INTRODUCTION A businessman who has several different types of retail business expects for setting up a more complex construction

company. For the purpose of that, he comprehends the importance of the engagement of a management consultancy firm and the importance of using the concept of professionalism for improving the productivity of the construction business. Accordingly, the liability is given to a professional recruitment company to select a suitable management consultancy firm. The proposals are invited them through several management consultancy firms by embracing the facts stated below. Understanding of process management Knowledge of construction markets Ability to propose suitable organization structure for proposed company Knowledge of total quality management Approach to introducing the concept of Professionalism

Ultimately, this report covers a proposal introduced by a construction business manager of such a management consultancy firm.

The related report immeasurably comprehends the explicitly role of the construction business manager. The facts relating to organization culture, team work, motivation, management styles and process coordinating techniques used for constructing teams, selection, making presentations & conduction meetings were also taken in to special consideration. Setting up a contracting construction organization was much more taken in to account in this report. Since the business process of the construction industry is a complex procedure, a further analysis about the way of creating a business process system depended on strategic management was carried out. Although the construction industry process is not a smoothly running process, yet about the necessities as an organization for generating intended objectives by reducing constraints to some extent are qualitatively presented through this report.
1.

1.0 Preamble to a Construction Business Organization For the fulfilment of various needs of humans, various products and services are provided to the society by an organization. Truthfully, an organization can be defined as a social entity which work as a group of humans working together to achieve a certain kind of a common goal. As mentioned by IPM Sri Lanka (2010b, p38), a business (Firm or Organization) is a legally recognized organizational entity design to provide goods or services to consumers. Particularly, it is created for the purpose of trading for profits and other assets it generates. What is explicit in a construction business organization is that a building or any structure is ultimately displayed as a product by it; as a complex social entity which provides various services until the final outcome. Unlike a retail business, for the output of the product, a considerable time period is needed and the whole investment should be done with a risk on hand. Although there are higher risks exist, yet the whole investment is productive as the profits are high. Rajakaruna (2012b, p1) defines that the purpose of a construction business is to provide professional services in construction related activities (consultancy or contracting). In a construction project, for the fulfilment of the project ultimately, the related consultancy party provides their service through selling their knowledge joining hand with the construction personals; the contracting party becomes a reality by constructing the building which acquired through tendering. Main trading activities of a business are buying, making and selling. These three core functions are included in a construction business as in a retail business. In buying, approaching to the materials and resources including employees necessary for the related construction business is compulsory. Subsequently, Making could be denoted as carrying out the construction by maintaining & changing the state of the resources. As cited by Rajakaruna (2012b, p2), Selling indicates the disposal of the materials and enhancing resources.
2.

Since a construction project is manipulated as a whole under many phases, this selling is done as part by part. However, the above mentioned activity process is more competitive and complicated in construction business.

According to the traces of Griffith and Watson (2004, p9), the primary objective of the organization is to carryout efficiently and effectively those projects which the company undertakes, delivering its products on time, to budget and with high quality while making profits. As a construction organization handles many projects simultaneously, this process is somewhat complex. Accordingly, in order to administer time, quality and cost of a construction project in a balanced manner, the management of the organization should be done in a perfect manner.

As cited in IPM Sri Lanka (2010b, p21), Richard Daft has defined management as the attainment of organizational goal in an effective and efficient manner, through planning, organizing, leading and controlling organizational resources. This process can be effortlessly understood through the model stated in figure1.

Figure1: A management Model

Management is multi-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary action in the context of construction organization. Therefore, the main concern should be given to the positioning of a precise management system. It is noteworthy that a contracting
3.

construction organization simultaneously manages multiple projects; each project consists of inter-disciplinary elements.

Thus, as stated by Griffith and Watson (2004, p11), a core cooperate structure should be prepared; as they further mention, the key management elements should be harmonized as shown in figure 2.

Figure2: Key management elements for construction works (Griffith and Watson 2004, p11)

When this management system is united with a particular organization design, the performance of the related organization is obviously maximized.

The reason is as displayed by Cichocki and Irwin (2011, p1), in a well-designed organization, there is a shared purpose and the organization is structured with interdependent and coordinated parts forming a coherent and systematic whole.
4.

