1) For Design of Vertical Formwork for columns, the lateral pressure genearted due to concrete on the side walls

of the formwork may be estimated as per following codes : CIRIA-108 report, or ACI-347 (popularly known as M.K.HUrd formulae), or IS-14687, or DIN Standards, or

Depending on the type of project (raod / rail) teh following codes may be refered IRC-87 IRS

2) For estimating the lateral pressure, folloing parameters are required : Height of Single pour Rate of pouring (m/hr) Type of concrete used (type of cement, setting time, workability etc.) Ambient temperature Vibration method (External / Internal vibrator)

3) After fixing above parameters, the Designer can find out the Laterla pressure acting on formwork (Note that for large heights, the lateral pressure due to concrete is Trapezoidal, and not Triangular as incase of Hydrostatic pressure) 4) After estimating the Pressure diagram, one can decide the materila to be used : STEEL formwork (IS-14687 + IS-800, IS-808) Timber (IS-883) / Plywood (IS-4990) Compressed wood Laminate (IS-3513) Alluminium (not commonly used in India) Plastic (not commonly used in India)

5) Once the material for construction is fixed, the location / spacing of the lateral supports may be fixed. The lateral supports may be in the form of : Walers (horizontal alignments) Soldiers (for vertical alignment) Lateral ties / tie-rods Lateral props (alignment props / Load bearing props) Clamps

6) Now the designer is ready with the pressures and support locations, assuming certain section sizes, he can findout the BM / SF diagram, support reactions and deflections at various locations. The allowable deflections and stresses may be found in above Codes / Standards

For complex structures the designer may used Analysis softawraes like - PeriCAD, STAAD, Beam-max etc. 7) Once the Structural Quantities are estimated the Designer can Design suitable sections, and the Detail teh formwork. Finally generate the fabrication drawings. For slab supporting / staging / Centering the code prescribes for design eccentricity of loads, the same shall be checked. 9) The drawings shall contain notes regarding : Deshutting tIme Precamber (ff required / especially in large spans) Wedges / packings Safety precautons

10) For more Effeciency the Designer can think about forllowing points : Cycle time of Formwork Number of Repeatitions Expected finish requirement (refer BS) Available Equipments Use of Patented / System formwork etc.