Psychrometrics 20111212 PDF

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol.
1)
PSYCHROMETRIC
. Psychometric ..
___
2-1 (evaporation) (Condensation) (Standard Air) (Specific Heat of Air) Daltons Law 2-5 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-10 (Temperature) (Temperature) (Temperature) on nsat on 2-10 2-11 2-13 2-17 2-19 2-19 (Specific Volume) ( Enthalpy ) 2-23 2-24 2-27 2-27 2-31 2-39 2-39 2-43 2-45 (ETS) an at a n 2-48 2-49 (Heat) 2-50 2-51 2-53 Air Washer 2-54 2-55
..
. . . . s o t at .. Dry Bulb .. Wet Bulb .. Dew Point .. .. Humidity Ratio .. Relative Humidity .. .. . ns l at at (Cooling . Lat nt . Sensible (Humidification Latent Process
heating) Dehumidification)
. Air Mixing Process . Determining Supply Air Condition . Coil Process . Psychometric Analysis . Contact Factor(CF) Bypass Factor(BF) . Reheat . Fan . Steam injection . Chilled Water . . Water Spray into Air Steam (Adiabatic Saturation)
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2-0
Chapter-1 Psychromatics
Chapter-2 Psychromatics ( ( ) on t on n Dry Bulb Enthalpy meaning) () ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Psychrometric (equation) s Ps o o t t at at Sensible heat lat nt (property of a at total at (mixed air) s ns l lat nt total ool n on pt (properties) at n loa (air property) (air property Wet Bulb Standard s o t s f u t Dew o nt Ps o t (physical Relative Humidity(RH) sp
. Psychometric American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) a (humidity) on t on n (cleanliness) (treat on t on n u air conditioning (temperature) (distribution) p o ss
s the process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its temperature, st ut on to tt qu nts of t on t on spa
t , l anl n ss an
air con on Confort a on t on n p o ss (t at (properties of air) Confort a on t on n Industrial air conditioin (confortable) Industrial air con t o n
-
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(dry air)
wat
apo
o st a 2-1
Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)
Psychro
(atmosphere) air-water vapor (dry air)
aqueous vapor
ol ygrometer o st a moist air (water vapor mixture (dry
Psychrometer (instrument) Psychometric
Mo st air)
Mo st
(dry air) conditioning system Chart (chart) s o t s at (properties of air) (line) (table) (properties of air) (treat) (chart) Psychometric air
(properties of air)
Air conditioning process SI chart Psychrometric c a t Industires cooling process Air con (trouble s o t s at constant Wet Bulb (p ssu s o t s at (w at (physical meaning) Constant Enthalpy at (parallel) a on t on n Psychrometric c a t chart IP (chart)
heating process Psychometric air shooting) (line)
conditioning
system
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2-2
( )
at
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Air-conditioning process equipment
equipment process Ps o t at (line) (straight line) process (process) ? (curve) process air conditioning Process a - on t on n
(air) (water) (indoor) (rain drops) (mist)
(water) (snow) hail
(solid form)
(liquid form) (vapor up at form) Low-Pressure Steam
(properties of air) Ps o t at (condensation 2-4 (properties of air)
apo at on
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(evaporation) (hot air) (evaporation) evaporation (evaporation) (evaporation) (vaporization wat at a (Condensation) con nsat on (e apo at on at (water vapor content) o al Dry Bulb (water Dry Bulb Wet Bulb (water vapor content) (condensation) t on Vaporization
..
vapor content)
Dry Bulb
(water vapor) (water vapor) Saturated Air and Unsaturated Air content) (water vapor) (water vapor) . (standard) (
Dry Bulb Wet Bulb
(water Saturated Air Unsatu at ir unsaturated air (Standard Air) o st a
vapor
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2-5
(sea p ssu L l
l (70
29.921 tan a
in.Hg
(atmospheric a
on t ons at
Standard atmospheric pressure 1013.25 mbar mass (unit w t of a
101 325 Pa (specific properties)
- . (h at Specific heat (mass) (1 k (1 kilocalorie) (energy) U a K Cp =1.006 kJ/kg K (1C) 68F (20C) (air) (water) sp lo alo f at 1 (Specific Heat of Air) (heat sp f at
(a ount of
at
sp
at (energy) 1 Spec f at
(1 lb) sp sp f t f at p atu at
1 BTU (British Thermal Unit)
Cp =1.006 kJ/kg
(dry air (heat add) (heat energy)
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Air Specific heat (Btu/ lb F) Density at 68F (lb/ ft ) Heat capacity of fluid at 68F (Btu / ft F) (air) Substance air Water Ice Wood Iron Mercury Alcohol Copper remove) (water) (ice) specific IP
3 3
Water 1.0 62.4 62.4
0.243 0.075 0.018 SI Specific heat
Conventional metric and Yard-pound system kcal/kgC, Btu/lbF 0.24 1.0 0.504 0.327 0.129 0.0333 0.615 0.095
S.l metric system kJ/kg K 1.005 4.187 2.110 1.369 0.540 0.139 2.575 0.398 (heat
- 1 BTU
1 kcal (1 lb) U n 1
- 1 kcal n (1 lb of dry air) U specific heat n 1
Total heat of moist air

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Sensible heat (dry air) (water vapor) Latent Heat Sensible Heat + p as
+ Latent heat (water vapor) =
= Total heat
(water vapor) (dry air)
[Latent Heat is the ENERGY stored in Water Vapour.] [Sensible Heat is the ENERGY stored in dry air.] . (substance) Daltons Law s t total p ssu Daltons Law (mixture) quals t su (total pressure) (partial pressure) of t pa t al p ssu mixture
P = Total pressure Pa = partial pressure of dry air Pw= partial pressure of water vapor 25C Saturated vapour pressure a Partial pressure of dry air(Pa)= Partial pressure of saturated vapour(Pw)= Total(standard) pressure(P)= Humidity ratio (partial pressure of dry air) ratio Daltons Law Pa = P Pw Pa = 14.6-0.2 = 14.4 Psia Humidity ratio = 0.0086 lb w/ lb d.a (water vapor)
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(moist air) partial pressure
(total pressure) a 31.66 mbar 971.59 mbar 1013.25 mbar
a (dry air) partial
(partial pressure of water vapor)
(partial pressure of water vapor) barometric pressure(atmospheric pressure) ps
ps a humidity
partial pressure
Humidity ratio 2-8
Humidity ratio 0.0086 (1lb) (water vapor content) l
(dry air)
W = 0.0086 lb w/lb da x 7000 gr/ lb = 60. 2 gr w/lb da (dry air) (water vapor) 60.2 grain
Grains 1 lb IP RH Relative Humidity % SI (dry air)
Psychometric (dry air) (lb
7000 grains (kg)
Pw = partial pressure of water vapor at Dry Bulb temperature Pws = situation pressure of water vapor at Dry Bulb temperature . s o t at
- s
at (Temperature)
- s
at
.. Dry Bulb
Dry (temperature) Bulb (temperature) (temperature temperature (vertical - Dry Bulb