Figure3: Organization design in general (Cichocki and Irwin 2011, p10)

They further introduce a model including the key elements of an organizational design as figure4.

Figure4: Key elements of organizational design (Cichocki and Irwin 2011, p24)

The above mentioned particulars are embraced in the analysis of the construction business related facts like business organism, markets, business environment & structure, business culture, practice of management, HRM & capital management, professionalismetc.

2.0 Investment for a Construction Organization During the occasion when a construction business organization is set up initially, the size is of highest importance. Before taking the initial decision, the fact to which extent a financial investment should be spend for the business is to be understood. When reflect on the entire construction industry, it is made of an integration of various types of construction firms.
5.

The types of firms include general contractors who undertake a range of buildings and civil engineering works, specialist trade contractors, specialist management consultancy firms undertaking project management and consultant architects, quantity surveyors, engineers etc. Not only have that, but also the industry bears design & build firms that facilitated both construction and consultancy services. The contracting firms are categorized in Sri Lanka as mentioned by ICTAD (2009). According to the configuration of rising and declining of the financial capability, there are 10 groups related to the main contractor from C1 to C10. In addition, there is an additional grading system made suitable for the special contractors. Theses information is shown in Appendix I. Through a precise study on them, the verification of the acceptance of acquiring ICTAD grading in the field depending on financial limitations is a necessity. But to begin with, according to the department of the registrar of companies (2013), under the Companies Act no: 7 of 2007, the registration of the company as a registered company in Sri Lanka should be done. For such a registration, it is compulsory to have a comprehension on company ownership.

2.1 Ownership Market In the ownership market, there are several types of company ownership such as sole proprietorship company, partnership-company, private limited liability company, public limited liability companyetc. The entrepreneurs should have a self-study of providing solutions for the matters mentioned in figure 5 to setup the company.

Figure5: Entrepreneurs self-assessment questions 6.

Accordingly, the main necessity is to have a precise comprehension on the fixed capital and the working capital needed for the business. As stated by Titley (2011), the fixed capital signifies the money invested in longlived productive assets such as premises, machinery and other equipment etc. and the working capital means the money used to pay running costs including wages and bills for electricity, telephones and stock of materials. These facts exist unchanged in a construction business as well. In a sole proprietorship, although the business exists under a sole owner, yet a disadvantage may occur as he happens to pay for any issue from his own property. In a partnership, such issues are not present and the profit is circulated among the partners. But, due to the legal stability, a private limited company is much safer. Many consultancy firms are similar to this. Even though a scope is opened up for shares in a public limited company, it generates a disadvantage that if mere profit makers without precise knowledge on the profession of construction industry join hand with the business,(as anyone can spend shares for it in common), the qualitative nature is likely to dissipate. Therefore, before starting a new construction business, the related entrepreneur should consider about the type of the organization he needs. The fact that is uprooted through this is the necessity of a particular capital management for the organization. Essentially, during an investment in a field comprised of fixed assets akin to the construction sector, the inclination to long term financial sources like shareholders, debenture holders, financial institutions and retained earnings is vital. During the occasions when the projects are carried out, the inclination to short term financial options is done. A better instance for this is the propensity of some present companies to bank overdraft arrangements. Especially, the facilities related to construction businesses are supplied in many ways by Commercial banks. As depicted by Rajakaruna (2012b, p15), although the profit could be utilized as the starting point of the internal generated funds, yet profitable companies have gone out of business since they can run out of cash. Therefore, the managers tend to be more concerned with cash or liquidity than with profits.

7.

During the time when the projects are being run, the main construction organization could be affected by conditions like discrepancy in monthly bills and poor working progress. Solving these conditions, the business managers should balance cash flow in and out going with related pressure points through a proper capital management system. It is also important to consider about creating a proper budgetary control system depended on a long term strategic plan. The explicit understanding of business managers as well as project managers on the cost structure of the business is of highest significance; controlling the cost through a comparative study in between the forecasting budget and the actual budget has to be done.

