rr l -ri ^ nh nr r ml

rrf v e ri (,u s
,r . ' ^r ^' .1

k i n .L s)
.. -J

rri r::.-b an.l rurd-crcmr,i u' .si zcs ," (.-s !ri ;1t
I tr AS:t iil :t.l SC :]U f L; r r r r .1.. rr .'\r L..y g

vcry broad rang., cf nccds satisficd). But thc Post-mod.crn ncriccl is nt-.t sccn :rs a nuro utoniao 6;uitc to thc contrar:r: 'thc view i:; that hcth in ti,i, ilest;:rrr cosrrrr-rIogy, is sr'n.thin{i
i n t <;

f'or thc cxprnsion 3ncl thc cc-ntr:"cti. n rrr.:C:s e thiru

.,-1 ..,'r..-^ - . r ulu@ I i"llv uut
rlLlr.-fItU!rtrl.!UU!:t

- + . \ . ^- . . ^+ . 1, 1

LIJWdJ

^1 " - v s

i)

lU .Ifl ,n i 1n l - .Ir -- . . - i r r

..1 .

1 " jn r,_ . c,ccieluntalis tl .a

trt,ubluo will that

Hc will

cithcr

cxplrrel tr,o ,rrucll , or ccntrr.ct casc.

t.-,c much; ht-

cxiigOcrttc in cithcr if

i'I(i htvc ar3rt:C In tlr.. contrecticiit rncr:lc it will bc vcry lrilrd cn thosc it r;,i.1trt

thc sc'ciirl- fornrebiorr iri vcrtic:r.l aucl on n:rtru'.r; if it

at tirc bctton

shrnlcl bu rnr-rrchorizont.il

l:c so har"f, ort naturc it

thrrt donroGraphic ccntre,ction cll;tin5

is nccik.rclo E\rcn sc, to that

nay llc h;'"rC ctr -th* r]c,uls <,f' pcc,p, lc,

thcrr in rclati.rns pain,

thc transccnd.cntal so tortuous,

so f iIl,:c'l r^rith spiritua.l I{'tlrab

thc rcsul-t is r" n..w forTn of miscry.

is a},cr,cL of us is vr}rr,"t

tltcy rni,-;Jttiurn back lurd agrcc l^libh tli,: cc,nscrvative ilusbcrn lca.dcrs of thc 1)6Os3 you a;tcl.non-ri:,,t cria,l ncvijr hl,ci ib s;r, ,jCr-'d, frr:-n m:r,j,'r m;tcrial - frc;cc,r.

DJ,j.n" objccti,:n is r-1',r,.p,inrport:nt, but it is f..lt ihat

Tirc first it

can bt, cor:rrtercCo Thcrc is cl"ct.,rrninismin thu systum iucc,'rdini, to

31

this r'ray cf thinkin.l

as lonias

ui9_ g..lJq9:llr.,g_lgr-.r,i-n-s-,a...c-oF&Lcj1a.r is thc casc

9-{'kggq_1L.t}:-"_l:,L1"":.!*11-_:gqgl'j-qy.l+!.. iis lons as this

thcrc ci-vili-zation iyrrf Jrolir unawarcncs$; but thcrc

is not onl;i,n;y unawarcncs; cf how I.un progr,:unrntcl by n1v is our nutua.l r-cinforoobchevi:ti1 , actinq, wl,at i:s rrc-rrmal

mcnt cf or.rr ini1ivid.,..:.a1 proJrarns by socing othcrs talkin., fairly,nueh

in the sa,rc l,r.j,yso;:s to constitutc as wc arc c;llcciivc]y

,:,nclnetural-.

.Ls lcn;

ulicon:icir_rus of such of pr,;tcsters, of

prcgraJns wc :Lrc doomeclto foll-cw thern, doviants, burned it r.rhc, hevo o1;encdthe collective off

.), hluidful

bl:uck box, gccn tire irrogram, crrc for {hsm..6lvcs clx: lte mar,.;inalizt:.I. Just

and. cvcl'r switchccl. on iuothcr

hrrndlcrl as cxilctly as incliviclual ho'nlparticularly

tha.t; cLcvi::rt=, *-1 l,c ;,rcl)erly cails frr .1.vcry

psychc-analysis carly

childhood

ccm;jl-ct,; ar^lerc:rcs; cf ,Jxperr-ences havc formc,l -bhc unconscic,us i;

layers of th.:1lorson,:ility ca11ecl for togcthcr herc is

(ttrc d.ccp;;rc,1;rlm of tLru fc:son),'ulhat socic>-iuralysis, civj-lizatirn.