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Bulb Dry
Dry Bulb DB Constant Dry Bulb s line) Dry Bulb 2-9 o t s at
(vertical
line)
(temperature)
- Dry Bulb Point
t ul
Dew
- l n
Dry Bulb
Wet Bulb
Psychrometrics c a t (vertical line) Dry lu (temperature line)
- Dry lu .. Wet Bulb t ( o n a ul Wet Bulb
(temperature line) (Temperature)
- Dry lu
Wet Bulb (cooling effect) Wet Bulb Dry ul
Wet Bulb Wet Bulb Wet Bulb Dry Bulb wat t ul apo
WB (evaporation) Dry Bulb (amount of moisture) Wet Bulb Dry Bulb t ul Dry Bulb Wet Bulb
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(water vapor) (evaporation) ul Dry (humidity) ( t a a at satu at on ul Bulb (temperature (humidity) (humidity) t ul (cooling effect)
( Dry Bulb (temperature) t t ul ul Wet
Dry Bulb
- Dry Bulb (sloping lines) W t lu
- Dry Bulb W t lu
Dry Bulb Wet Bulb depression Dry Bulb
t ul Dry Bulb t ul t
Wet Bulb Depression ul satu at a u t
Dry () (37C) Wet Bulb Wet Bulb Wet Bulb () Dry (33C) Bulb
Bulb () Dry Bulb
(31C)
(water (low humidity) n vapor)

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vapor) (high humidity)
(water 2-11
76.5F Ps o t at
Ps
at
- 76.5F Wet Bulb Cooling coil Specific Ent alp (leaving air) D
- D
psychrometric WB humidity at o
- 90F DB (intersection point) WB 71.2F .. Dew Point (liquid Dew Point Humidity(RH) Relative temperature) (current air temperature) 100% RH Humidity(RH) (Temperature) onstant water) ao t
D tu l
humidity ratio 55 a
specific enthalpy
p ssu Dew condensed water Point
(water vapor) p atu Relative (current t Dew Point air Dew
water-to-air saturation temperatu Dew Point
Dew Point
Relative Hu
(water vapor) (pressure) Dew Point
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Relative Humidity(RH) 80F DB 100% Relative Humidity(RH) 100% Relative Humidity(RH) D D - Dew Point Dew Point condensation Dew Point (condensation) Point A Point B 08kg Dew Point Wet Bulb 25C A(point A) Dry Bulb (water vapour content) 50% satu at satu at 25C 0.020 16 kg (water vapour content)0.010 (100% Saturated air (water vapour content) saturated air (water vapor) Dew Point (current air temperature) ul ul 100F Dry Bulb
- Dew Point B
- on C C(point C) Dry Bulb
nsat on (line (water vapour
BC)
content)
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satu at on l n
2-13
atu at on l n vapour content)0.010 08 kg
C (point C) Dry 14.2C 14.2C C(point C) Bulb 14.2C
(water 14.2C (water vapour content)0.010 08kg 0.010 08kg B(point (wat apo
B)
Dew
Point
Dew
Point
atu at
- Dew Point Dew Point con nsat on
on
nsat on
- D w po nt on (temperature)
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nsat on
(temperature)
Dew
Point
2-14
(evaporation)
Dry Bulb D lat u t ul
ul ul 100% D w o nt
D w o nt
D w o nt (water vapor) (water vapor) Dew Point Dew Point Dew Point (temperature) (moisture or water vapour) Dew Point (moisture or water vapour) condensation Dew Point Dew Point Saturated Air 100% RH Dry Bulb Wet Bulb (horizational line) Dew Point (temperature) (temperature) (-
(saturated air)
(water vapor) (fine droplet)
Saturated Air Saturated Air Dew Point T Humidity (RH) : Ps ( ( )

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p atu Dry Bulb 80F (condensation) (condensation) 80F Dry Bulb o t s at ( 50 D 50% Relative Humidity(RH) 2-15 50 % Relative Humidity(RH) Dew Point Relative
Question:
) Dry Bulb 80F Dry Bulb
( ( ) D
) (intersection Point) Dew Point (condensation (condensation Dew Point Wet Bul (Properties) Dry Bulb(given) RH %(given) Wet Bulb Dew Point = = = = 80F 50% 67F 59F (Value) Wet Bul Dew Point
- Dew Point .. on
Dry Bulb nsat on
Web Bulb
Dew (water (condensation) Dew condensation con nsat on Point (t p atu (t p atu vapour) Point
Dew Point
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- Condensation Dew condensation con Dew Point (fully saturated) Point on nsat on (Single- laz D Humidity (RH) w n ow nsat on Point
- Relative Humidity (t p atu (temperature) Dew Point
(water vapour) Dew Point (condensation) (condensation) Dew
70F DB (condensation)
30F Relative 70F DB D
(condensation) Dew Point s 30F - Dew Point (condensation) RH%

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30F Dry Bulb 70F Relative Humidity(RH) Dew Point
at
% RH 2-17
RH (condensation u u t t at o at o
(dry a
(water vapor)
at o (water vapor)
(water vapor)
at o
.. Relative Humidity
- Relative Humidity Relative Humidity(RH) (percentage Dry Bulb saturation lat Dry Bulb Dry Bulb satu at on Dry Bulb
- Relative Humidity saturation (percentage Dry Bulb (percentage satu at on satu at on satu at on 100% saturation
(weight) Relative Humidity(RH) Relative Humidity(RH) wat apo ns t wat apo ns t ass p un t olu
abolute satu at on
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Relative Humidity(RH) a tual apou p ssu saturation vapour pressure
- apa t ont nt D ul Relative Humidity(RH) Dry Bulb D t ul ul t Dry ul Wet Bulb Bulb
ul Dry Bulb
(wat
apo (water vapor)
20% Relative Humidity(RH) -
( )
Dry Bulb
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2-19
(wat
apo
- Relative Humidity(RH) 50% Relative Humidity(RH) (water RH(%) vapor) ()
Dry Bulb Dry Bulb
Dry Bulb ( ) Dry Bulb (water vapor)
100% Relative Humidity(RH) -
(water vapor)
(water vapor)
(water vapor) solut temperature
Relative Humidity(RH) (present temperature) Relative Humidity (RH)

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Relative Humidity(RH) (present
2-20
Relative Humidity(RH) Saturated air 100 % Relative Humidity 100 % Relative humidity Dry Bulb 90F Wet Bulb 90F Dew Point 90F
100% RH
Saturation Line Unsaturated air less than 100 % Relative Humidity(RH)
80 % Relative humidity Dry Bulb 80F Wet Bulb 75F Dew Point 73F
50 % Relative humidity Dry Bulb 90F Wet Bulb 75F Dew Point 69F Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Wet Bulb depression
Relative Humidity(RH) Dry Bulb Wet Bul
Relative Humidity(%) Humidity(RH) %
( %
) 80% Relative
100% Saturated Air Dew Point Wet Bulb the air) Bulb (saturated) (water vapour) unsaturated (100 % saturation (a) ) Dry Bulb (Wet Bulb
Relative
Humidity Dry Bulb Wet Bulb (dryness of
Dry Bulb (%) Wet Bulb (100% saturation)
) Dry
(water vapour) 25C Dry Bulb 25C 50%RH
(b)
25C 25C sensible heat sensible heat stat (transfer)
latent heat -
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(water
(evaporation)
vapour) 2-21
(evaporation) (water vapour) latent heat Relative Humidity(percent) depression .. Specific volume (dry air) Specific volume IP (volume) ft3 l (ft
3
(liquid) latent heat p as Dew Point Dry Bulb Wet Bulb
Wet Bulb
Relative Humidity (percent)
(Specific Volume) (dry Specific volume air) SI (volume) m3 (m3) (dry air) (volume)
- onstant nt alp Specific volume constant enthalpy line specific volume
- Constant specific olu Specific volume
o at
at specific volume
Dry Bulb
specific volume
Bulb
(furnace) 80F Dry Bulb specific volume 23% RH
(combustion air) (specific volume) (intersection point)
80F Dry
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- Specific volume .. nt alp ( Enthalpy )
- Specific volume
enthalpy
nt alp (total
t energy)
na
s st n
(total energy Thermodynamic (control volume) (gas burbine t o na Thermodynamic pot nt al enthalpy nt alp s ns l lat nt at at t o system na
int nal
(gas burbine) s st thermodynamic system Ent alp (dry air) (water vapor) (liquid) nt alp s of Vaporization nt alp s of Vaporization of Water solids) thermodynamic pot nt al s st
(melting nt alp s of usion usion of Ice
nt alp s of st (chemical reaction nt alp H p (heat content) s al p o ss nt alp
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- Enthalpy onstant nt alp constant Wet Bul scale (Ent alp s al
- Enthalpy
Wet Bul
s al
onstant nt alp (error) Ent alp nt alp (Unit) Ul Wet Bulb Wet Bulb
- Enthalpy Dry Bulb Wet Bul Enthapy
- Relative Humidity (%)
30C Dry Bulb 25C (enthalpy) (Enthalpy) 25C Dry Bulb 65%RH 25C Dry Bulb
(Enthalpy)
30C Dry Bulb (75=
)34F Dry Bulb
70% RH
Psychrometric
at
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2-24
ps
at
Dry Bulb
(vertical line)
ln 34F Dry Bulb (intersection point)
34F Dry Bulb Relative Humidity(RH) (intersection po nt Wet Bulb Wet Bulb
70%
Dry Bulb Humidity(RH) of Wet Bulb (RH) Psychrometric D w at o nt
Relative Dry Bulb Relative Humidity
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. Sensible heat ( ( ) at ( ) () Process Enthalpy (heat add) o ) (heat add
(Cooling (heat add)
heating) (heat remove) Dry Bulb
Dry Bulb (water vapour content) constant humidity sensible (heat remove) nt alp Sensible cooling ) (increases) (increases) (increases) (increases) (decreases) (constant) (constant) (constant) (Humidification Dehumidification) (water vapour addition) Humidification (heat loss ) (decreases) (decreases) (decreases) (decreases) (increases) (constant) (constant) (constant) at n po ss
sensible ool n p o ss Parameters Dry Bulb Temperature Enthalpy Humid Volume Wet Bulb Temperature Percentage Saturation Moisture Content Dew Point Temperature Vapour Pressure . Latent Heat Sensible heating (heat ga n
Humidification ( o (dehumidification
(water
vapor)
- Humidification
dehumitification
- Sensible heating
sensible cooling process
(process) D u f n cooling coil

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(process) Cooling u
Cooling f n 2-26
air washer (concept) (water vapor) Latent heat (removal humidification
Humidification
dehumidification Enthalpy (water vapor) Enthalpy dehumidification
humidification ratio humidification ratio
Air conditioning process
- Sensible heat
(process) (process)
- sensible heat
(process) (transfer) moist (dry air) sensible heat a x t water vapour
(dry air) air (water vapor) sensible heat Sensible heat process sensible heat (dry air)
(water vapor)
sensible heat
an IP
w x t
Q= Sensible heat added to or removed from air(BTU/hr) Ma = Mass of dry air = weight of air(lb/hr) Mw=Mass of water vapour = weight of water vapour( lb/hr) t = t2-t1= temperature change in(F) l t lb/hr (moist air)
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60F Dry Bulb at (heater) sensible heat sensible heat capacity
90F Dry Bulb (air flow rate) 400
(dry air)
sensible heat 2-27
(water vapor)
- Electric resistance heater (water vapor) (water vapor) sensible heat = 2880 Btu/hr (electric heater) Qs = 0.24 x 400 x (90-60)
- Heating process
kilowatts(kW
Capacity = 2880 Btu/hr x 1kw/3410 Btu/hr = 0.84 kW (water vapor) Psychrometric chart sensible heat 60F Dry Bulb 65%RH (heater) (error) humidity ratio l wl a RH
Mw=0.0072 lbw/lb d.a x 400 lb air/hr= 2.9 lbw/hr water vapour nt alp (change) w x t
Qs = 0.24 x 400(90-60)+ 0.45 x 2.9 x(90-60) = 2880 + 39 = 2919 Btu/hr , vapor) vapor) M Psychrometric c a t point) specific volume CFM (gas) (pressure) air) CFM 2-28 13.25 ft/lb specific volume (gas) (entering air) CFM (temperature) (leaving 60F Dry Bulb 65% RH (intersection enthalpy change Q(sensilbe) (heater) (volume flow rate) 400 lb/hr % tu (water (water
CFM = 400 lb/hr x 1hr/ 60 min x 13.25 ft3/lb = 88.3 CFM
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Leaving air specific volume
14.0 ft3 l
a (entering air) (leaving air)CFM mass flow rate (leaving (entering air) volume matric flow rate
Leaving air flow rate (CFM)= 400 lb/hr x 1hr/60min x 14.0 ft3/lb = 93.3 CFM Law of conservation of mass air) CFM
CFM CFM
air con equipment (pressure) (manufacturer) standard air
condition
CFM tan a Condition Specific volume of 13.3 ft3/lb da Dry Bulb n
Density 0.75 lb/ ft3 da Air con
CFM - cooling coil coil (performance) : cooling coil sensible cooling p fo an sensible cooling sensible cooling capacity 50,000 Btu/hr Dry Bulb 2000 CFM Dry Bulb coil cooling coil cooling
tout= tin - t = Cooling coil (leaving air) vaporization (evaporation) sensible performance Dry Bulb (evaporation tu l
latent heat of (vaporization) 1055 Btu/lb

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2-29
QL W2 W1 . Sensible Latent Process Air conditioning system Cooling latent heat (heat) IP QTotal = Q Sensible + Q Latent
= Latent heat Change, Btu/hr or Watt = Humidity Ration Change, grw/ lb da process (process) sensible heat latent heat (cooling) (process) Air side SI QTotal = Q Sensible + Q Latent QS (Watt)= 1.232 x L/s x(t2-t1) QL(Watt)= 3012 x L/s x(W2 W1) QTotal(Watt)= 1.2 x L/s x(h2-h1) = Volume Flow Rate of Air being process. = Enthalpy Change(Btu/lb F) = temperature an = Humidity Ration Change(lbw/lb d.a) Air Handling Unit(AHU) rate) air) air Dry Bulb , M Dry Bulb (kJ/kg K) (kg/kg d.a) (air flow (return supply (supply air)
dehumidification total heat
sensible heat
(dehumidification
QS(Btu/hr) = 1.1 x CFM x(t2-t1) QL(Btu/hr) = 0.68 x CFM x(W2 W1) QTotal(Btu/hr) = 4.5 x CFM x(h2-h1) CFM h2-h1 t2-t1 (t w2 w1(w L/s
Q = Sensible heat (Q S) Latent heat (Q L) Total heat (QTotal)
- Cooling process ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Sensible cooling capacity Latent cooling capacity Total cooling capacity The amount of moisture condensed (or) removed.
= 1.1 x 20,000 x 18 = 396,000 Btu/hr Psychrometric Chart W1 W2 w2 w1 =82-75 = 7.0 gr w/lb da = 0.68 x 20,000 x 7.0
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= 95,000 Btu/hr (total heat Removed) 396,000 Total heat h1 h2 Enthalpy Psychrometric cooling capacity Refrigeration Ton ? + 95,000 = 491,000 Btu/hr
1 Refrigeration Ton = 12,000 Btu/hr = 3.517 kWthermal
cooling coil con nsat on
fin
con
nsat on
() condensate pipe
condensate water (size) (SI unit) Question 25C Dry Bulb 20 ) (properties) (SI CFM L/s
drain pipe
- ( ( ) () ) 25 C Dry Bulb 25C Dry Bulb 20 C Wet Bulb 20 C Wet Bul 25C Dry Bulb po nt 20C Wet Bulb (intersection point) Dott V t al L n Wet Bulb Dott lopp n (intersection (properties)
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Property Dry Bulb temperature Wet Bulb temperature Relative Humidity(RH) Enthalpy Humidity Ratio by Mass Specific Volume of Air Dew Point temperature (SI unit) = = = = = = =
Value 25C (given) 20C (given) 63% 57.5 kJ/kg of dry air 12.6 g/kg dry air 0.86 meter cube/kg of dry air 17.6C o nt 50C Dry Bulb
o nt
18C Dry Bulb
o nt
Point 2 (properties of air)
- Psychrometric chart (air propertie) D http://www.acmv.org/ebook.html Entering air temperature L Leaving air temperature Blue Line Yellow Line Red Line Green Line Black Line Brown Line Grey Line Purple Line = = = = = = = = Cooling Process EAT Dry Bulb temperature EAT Wet Bulb temperature EAT Enthalpy LAT Dry Bulb temperature LAT Enthalpy EAT Humidity Ratio(Same as LAT on sensible cooling) LAT Humidity Ratio M (outside air) sensible ool n 75F Dry Bulb 70.5F WB Psychrometric chart
90F Dry Bulb (design condition)
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Outside Conditions(EAT): Entering Air CFM = 2000 Dry Bulb = 90F Wet Bulb = 75F ( ( ) () (outside air) (point) ) Dry Bulb Dry Bulb Design Web Bulb ( otto
Final Conditions(LAT):leaving air CFM = 2000(Same) Dry Bulb = 75F Wet Bulb = 70.5F o zontal ax s t ul
90F Dry Bulb 75F Wet Bulb po nt
- ( ) po nt at o ( ) ( ) po nt nt alp ool n p o ss (horizontal line

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s n u t at o u t at o nt alp tu l (horizontal line) (right
t axis)
vertical
sensible ool n sensible 2-33
ool n t ul = L L Air con nt alp u t AHU air s
lat nt ool n (final conditions) LAT Point, leaving air condition Dry Bulb = po nt (brown line at o (purple line (runing) Fan Coil Unit(FCU) (performance U ll wat air side (performance DX (Direct Expansion) Un t (locate 26.41 Btu/lb.
Air Handling Unit(AHU)
chilled water un t ( )
- (return air) (outdoor air) (performance ( ) Return a Bulb

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On-Coil condition at Off-coil Condition (data)
(outdoor air Supply air
(propety) RH (propety Dry Bulb
Dry Bulb Wet Bulb sling t o t
Wet
2-34
() ()
Supply a on Minute (CFM U
(propety (formula) (flow rate) Data U 18,000 CMH Temp: 13 / 12.8(C Dry Bulb/WB) data Psychometrics at data Enthalpy(h)= 36.1 kJ/kg = apa t Off-coil h2(Point 1) total cooling capa t = 36.1 kJ/kg Data Liter per Cube Feet per
(air flow rate)
On Coil Condition:= Return Air 18,000 CMH Temp: 26 / 19(C Dry Bulb/WB) Ps s o o t t s at at latent ool n Enthalpy(h)= 53.9 kJ/kg On-coil h1 (Point 1)
Off Coil Condition= Supply Air
before point (point 1) After point(Point 2) Before Point (Point 1) (entering air properties) Point 1 Enthalpy = h1(kJ/kg) Point 1 Dry Bulb Temp = t1(C) Point 1 humidity ratio = w1(kg/kg d.a) , M
After Point (Point 1)
(entering air properties)
(leaving air properties) (leaving air properties)
Point 2 Enthalpy = h1(kJ/kg) Point 2 Dry Bulb Temp = t1(C) Point 2 humidity ratio = w1(kg/kg d.a)
Liter per Sencond =(18,000 CMH x 1,000 )/ 3600 = 5000 L/s = 5,000 X 1.2(53.9 36.1) = 106,800 Watts = 106.8 kW(106.8/3.517 = 30.37RT) = 5,000 X 1.2(26 13) = 80,080 Watts = 80.1 kW(80.1/3.517= 22.77RT) ( Return air Supply air Return Air Flow Rate ata in(kW)
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)-
ool n
ol = 26.7C Dry Bulb = 13.4C Dry Bulb
(data) 19.5C Wet Bulb 13.03C Wet Bulb total cooling capacity 2-35
= 6,856 CMH = 1904 L/s latent cooling capa t
sensible cooling capa t
at ( ) tu n a
tu n a
o nt DB
(locate) (intersection po nt
RH = 51.26(%), h(enthalpy)= 55.4 kJ/kg W= 0.01122 kg of water/kg of dry air ( ) uppl = a DB h(enthalpy)=36.71 kJ/kg (intersection point)
W= 0.00919 kg of water/kg of dry air at properties) http://www.sugartech.co.za/psychro/index.php ( ) ( ) pa a t al ulat utton Dry Bulb onl n softwa (lair
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2-36
() () () () () ()
Return air RH W Supply air RH W
= 26.7C Dry Bulb
19.5C WB
= 51.26(%), h(enthalpy)= 55.4 kJ/kg = 0.01122 kg of water / kg of dry air = 13.4C Dry Bulb 13.03C WB = 96.00 (%), h(enthalpy)=36.71 kJ/kg = 0.00919 kg of water / kg of dry air = 1.2 x Liter per Sec x( h1-h2) = 1.2 x 3236 x(55.4 - 36.71) = 72,4577 Watt = 20.63 RT
Total Cooling(Watts)
Sensible Cooling(Watts) Latent Cooling(Watts)
= 1.232 x Liter per Sec x( t1-t2) = 1.232 x 3236 x(26.7-13.4) =51,414 Watt = 51.41 kW / 3.517 = 14.61 RT = 3012 x Liter per Sec x(w1-w2) = 3012 x 3236 x(0.01122-0.00919)= 19,878 Watt Yor an U
technical r po t
U ool n
o l sp
f at on
AHU cooling coil specification
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2-37
. Air Mixing Process Air conditioning process Air mixing process (outdoor air) supply air heat (content) Conservation of energy return air sensible (air mixing process)
- FCU
- m flow rate CMH
- ass flow at volume flow rate(CFM mass
- . Determining Supply Air Condition
(heat)
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(heat gain)
Cooling load 2-38
heat load Heat load
Cooling load
cooling
equipment (heat gain) Room Latent Cooling Load(RLCL)
Room Sensible Cooling Load (RSCL)
(low temperature air) supply air (heat extraction) - - Air con , tu Wet Bulb sensible cooling load 78F Dry Bulb (air flow rate) , 50% RH M supply air tu
RH(%)
latent cooling load Dry Bulb
Supply air Supply air
(temperature) tS = 78-25 = 53F humidity ratio
WWW . ACMV . ORG
2-39
) Chart WR = 71 gr w/lb d.a WS = 71-16 = 55 gr w/lb d.a CFM CMH supply air CFM condition Supply Air Condition (F Dry Bulb) 53 58 62.4 78 Point 1 1A at (condition) (sastified) (properties) Point R = 78F Dry Bulb - (points) Sensible Heat Ratio (SHR) Psychometric c a t ( ( ) ) Room condition ( %RH RSHR RSHR slop condition Sensible Heat Ratio (SHR) heat latent heat ) RSHR slop room con t on Sensible Heat Factor(SHF) RSHR supply air condition Room Sensible Heat Ratio (RSHR) Supply air RSHR sensible RSHR Dry Bulb Wet Bulb 50% RH supply air 1B W( gr w / lb d.a) 55 60 62.6 50% Psychometric (points) Dry Bulb RH(%) CFM uppl Wet Bulb supply air a olu flow at Supply air volume flow rate
Point 1 1A 1B R
Supply Air Flow (CFM) 2000 2500 3200
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2-40
- (condition) Dry Bulb %RH WB) RSHR Line Sensible Heat Ratio Slop(RSHR) cooling load c at () RSHR , RSHR Line RSHR (equation) tu s o t RSHR sensible cooling load 77F Dry Bulb SHR (sastified)
- supply condition (CFM Room tu latent
Room Design Condition , 75%RH
()
at point
SHR Guide Point SHR 0.75
0.75 slope Guide Point guide line guide point 80F Dry Bulb
(locate)
SHR Guide
()
Room condition point RSHR RSHR ( ) ( ) definition RSHR RSHR
room condition point SHR slop RSHR supply air condition RSHR RSHR Equipment 0.75 slop supply air RSHR room condition RSHR air conditioning equipment supply air condition
condition point RSHR
- (sticky temperature setting

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(customer) 2-41
(customer) data RSCL = 150,000 Btu/hr Room design conditions = 78F Dry Bulb Design supply air = 62F Dry Bulb Supply air condition (measured) = 61F Dry Bulb ( ( ) ) RSHR equation supply air condition 59F WB RLCL = 53,000 Btu/hr 50%RH
61F Dry Bulb
( )
Guide Point (locate)
slop
0.74
RSHR 78F Dry Bulb RSHR condition
RSHR 50%RH point
(design condition) ( ) Supply air condition point c at air condition unit 62F Dry Bulb adjust
(satisfied thermostat setting Air latent heat RSHR
humidity level condition unit supply air condition point
- ( ( ) ) SHR cooling coil (outdoor air) ps (analysis . Coil Process Cooling Cooling coil (leaving air)
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( ) Refrigerant temperature
at
graphical
Dehumidifying
coil (entering air)
cooling coil cooling coil
2-42
- s (leaving air) Capacity of cooling coil Coil chilled water
supply air condition o t at coil ool n loa coil curve (direction)
sensible cooling (entering air) ol
latent cooling condition point o ss L n total heat
condition point capacity
sensible heat latent heat configuration air velocity Coil refrigerant
condition Coil u (entering air point)
process line
st a
t ln condition
(leaving air point)
- EST Point Coil coil
- Cooling coil process process (straight line) cooling coil (performance) t ou l coil line) Cooling coil (entering air) 24,000 CFM 86 F DB 2-43 process line s oot n (straight line cooling
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(leaving air) capacity
condition
59 F Dry Bulb
56F Wet Bulb
cooling coil
Enterign Air Point = Point 2 Leaving Air point = Point 1 Qsensible = 1.1x CFM x(t2-t1) = 1.1 x 24,000 x(68-59) = 734,000 Btu/hr Qlatent = 0.68 x CFM x(w2-w1) = 670,000 Btu/hr Qtotal= 734,000 + 670,000 = 1,404,000 Btu/hr = 117 tons - Total Capacity Qtotal enthalpy(h) = 4.5 x CFM(h1-h2) = 4.5 x 24,000(36.8-23.8)= 1,404,000 Btu/hr IP Qs(Btu/h) Ql(Btu/h) Qtotal(Btu/h) (Unit) . Psychometric Analysis supply air condition capacity ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Room sensible and latent heat gain (heat load calculation Outside and inside design condition ) Ventilation(outside air) requirement ( Supply Air CFM Dry Bulb Supply (size) draft s o fo t ASHRAE SMACNA ANSI AISI data air CFM (application) application duct (size supply air CFM Dry Bulb Duct staleness CFM recommendation ) ( ) Weather data cooling coil = 1.1 x CFM x (t2-t1)F = 0.68 x CFM x (W2-W1) = 4.5 x CFM x (h2-h1) Qs(watt) Ql(watt) Qtotal(watt) SI = 1.232 x L/s x (t2-t1)C = 3012 x L/s x (W2-W1) = 1.2 x L/s x (h2-h1)
(limitation)
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2-44
data RSCL , tu RLCL , tu
air conditioning system
(outside) design condition (inside) design condition ( utside air) difference) ( ( ) () ( ) ) Supply air CFM Supply air conditioning Conditioning entering cooling coil M
94F Dry Bulb 78F Dry Bulb
75F Wet Bulb (temperature
Supply air
Cooling coil sensible latent and total load Psychometric (problem) ( oo a t
schematic diagram (analyze)
- (outside air) exhaust Air ( ) RSCL = 1.1 x CFM3(t4-t3) duct Exhaust Air
( )
Dry Bulb3 = 78-20 =58F
supply air condition slop
RSHR
at
()
RSHR Point 3 WB
58F Dry Bulb
supply air condition
( )
Cooling coil air) Mixed air mx a
(entering air)
return air
(outside
WWW . ACMV . ORG
2-45
Mixing line Point 1 o nt air) ( ) Point 2
Point 7 Point 2 (entering air) po nt cooling coil Point 3 coil process WB2 = 67.2F
Line
81.2F Dry Bulb (entering (leaving air) po nt
(condition
Point 2 Coil sensible load
Point 3
Qs = 1.1 x CFM 2( Dry Bulb2 Dry Bulb3 ) = 1.1 X 33,640( 81.2-58) = 858,500 Btu /hr Coil latent load QL = 0.68 x CFM2( W2 W3) = 0.68 X 233,640(77.5-65.0) = 286,000 Btu/hr Total cooling load Qt = Qs + QL = 1,145,000 Btu/ hr = 95.4 Refrigeration Ton (RT) QS(Coil sensible load) hx h3 (horizational distance)
QS= 4.5 x CFM( hx h3 ) = 4.5 x 33,640( 29.8-24.1) = 862,900 Btu/hr QL(Coil latent load) h2 hx (vertical distance) QL = 4.5 x CFM(h2 hx) = 4.5 x 33,640(31.7-29.8) = 287,600 Btu/hr Qt(Total cooling load) h2 h3 (distance) Qt = 4.5 x CFM((h2 h3) = 4.5 X 33,640(31.7-24.1) = 1,150,000 Btu/hr = 95.4 tons RSHR mixing air cooling coil room air (outside air) cooling load load coil process room heat load (outside air heat) (heat) (remove) outside air load 2-46 load coil
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outs
coolig load = 4.5 x 6730(38.6 30.1) = 257,400 Btu/hr
QTotal(Outside Air)= 4.5 x CFMOA x(h1-h5)
Cooling coil (room load) (outside air load) RSCL RLCL QTotal(OA) Coil Load Contact Factor(CF) (surface)
total cooling load
= 740,000 Btu/hr = 150,000 = 257,400 = 1,147,000 Btu/hr Effective Surface Temperature(ETS). (surface) cooling coil Bypass Factor(BF) cooling coil
. Contact Factor(CF) Bypass Factor(BF)
Effective temperature)
Surface
Temperature(EST) Cooling coil fin
cooling
coil coil
(average
Mixed air Temperature(EST
cooling coil cooling coil EST saturated air Dry Bulb (leaving air)
(surface) mix air Dew Point (moisture ) cooling surface
= Effective Surface cooling
coil ( coil Bypass Factor(BF) Cooling surface tube velocity CF (-) Coil EST Coil process line b pass (size) fin arrangement of rows
CF = 1 (surface)
) cooling coil (leaving air) (leaving air) saturated air cooling coil (fin spacing) air face coil process line ETS
coil process line
saturated line (100% RH
(intersection point) 2-47
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Contact Factor(CF) process
c at
(graphically) (leaving air temperature) coil
(entering air temperature) Effective Surface Temperature(EST)
- Cooling Process line cooling coil (CF=1) CF (temperature)
- Determining CF for a cooling coil.
Dry Bulb1 = Dry Bulb temperature of air entering to the cooling coil ( ) Dry Bulb2 = Dry Bulb temperature of air leaving to the cooling coil( EST = Effective Surface temperature of Coil(F) - Cooling coil DB ( ( ) ( ) ) 54 at Point 2 Coil process line Contact Factor(CF) l a n ondition Bypass Factor(BF) (entering saturated line equation air) Point 1 (leaving air) coil process line 100% RH Line Contact Factor(CF) DB (entering air) 56 Effective Surface Temperature(EST)
= 0.83 Bypass Factor(BF) Coil Cool n ol (steep) coil process steep coil process r . Reheat Cooling coil )
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BF = 1- CF = 1-0.83 = 0.17 CF BF EST ) coil at (supply -(Chapter-3) saturated line(100% RH
coil selection
(leaving air) reheat
(heating)
2-48
Hot water coil steam coil ol Reheat Coil(RHC
electric heater
at
at
- Reheat coil used to provide satifactory supply air condition supply air condition ( ) Room Latent Cooling Load(RLCL) (steep) RSHR reheat ( ) Cooling coil Humidity l (steep) RSHR (industrial application) cooling coil dehumidification reheat comfort air conditioning . Fan (Heat) at Fan Heat Gain(FHG) l reheat RH(%) capacity ool n ol cooling coil supply air 100% Outside air r at Room Total Cooling Load(RTCL) saturation line
- gain)
Draw-through supply air fan return air fan
Heat Gain effect (point 7
point 1) (heat heat gain
Supply air fan cooling coil

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Psychrometric analysis total cooling capacity
2-49
an Fan Air Handling Unit (AHU) Draw-through steam) Fan heat gain AHU Blow-through (up steam) cooling heat
(power) fan ga n Draw-through fan cooling coil fan cooling coil FHG
fan fan heat gain
heat gain (1F)
Psychrometric analysis Blow-through cooling coil (down Air Handling Unit
Psychrometric analysis fan cooling coil cooling coil cooling load
Air Handling Unit (AHU) fan coil FHG
16C Dry Bulb ol water mass flow capacity 1.02 hot water coil
34C Dry Bulb 68 k s leaving hot water
ot wat heat input Indoor air entering hot water
at n hot
specific heat
500 kW 19C Dry Bulb (air supply temperature)
(heating) s
Heater coil heater
. Water Spray into Air Steam (Adiabatic Saturation) Saturated (evaporation) latent heat
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airstream
wat
sp a n
(evaporation) (sensible heat loss 2-50
sensible heat
(loss Enthalpy
Dry Bulb (heat adding) (heat removing) psychometric chart 21C Dry Bulb 50% saturation (airstream) (spray) (mixture) ultimate condition (heat (heat enthalpy adding) removal)
- Water Spray into Air Steam ps enthalpy(41.08 kJ/kg) (latent at an saturation enthalpy enthalpy o t at process sensible heat constant (sensible heat loss) latent heat
(mixture) (evaporation)
- (final condition) 14.6C Dew Point

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14.6C Dry Bulb 14.6C Wet Bulb 2-51
satu at
Ultimate condition
saturation point (point C) AC/AB 0.2K spray system effectiveness AC constant Wet Bulb constant (dry air) Gas mixture . Steam Injection (moisture) (steam injection) form) ) Dry Bulb 100C Steam injection 100C steam 21C Dry Bulb 50% saturation airstream 1 kg steam/150 kg dry air (final condition) moisture content of air before = 0.0079 kg/kg moisture added, 1 kg/150 kg = 0.0067 kg/kg Final moisture content = 0.0148 kg/kg superheated (evaporation) Steam (Dry (water spraying) (water vapour sensible heat Bulb steam Wet Bulb (water vapour) mixture Adiabatic (constant enthalpy) (error)
- Steam injection Dry Bulb 20C 100C steam steam specific heat capacity specific heat capacity
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2-52
(steam) . Chilled Water Air Washer (final air condition) chilled water o stu
humidity
Dry Bulb
(entering air) spray ont nt (moisture) (Moisture will condense out of the air.)
Dew Point on nsat on air washer
- Chilled Water Air Washer (leaving air) sn l saturation efficiency spray banks air washer % 23C Dry Bulb 50% saturation single bank air washer (a) (b) Chart satu at on (by proportion) Dry Bulb Dry Bulb 23C 5C % (0.008 9 kg/kg 23C () () (final condition) (final condition) 10.4C Dry Bulb satu at on ff (spray n AC/AB an of sp a % % AC/AB (initial water temperature B) air washer Double %
saturation efficiency
chiller water
(moisture content) 0.005 4 kg/kg ) (i.e. saturated air at 5C)
WWW . ACMV . ORG
2-53
(spray )
= 4.77 kJ = 1.1 K . ( ) Psychometric chart DB (F) a b c d e ( ) 70 40F Dry Bulb DP WB ( ) 75F Dry Bulb (condensation) ( ) 90F Dry Bulb cooling
WWW . ACMV . ORG
A E RH(% ) 40% W (gr/ lb d.a) ft3/lb (d.a) Btu /lb
WB (F) 60 65
Dew Pt (F)
80 75
50 50 40% 70% (electric heater) RH (surface) s 52F o t at 80F process (cold water) RH% 70F Dry Bulb dehumidification process 56F DB ps 54F WB o t 2-54
() () WB ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Sensible load Latent load Total load Moisture M 70% RH (air flow rate)
( ) Fan Coil Unit(FCU) 80F Dry Bulb 56.5F (entering air) (leaving air) 58F Dry Bulb
Gallon Per 31,000 Btu/hr 50% RH supply
nut
M , tu Room Latent Room Sensible , tu (air flow rate)
Room Sensible Cooling Load(RSRL) Cooling Load(RLCL) 75F Dry Bulb
Room Sensible Heat Ratio(RSHR) Room Latent Cooling load(RLCL) Wet Bulb , tu design condition 58F Dry Bulb 66F Wet Bulb Room Latent 77F Dry Supply air flow 60F
Cooling Load (RSCL) 112,000 Btu/hr , ( ) Bulb () 50 supply air 57F Wet Bulb 67F Dry Bulb M supply air
Dry Bulb
Room Sensible Cooling Load(RSRL) Cooling Load(RLCL) rate (CFM) Cooling coil Dry Bulb factor) 9,000 Btu Supply air Wet Bulb 80F Dry Bulb cooling coil
BF(bypass factor) CF(contact CF 0.91 55F cooling coil Coil
Effective Surface Temperature(EST) 82F Dry Bulb Effective Surface Temperature(EST) Dry Bulb Wet Bulb 55% RH 95F Dry Bulb 74F Wet Bulb M cooling coil arrangement condition 78F Dry Bulb , tu 58F Dry Bulb 56F Dry Bulb condition Wet Bulb Dry Bulb 50% RH 2-55 Load Contact Factor (CF) condition RSCL air
()
()
A/C unit
55F Dry Bulb (flow rate)
(outdoor air condition) ( ( ) ( ) () condition ()

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RSCL RLCL Outside air load
RTCL
18,000 Btu/hr
RLCL
900 CFM supply air air con unit 76F Dry Bulb
RSCL
, 56F Dry Bulb reheat coil
tu
RLCL
tu (waste)
A/C unit design condition
54F Dry Bulb supply air (energy)
() RSCL = 812,000 Btu/hr RLCL = 235,000 Btu/hr Ventilation air Supply air = 6,000 CFM = 56F Dry Bulb 50% RH
Space conditions = 77F Dry Bulb ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( () ) at ) Apparatus arrangement Supply air CFM Dry Bulb total load Mixed air conditioning Coil sensible load latent load (outdoor air) coil process 20,000 CFM (leaving air)
(schematic diagram )
sensible load latent load point
total load
Contract Factor(CF)
Bypass Factor(BF)
Air conditioning unit RH
80F Dry Bulb 57F Dry Bulb
60%
( ( ) ( )
A/C unit A/C unit A/C unit Leaving air
cooling capacity( Btu/hr ) on nsat (water removal rate) sensible load Dew Point sensible cooling load , design condition supply air duct arrangement supply air supply air (CFM) (CFM) Wet Bulb (moisture content) (outdoor air) 260 CFM 95F Dry Bulb 76F x t ul gr/lb Enthalpy lb/lb (outdoor air) (outdoor (mixed air) 2-56 tu
( ) ( ) ()
Effective surface temperature(apparatus Dew Point) Latent cooling load , tu
76F Dry Bulb 58F Dry Bulb ( ( ) ( ) Relative Humidity(RH) ( ) air)

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Equipment
Return air
air con unit
entering air enthalpy Relative Humidity(RH) and lb/lb) ( ) ( ) A/C unit p () tu condition nta sensible cooling load 76F Dry Bulb (outside air flow rate) 95F Dry Bulb (mix) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () A/C unit Return air ) Equipment uppl a 76F Wet Bulb mixed air duct arrangement (flow rate) Refrigerating unit (size) (outdoor air) capacity (outside air flow)
Mixed air
Dry Bulb
Wet Bulb
(moisture content) (gr/lb Btu/hr 260 CFM refrigeration ton 130 CFM tu
cooling load
200,000 Btu/hr 64F Wet Bulb M
latent ool n
loa
(outdoor air) Return air air con unit
(outdoor air)
entering air (sketch) Supply air
Room Sensible heat ratio (RSHR) 60F D Btu/hr ul ton
(outdoor air)
sensible cooling load (EST
Effective Surface Temperature(EST) ) Coil contact factor(CF) outdoor air (outdoor air) supply air 52F Dry Bulb total load (Btu/hr reheat (capacity) -Endbypass factor (BF)
apparatus Dew Point
3000 CFM 95F Dry Bulb Air con unit Ton)
76F Mixed air
t ul return air (leaving air)
20,000 CFM 78F Dry Bulb
( ( )
Air con unit ool n Bulb ol
(electric heat) (electric
58.5F Dry heat)
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2-57

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Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol.

WWW . ACMV . ORG

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)

ol ygrometer o st a moist air (water vapor mixture (dry

Psychrometer (instrument) Psychometric

heating process Psychometric air shooting) (line)

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WWW . ACMV . ORG

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)

Air-conditioning process equipment

(air) (water) (indoor) (rain drops) (mist)

(water) (snow) hail

(liquid form) (vapor up at form) Low-Pressure Steam

(properties of air) Ps o t at (condensation 2-4 (properties of air)

Dry Bulb Wet Bulb

(water Saturated Air Unsatu at ir unsaturated air (Standard Air) o st a

WWW . ACMV . ORG

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)

Standard atmospheric pressure 1013.25 mbar mass (unit w t of a

101 325 Pa (specific properties)

1 BTU (British Thermal Unit)

(dry air (heat add) (heat energy)

WWW . ACMV . ORG

Water 1.0 62.4 62.4

0.243 0.075 0.018 SI Specific heat

- 1 kcal n (1 lb of dry air) U specific heat n 1

Total heat of moist air

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)

+ Latent heat (water vapor) =

(water vapor) (dry air)

(moist air) partial pressure

(total pressure) a 31.66 mbar 971.59 mbar 1013.25 mbar

a (dry air) partial

(partial pressure of water vapor)

(partial pressure of water vapor) barometric pressure(atmospheric pressure) ps

Humidity ratio 2-8

Humidity ratio 0.0086 (1lb) (water vapor content) l

Grains 1 lb IP RH Relative Humidity % SI (dry air)

Psychometric (dry air) (lb

7000 grains (kg)

Dry (temperature) Bulb (temperature) (temperature temperature (vertical - Dry Bulb

Dry Bulb DB Constant Dry Bulb s line) Dry Bulb 2-9 o t s at

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)

- Dry Bulb Point

Psychrometrics c a t (vertical line) Dry lu (temperature line)

- Dry lu .. Wet Bulb t ( o n a ul Wet Bulb

(temperature line) (Temperature)

Wet Bulb (cooling effect) Wet Bulb Dry ul

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( Dry Bulb (temperature) t t ul ul Wet

- Dry Bulb (sloping lines) W t lu

Dry Bulb Wet Bulb depression Dry Bulb

Wet Bulb Depression ul satu at a u t

Bulb () Dry Bulb

(water (low humidity) n vapor)

vapor) (high humidity)

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)

p ssu Dew condensed water Point

(water vapor) p atu Relative (current t Dew Point air Dew

water-to-air saturation temperatu Dew Point

(water vapor) (pressure) Dew Point

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