3.0 Market Analysis in Detail A market is an interaction between a grouping of customers who have similar requirements for particular goods or services on one hand and a strategic group of competitors competing to meet those requirements on the other hand. (Fellows et al. 2002, p17) As in any business, a construction business coexists with its competitors in four market places. As stated by Rajakaruna (2012b, p3), they exist as customer market, ownership market, supply market and labour market in an order; these markets are influenced by economy, legislation, technology, ecology and public attitudes towards business. As an example of the housing construction market, various customers and competitors are included in which low income house market, luxury home market, market for large structures are in variety. Although clearly defined boundaries cannot be drawn among them. When establishing an organization, it is important to approach to an analytical study about the structures of the construction market. Here it is compulsory to identify the competitive forces shown in figure 6 below. Customarily, the propensity at present is the priority for tendering of low cost. But some companies in Sri Lanka like Sunken
8.

Construction encounter this competition by verifying their own qualitative nature through higher prized tendering.

Figure6: Competitive market forces Adopted from Porter (1980) as cited in Fellows et al. (2002, p18)

Generally, the new entrants who step on to the construction market encounter many issues. Although the lower prices and lower profits can be pending, yet the foundation of settling in the field initially without embracing larger construction projects. Gradually, it is important to construct a proper management system attracting clients and improving knowledge, skills and experience on larger construction works. The identification of competitive advantage is vital. Understanding of market trends through a market analysis, the organization structure should be formed accordingly. It is noteworthy that the competitive advantage can be accomplished through developing strategies based on customer, cooperate, and competitors. 4.0 Organizational Structure For the management of any organization effectively and efficiently, a related organization should be comprised of clearly implementable objectives, policies and procedures linked with an explicit vision and a mission. In order to make them energetic, there should have a strong company structure. Since the present business environment often encounters changes, the construction company structure should be flexible being accustomed to those changes.
9.

What is explicit when consider about present construction companies is that these company structures is made of an integration of horizontal and vertical structures. Nevertheless, when in the preparation of such a structure, various factors should be taken in to account. In accordance with the traces of Griffith and Watson (2004, p18), there are several organizational aspects such as cooperate responsibilities, business strategies, legal and financial regulations, marketing and corporate image, organization management system and operations of the organization to be considered. Rajakaruna (2012b, p5) introduces the organization structure as the skeleton of the construction business organism. Although it is depicted simply as a chart, yet it holds many facts. For this, there should be a necessity of a balanced configuration of external forces that contribute to the business structure such as shareholders, legislations and auditors and internal forces like operating committees and the main structural forces like divisional heads and managers. Among them, several facts relating to the relationship among each officer, unity of command, delegation of authority, communication routes, duties and responsibilities, scalar chain, management hierarchy etc. are directly or indirectly incorporated. As Gunathma (2012) further defines, the relationship between the top management and the lower operation level reduces when the vertical hierarchy increases. Since the technical complexity increases in structure, units of any functional structure should be followed as a solution. From the two company structures shown in the Figure 7 and 8 introduced by Griffith and Watson (2004, p14), an accurate knowledge on medium sized construction contracting organization could be gained. Through this, the way how policies, aims, and objectives embraced by a company and the facts relating to functions, down to the project operations of the executive management are spread up to project level could be understood.

10.

Figure7: Corporate structure for a medium-sized contracting organization (Griffith and Watson 2004, p14)

Figure8: Project site structure for a medium-sized contracting organization (Griffith and Watson 2004, p14)

The directional controlling of the operating management is done by the Director board and the operating management has the liability relating to the day to day construction activities led through subordinate managers up to the supervisors. It is important for
11.

the managers to organize as functional divisions not in independent as this fact contributes to the cohesive functioning of the organization.

5.0 Management Process Although construction businesses are varied in size or complex, yet a proper management is needed for them. The main management functions could be identified as planning, organizing, staffing, directing (leading), and controlling. In addition, as stated by Rajakaruna (2012d, p2), the entire functions spread throughout 9 quantities including forecasting, motivating, coordinating and communicating. Before starting to prepare a business plan, it is necessary to be as clear as possible about what the construction company wishes and want to do. The present situation of the entrepreneur and for the objectives he wishes in the future, a precise vision is needed which is known as forecasting. The establishment of leading Construction Company in Sri Lanka named Maga was started as labour subcontracting company. But at present, it has reached to C1 of ICTAD grading pretending their vast vision. For a proposed new company, a business plan analogues to clearly defined objectives should be established. According to IPM Sri Lanka (2010a, p26), this idea can be accomplished by answering a simple planning questionnaire as shown in figure 9.

Figure9: Initial planning questionnaire (IPM Sri Lanka 2010a, p26)

Here, the application of strategic management system is vital. The reason is that the related strategic planning should be done considering the entire internal and external business environment matters which affect the organization.
12.

The strategic management system is a system for producing strategic within an organizational infrastructure responding to an environmental context. (Fellows et al. 2002, p9) It should be stated that such planning could be done through the system shown in figure 10 introduced by Argenti (1990) as cited in Fellows et al. (2002, p30).

Figure10: Strategic Planning steps

(Fellows et al. 2002, p30) A better marketing analysis about the companies of the construction industry should be versatile in order to have an idea on present investment for the company. Through an understanding on the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of them, a path is laid for generating a company and developing a well-timed organization development. Subsequent to planning, design of patterns of roles and their interrelationships need to be organized to accomplish final objectives. Here the liabilities bestowed to personals clinked with the organization as personal or groups and several facts such as authority, delegation of authority and work flow are given through job descriptions, organization charts, setting up standard techniques, and procedures.

13.

The practical application of the concept of Human resources management is of highest significance; the human resources of various statuses directly affect the construction industry. Several critical HRM relations, as depicted by Gunathma (2012) and IPM Sri Lanka (2010a) can be categorized as figure11.

Figure11: Selected HRM relations

A Human Resource Management strategy lend a hand for staffing thus the professionals often stay with the company being not turned over. The related organization management should be competent of directing the employees. For the purpose of that, the selection of managers with leadership skills should be done.

Figure12: Characteristics of successful leaders (Understanding and Managing Organizational Behaviour 2006, p83) 14.

Many subordinates tend to detach from autocratic managers since the autocratic style of management is a strict type of method. Therefore, the democratic style of leadership is productive in terms of organizational management. It is noteworthy that creating a positive organization culture through motivating, encouraging, compromising and expressing as shown by Rajakaruna (2012b, p15). It is an opportunity to display a better company image to the society by assimilating the teams around the core business managers and around the project managers.

5.1 Process Management System Construction organization is a mix of complex management variables. It is a necessity of implementing a productive management system in order to manage the complexity in an accurate manner. The system of Business Process Management (BPM) facilitates solutions. An idea about the present status of the BPM in the construction industry is given by the chart shown in figure 13.

15.

Figure13: Current Status of the BPM in construction industry (Song and Choi 2011, p431)

As Song and Choi (2011, p432) analyse, it is a methodology to design, execute and control operating processes related personal, organization, application, document and other information sources or a thing that supports business processes by applying a system.

16.

A construction company is consisted of hundreds of work processes which are dynamic and complicated with the rapid changes in the construction industry. A precise business process system based on modern information technology is an obligatory feature for a new construction organization. This system is a mixture of input, process and output. The tangible buildings and profits are mainly generated as outputs through the process of constructing building under the inputs such as clients, core office man power, materials, plants, finance etc.

A management system is, simply put, a way of doing things. System develop protocols and sets of procedures and instructions which bring structure, order and therefore, stability to an organization where otherwise there might be chaos. (Griffith 1999 as cited in Griffith and Watson 2004, p15)

Through this, entire hierarchy of management levels and their functions are assimilated easily and punctually. Sub functional system elements like financial, legal, quality, health and safety related to construction industry also could be included in to that system. From the cooperate level up to the project level, a management system model related to a construction company is depicted in figure 14. The entire structural system related to a principle contracting organization is shown in Appendix II.

17.

Figure14: System Model including core business & sub system elements Griffith and Watson (2004, p70)

18.

6.0 Implementing Total Quality Management The expectation of a client in the construction project is for a quality product or service well-matched with the cost limit in the related time frame. The quality management is significant for this. The quality management is a way of managing to improve effectiveness, flexibility and competitiveness of business as a whole. Rajakaruna (2012a, p5) Here the term quality defines not only the quality of the final building or structural product. The qualitative nature of the entire process should be taken in to account which should in turn, bear every resource from clients, managers, labourers and to the final product output from office documents. Especially the two concepts of business management system and the total quality management can be mingled. The reason is, according to the traces of International Organization for Standardization (ISO), as cited in IPM Sri Lanka (2010a, p270), the total quality management is a management approach for an organization centred on quality based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long term success through customer satisfaction and benefits to all the members of the organization to the society. Here the space for reducing wastage by lessening non-productive activities through a critical and a continual examination of the entire process and sub element systems are laid. Deming depicted a model of fourteen QM points that should be followed in order to achieve the qualities as shown in Appendix III; theses points could be vital to followed by a new organization. Through the verification of the entire organization process, acquiring a certification like ISO 9001 highlights the organization. The traces of Gunawardena, Wickremarachchi and Nismy (2004) show that through implementing a quality assurance like ISO 9001: 2000 for the organization procedure, a scope for saving cost related to contractors, market, culture and management is laid.
19.

As IPM Sri Lanka (2012a, p271) further describes, in Japan, the TQM is applied embracing the four facts like continuous process improvement, things will work as they are supposed to, examining the user application and aesthetic quality. The application of TQM helps to accomplish the facts like subsistence of a proactive workforce, reducing problems and wastage, reduction of cost, improving market competitiveness, enhancing communication, client satisfaction, increasing process ownershipetc.

7.0 Organization & Professionals As a construction organization is led by such a platoon of experts in knowledge, a qualitative output can be expected only if they embrace professional qualities. The persons who are selected as professionals to the organization ought to have positive thinking. Thus they become positively active, thinking about the success of the construction organization; therefore positive results can be uprooted through positive habits they construct. As cited by Rajakaruna (2012c, p5), Professionalism is defined as the active demonstration of the traits of professionals. Among these traits, attitudes are of highest importance through which a value is applied to the related person working as a motivator for the success of the organization. Especially, when working with different kinds of clients and acquaintances of the field, personal appearance is of highest importance. Additionally, the society tries to understand related professional through the factors like behaviour, the manner of using vocabulary in mutual communication, thoughts, beliefsetc. It is important to select a team comprised of such qualitative characteristics. The personal image denotes the basic introduction of the image of the company. Nevertheless, he or she is ought to be a proficient in his own field. This knowledge should be specialized in the profession practiced by the related professional. At present, the concept of Professionalism has become a necessity for the construction industry.
20.

7.1 Implementing Professionalism & Organizational Development The tripartite parties of the construction industry are client, consultants and contractors. Except the client, both consultants and contractors should necessarily be consisted of construction professionals due to the high friction between the two parties. It is natural a scenario, that in a case of a fault or a delay, these both parties are not liable when the client accuses. But, if the professionalism is applied, such an occasion cannot be occurred as every related professional has the characteristics of trustworthiness, competency, respectfulness, acting with integrity, cooperativeness etc. According to Dessler (2003) the organization development is the practice of changing people and organization for a positive growth. This positive development can be verified by implementing professionalism. The reason is that, according to the traces of Rajakaruna (2012c, p8), the professionals are often expected to have the abilities as shown in figure 15.

Figure15: Professional Abilities (Rajakaruna 2012c, p8)

21.

Primarily, the professionals are in turmoil in finishing the projects in the related time frame, since it directly affects the final quality of the project and the cost. Moreover, the construction industry encounters a set of various issues such as prize fluctuation, expected and unexpected delays, employees health and safety issues, industrial relation matters, arbitrations, communication problems within expertise, structural failuresetc. These conditions can be cured by an assimilation of above stated characteristics.

7.2 Professional Team & Professionalism Contemporary clients are bestowed with precise comprehension and knowledge on construction industry. Therefore, the company should contain a construction professional team comprised of qualifications and experiences to deal with them. In order to respond to the any phase of the project life cycle, all the professionals, as cited by Rajakaruna (2012f, p4), like Architects, Engineers (Civil, structural, M & E etc.), Quantity surveyors, Surveyors, Interior designers, construction project managers, planning engineers has to exercise all the responsible skills, care and diligence and display their expertise according to the professional standards. The Architects, engineers and other design specialists uphold a vast liability during the design stage. Quantity Surveyor is the pioneer of taking decisions on costing and tendering. The contractors and suppliers contribute to the construction process when the construction project manager leads each and every project through planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and controlling from the beginning to the end of the project. As stated in IPM Sri Lanka (2010a, p274), productivity is a measure of the efficiency of an organization in terms of ratio of the inputs to the outputs. Therefore, the productivity increases when the qualitative nature of the output product or services is higher in comparison with the resources used as inputs. A successful project with higher productivity output (profit) depends on the nature of effort of the construction professionals.

22.

Another liability of the professionals who work for it is their adaptability to professional codes related to their service. The reason is that it can be used as a measurement to check whether it continuously use the concept of professionalism. To a greater extent, the fact that is used as a measurement of verifying whether an organization is a professional organization by the clients is the foundation to what extent the officers of related field are welcomed in professional institutes. The above mentioned professional codes are deduced by each professional institute. Many professional institutes connected to construction industry are shown in Appendix IV. Rajakaruna (2012e, p3) depicts that professional institution can be defined as a place where people from the same profession meet each other in one place to create a network of communication to broaden the knowledge to enhance the professional relationships and to take charge of ones carrier. Therefore, in the occasion when selecting a professional team for the organization, a value is added to the organization by selecting pre-qualified professionals attached to related institutes. Here, many professionals of each level are borne by these institutes; numerous development opportunities are opened up for them to reach to the pinnacle of their field for which the related professionals are made fathomed enhancing organizational development and improving professionalism. Furthermore, the background of the company should be prepared to take on them to Continuous Professional Development (CPD) programmes conducted by above mentioned institutes. It generates the confirmation whether a continuously updated workforce subsist in the organization. It also creates an opportunity to display positive aspects about the organization throughout the field since a group of the same field is convened together. Thus, understanding the value of the concept professionalism applying it to the future is inevitable for a modern construction organization.

23.

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

Although depended on the three trading activities of buying, making and selling, yet a construction business is somewhat complicated and risky unlike retail or any business. Nevertheless, at present, the investment done for a construction business organization in a time when a better market has been generated for construction development affairs in Sri Lanka is a productive thing. As the construction industry sustains a combination of many special characteristics and process, it is important to have a basic comprehension on them. When setting up the organization initially, the preparation of a company background with a group of specialists is a vital fact. A construction business manager maintains the exertion related to the business while the construction projects connected to the business are led by project managers. The preparation of the frame work related to carrying out the construction business could be done by organizing well defined vision, mission, and clearly identified objectives, policies and procedures. Thus, many fruitful facts relating to the approach of setting up a construction business newly are explicitly defined through this report and they are as follows. Identification of market factors such as customer market, ownership market, supply market & labor market in terms of macro and micro levels Depending on long term strategies, creating a business plan and organizing short term plans accordingly Identification of market competitors and constraint factors making backgrounds to react them according to the situation Preparation of a strategic plan considering all the process elements from the core organization up to project sites

24.

Preparation of a construction business management system identifying the business process related to the whole process using modern technological means

When preparing this process, giving priority to a flexible organization structure and designing a balanced configuration highlighting functional elements in case of need

Understanding about the present investment ability of the related entrepreneur by the comprehension of fixed capital & working capital necessary for the business and the acquiring of ICTAD grading

Taking decisions on the nature of the company ownership & registration of the company as recognized in this country through understanding the legal

stability of the limited liability companies Recognize the financial constraints that occur in the construction industry & prepare plans for overcome such situations Preparation of a precise human resources management strategy & creating an organizational culture rewarded with multi-disciplinary workforces Generating a Total Quality Management procedure compatible with the proposed business management system and motivating the company for acquiring quality assurance certifications like ISO 9001 Since the recognition of the company is decided on professionalism of the persons who join hand with it, generating a professional workforce compatible with it Giving priority to professionalism from the fundamental HRM stages like recruitment and selection of the business team; breeding a group of persons with positive attitudes who have understood the vision of the company Preparation of the basic foundation for their continuous professional development by the company
25.

REFERENCES

CICHOCKI, Patricia and IRWIN, Christine (2011). Organization Design: A guide to building effective organizations. [online]. London, Kogan Page Limited. Book from MyiLibrary last accessed 2 March 2013 at: http://lib.myilibrary.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=321526 DESSLER, Gary (2003). Human Resource Management. 9th ed., Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. FELLOWS, Richard, et al. (2002). Construction Management in Practice. 2nd ed., Oxford, Blackwell Science Ltd. GRIFFITH, Allan and WATSON, Paul (2004). Construction Management: Principles and Practice. Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan. GUNATHMA, A. (2012). Human resource management. [lecture hand out]. From a human resource management lecture, held on 20 October, International College of Business & Technology Mount Campus Sri Lanka. GUNAWARDENA, N. D., WICKREMARACHCHI, M. M. P. and NISMY, R. M. (2004). Cost of quality in construction: can these be reduced through implementation of ISO 9000?. Built-Environment-Sri Lanka, 5 (1), 3-11. INSTITUTE FOR CONSTRUCTION TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT (2009). National Registration and Grading Scheme for Construction Contractors. [online]. Last accessed 2 March 2013 at: http://www.ictad.lk/sub_pgs/con_registration.html# IPM Sri Lanka (2010a). Certificate Course in Human Resource Management: Study Pack. Colombo, IPM Sri Lanka (Inc.) HR House. IPM Sri Lanka (2010b). Foundation Course in Human Resource Management: Study Pack. Colombo, IPM Sri Lanka (Inc.) HR House. RAJAKARUNA, Gamini (2012a). Business Objectives. [lecture hand out]. From a construction professional studies lecture, held on 5 December, International College of Business & Technology Mount Campus Sri Lanka. RAJAKARUNA, Gamini (2012b). Business Organizations. [lecture hand out]. From a construction professional studies lecture, held on 27 October, International College of Business & Technology Mount Campus Sri Lanka. RAJAKARUNA, Gamini (2012c). Concept of Professional and Professionalism. [lecture hand out]. From a construction professional studies lecture, held on 27 September, International College of Business & Technology Mount Campus Sri Lanka.
26.

RAJAKARUNA, Gamini (2012d). Practice of Management. [lecture hand out]. From a construction professional studies lecture, held on 2 December, International College of Business & Technology Mount Campus Sri Lanka. RAJAKARUNA, Gamini (2012e). Role of Professional Institutions in the Construction Industry. [lecture hand out]. From a construction professional studies lecture, held on 13 October, International College of Business & Technology Mount Campus Sri Lanka. RAJAKARUNA, Gamini (2012f). Role of Professionals in Construction Industry. [lecture hand out]. From a construction professional studies lecture, held on 3 October, International College of Business & Technology Mount Campus Sri Lanka. SONG, Y. W. and CHOI, Y. K. (2011). Sustainable Business Process Management Model for Construction Companies. [online]. In: Annual symposium of International Association for Automation & Robotics in Construction: proceedings of the 28th ISARC 2011, Seoul, Korea, June 29 - July 2 2011. Seoul, IAARC, 430-435. Paper from IAARC online publications last accessed 2 March 2013 at: http://www.iaarc.org/publications/fulltext/S12-6.pdf THE DEPARTMENT OF THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES SRI LANKA (2013). Procedure for the Registration of a Company. [online]. Last accessed 2 March 2013 at: http://www.drc.gov.lk/App/comreg.nsf/eb209294bae3f1a0462573f4001cad99?OpenF orm TITLEY, Brian (2011). Complete Business Studies for Cambridge IGCSE & O Level. Oxford, Oxford University press. Understanding and Managing Organizational Behaviour. (2006). Los Alamitos, Delta Publishing.

27.