some kincl of cc,llcctivc

cxplorin; Thc :-lrc'-:Icm

tlre naturc

of the decp co,1c ,rf that rxly

ir; that this

will;,robab]y

happcn,'-ncc thc sl.sterr is thrcwn into and a cirarecteristic of the

the couVulsions of rclatively ciiscs is tlut

dcep crisisr

the r,:urge o1'options

clecrcasesc

In cthcr vrord.s, the

tfagonizi-ng rcappraisal-rrwi11 about a hld.cl.enprogrJn But cvcu if

r* a rlo nn ' lor r n]
t

cornc v;lren it

is too la.tc - wl'r: woulC care snocthl;r! sirouLcl take i,lacc '
be r::ralimOUS

wlien things this

arc opcratin6

colfcctivc
that

socio-amalysis
tire

it +v

is
rr

r r n' i ik c ' lv w^rr^vrJ

C O n C L U S i O n S Wo U ] d

or unarnbiguoLrso ftcploitcrs, thc systcm the sa:nc way. from thc outsicl-c -'it possibilitics.just systcm is i1'thcy in eisis

ex1;1,-'itc:l eurrlmargi.n;r1iz,cd wculd not vicw Thc clcarcst view c;f'thc syst\rm night bc

might rrartLj'coincicie

with argr onc of thc thrce systcnt. ilut whcn thc l,'u critical bu accuptc,l

tr:'llic mcntionccl i.n'b<;rnelLJ/

the vicws cf outsiclcrs arc li.)i.:ly tr

arc to lrc, r,f eLny;xilliuratcry

vafu.: *:und r-urlikcly tr

in a goocl striclc. lrnd yctr thcless a twisting in spite of all thcsc ibjcctirns, this is prolnl:ly n,.1c-

patir tc bc pursuccl.

.fi pctson in clecp trcubl-c might

32

h c, uu

h ,.'1 r,r'd r l9r lJ v q

*hr nr r nr lr Urs J4(jII

n q

,1r ,,.n,,r Llvglrva

i nqi r"ir* arlDr5rrv

uLrr

r .,ty +.'i nr vL vvL a Lr +.nJ r r

LJ

i f f I

i + I v

.1 'i !D

.- 1i n1r l
i r r 4 r r vu

throu,q:h a high lcvvl

cf conscicn'tiz,-,tion and. personal n,,bilization. mi,':ht cLo l-ikcwisc. notli mi,,lrt cr.rnctr thc

,r soci,cttrr in d.ccp trr,ublc conclusion tlnt

thcy wcrc orl & Nrrrlrr- roilclI m.l retoc,lr

rui,rolirc"rn ri:thc:r

tharr unclergo somc firinur rcvisions.

Tjrus, c(insoiousn{lss:l woufil not h.:lp in an;' rnincr liaJi thc. crisis 1atc.

thern in nroCifyin6,".n cxistinL'prc/lri-'m

I,! Uv+ v+C/

nossib]rr'l r::rl'inr.'to Cr-rnSCiousnoSS-fcrTnttion r,tajrcit'tc,o f,ioulc1 But it

'i

ri

ccuLC mcan rnore ardarcncss in thc forrnertion of thc ncxt progr.rn, int.., tirc pcssiblc
?.r r , u\f r ' ln iv\: nr r Ir'.* u *h' inlr ur r flt^,

mcre insi;ht
fflr r r r IIaDt

optiln";.
'r l c '- r ' _t!- " .:.'" ,Y fr '.i ,r I,i ,;,.* Xt *ur hrlldv 'F l r .LII! r ;.1.,:* r v ur u anr r yJ r "l r-n I'| .nr J IItv r

has a clicricc bctuccn cxjjansi(,n:ur!i contractj.cn: that the latter is writtcn cn thL r.Ial-l-, Btrt it cvcn &utarchic v.rsionr

it

is

si:,c,vcrcrbcndcd

dtrcs harrc a chcicc md a sclf-rcLiant c'tlicr farts vJrsic,n, Xot vritltin

bctwccn a sclf-ccntcrcd., vcrsiun rif'thc that woul-il-cntcr

intc: cxchini;e c;n uquai terrns uitil

worl-C.; anil it

a inorc vcrticallras a ch'..ior l.rctr^r:utr

rnorc sirnil-ar to thc fcudal to bc spollccl out.

lystcrnr mC ir, lnoro hr,rizcntal- vcrsionr 'bhcrc arr cptions fcr thc fuiurc,

ln shori:

soinc vcry brc,acl constraints It is ncithcr

ir,bout i.;irich littlc t.

c,3.nbu dcrrc lury longcro was a-r'r,L

still
s v v v lv Pv u

nr-r'c,u.lllt it "'1a';1r;citlJlc is too irannful , trc cxpl itativu

vvr.slUlJ\/9 ulu v 4 v v r r r a r r.) ,

bc salva;ecl bccausc it intcrn:l

UU

- bith
+r r Ullu

ly ii1 1t",.

tt,1 '*" 1."..,Arra^'1htri(.s and axttrnaf h', It is uxploitativc

rn thc itdcvcl riti-r,,'rt c,)rrltrj-cso

iir al 1 rveys .. ,'f n':turc , cf c:;'rit.:,I rcriuul.c;-sr Jf thc cntirp;.ryorLcl prolctarlatr,and. {iltirnatcly alsc; cf thcrsc wh,: arc saiC to bc lxncfit'bing from thc slrs{grn.

33
]{OTES * L' his p l .F ,c r i s a l v L { / fi l l ;t r-1' r:hi t, tcr r' i .r" a.{' t ' ,J.' [r fr.rt]Lc' ,,r;ri rr-' ' l Jl ' i -zati onr bi; o1, cn ti tl c i l l i c rc -h i s tc ,ry ::.r,r"':l cstc:rn C i vj " 1j i .' r' ei ::r' crl ' llr c C l -ra " i r i tr c c ' n fi :-c t a ru ;. l )oi l os ]:{i s,-i ' ,.rcl l .,IJi i i vc,rsi ' 1,y' ,-i OsIr' . Clr , : r p tc r 1 rro n tl L c J r" s t 2 1 5 C A ];i ' .r: i n ' ,' csu.r' n I{ i s' u, ry, :u..4 S -.m' Renarks i n 'biio Ccning lOOfi a.1t1r;rrrr-j nt chi"irtcr XII in v:,lrrnc ,{IIf of Thc l'k-.:w Cimbi1li,,c l,tc'lcm iiir;lo4i, Cnrnbric1,1c Uni',r,;rl;ity I'i',;s, 1979, i ,f " 3 1 8 ..3 ,5 1 . In i { s 1--1' ,:ri ;ti 'v' b .' r:-i j -.' n i t i $ f l ' ,,ri (i ntr:i l er: a : b: : , c il; r r-:u l d l e t,i rr t' ' ' th c S i :rtccnbi r w .rl cl i -:< .,ri fi rr-,nc' l r,f ti rc S , ci cty C . i" r I n tc rn :ti ,.rn a 1 1r' .i l .rr D e v u l c i -r' rent, I S ri L:rnkl , 13-15 .tu;ust 1979, l c c c ' n tj P1 .n e ry S c s s i u I I i P ri ,sl ;s' us :,rtC C h,.i ccs f:,;' D c,mcsti c Tfrr: fi rst i n )i .v c 1 ..i 1 c d C < ;i .rrtri cs. sectj -/_)n tl f ti i :.- j )afcr P c ' lic ic s w:.s l,'ivcn is ,-l lecturc to thu c,-rllr-qe ',rt tir: Risc :.,f Cl": ita.lJ-snr , S c hc c ' l o f C r' ;ri -ra ra ti v c S o c i a l S ci uncJ-1 , U ni versi ti S l :-:rs l {' -' ,1.:7si a, 'l i:ugust 1979. I arn indcLrbcd. to tltc Dcan of tirc S,cirool, Dr. Ki:r:ral S ar ljit , fl ,.c i l i v i n g TItu pa1;er as a r.;hi ' l c i s n ,c th a t c;,p' ;r' tr-vi i ty. a: l. s ( ) ru 1 i n i l u l t,- th c G ,ra fs , P roccsscs an' .]-IncLi cetr-,rs o.1l D ()vi )1(rl )mcnt i -1f crrl l rsos o 1 ' tl l c U n i tt:d . N a ti c . ns U ni veri l i ty, ai :cl ,i n e' utc:(i ,r' .J P r c jc c t , . , r ri, ia c ro -h i s tr ry l rtl ' Ir,s tc r: , C i vrl i z:Ji , rr .;i vcrr 1911/1A u,' . 1978f79 tiniv;:'sitairc irt thi: Instttut Ctt-!'buir-';scir.rlcvolr,liJer.ic:lt , Gr)rrr,V&o

t fi It

I i'!t

ft
i'

1: