Exadata Storage Technical Overview 128045 PDF

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Oracle Exadata Database Machine Overview
Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates
Revised March 26, 2012
Exadata Database Machine

Best Platform to Run the Oracle Database
Best Machine for Data Warehousing Best Machine for OLTP
Best Machine for Database Consolidation
Unique Architecture Makes it

Fastest, Lowest Cost
Exadata in the Marketplace

Rapid adoption in all geographies and industries
Exadata Hardware Architecture

Scaleable Grid of industry standard servers for Compute and Storage Eliminates long-standing tradeoff between Scalability, Availability, Cost
Database Grid
8 Dual-processor x64 database servers OR 2 Eight-processor x64 database servers
Intelligent Storage Grid

14 High-performance low-cost storage servers
100 TB High Performance disk, or 504 TB High Capacity disk
InfiniBand Network
Redundant 40Gb/s switches Unified server & storage network
5.3 TB PCI Flash Data mirrored across storage servers
Standardized and Simple to Deploy

All Database Machines are the same
Delivered ready-to-run Tested Highly supportable No unique configuration issues Identical to config used by Oracle Engineering
Runs existing OLTP and DW applications

Full 30 years of Oracle DB capabilities No Exadata certification required Deploy in Days, Not Months
Leverages Oracle ecosystem

Skills, knowledge base, people, partners
Exadata Hardware
Exadata Storage Server Building Block

Hardware by Sun
Software by Oracle
High-performance storage server built from industry standard components 12 disks - 600 GB 15000 RPM High Performance SAS or 3TB 7200 RPM High Capacity SAS 2 Six-Core Intel Xeon Processors (L5640) Dual ported 40 Gb/sec InfiniBand 4 x 96 GB Flash Cards
Intelligent Exadata Storage Server Software
Start Small and Grow

Field Upgradeable
Quarter Rack
Half Rack
Full Rack
Balanced Incremental Scaling for OLTP and DW

Exadata Storage Expansion Rack

Big Data for Less
Expands storage capacity of existing Exadata Database Machines and SuperCluster
Available with either 600GB High Performance disks or 3 TB High Capacity disks
Essentially Database Machine with database servers replaced by more Storage Servers For Unbalanced Applications that need more space but not more compute

On-disk Backups (up to 27 TB/hour) Historical or Archive Data File Data, LOBs, XML Data, Documents Images, and other large unstructured data
9
Exadata Storage Expansion Racks

Expand Database Machine Storage Capacity Online
Quarter Rack Half Rack Full Rack Multi Rack
8+ Racks
Up to 144 TB Disk 1.5 TB Flash 4 Storage Servers 48 CPU cores
Up to 324 TB Disk 3.4 TB Flash 9 Storage Servers 108 CPU cores
Up to 648 TB Disk InfiniBand Connected 6.75 TB Flash 18 Storage Servers 216 CPU cores
Database Backups, Historical Data, Files, Images, XML

10
Complete Family Of Exadata Machines

For OLTP, Data Warehousing & Consolidated Workloads Storage Expansion Exadata X2-8 Exadata X2-2
11
Scale to 8 Racks by Just Adding Cables

Full Bandwidth and Redundancy
Scale to more than 8 Racks by adding InfiniBand switches

12
Capacity on Demand
License the capacity you need when you need it! License the Oracle Database for only the database servers required initially Expand your database processing capability by licensing the Oracle Database for additional database servers as your needs grow License the Exadata Storage Server Software for the Exadata Storage servers that match your needs initially License the Exadata Storage Server Software for additional storage servers as your storage needs grow
13
Capacity on Demand
Example Create a 3/4 Rack Situation: Need a Three-Quarter Rack
Need the storage capacity/performance of 10 Exadata Storage Servers Need the processing power of 6 database servers
Solution:
Purchase a X2-2 Full Rack (contains 8 database severs and 14 storage servers) License and use the Oracle Database on only 6 of the 8 database servers License and use the Exadata Storage Server Software on 10 of the 14 storage servers License remaining database servers and/or storage servers in the future, as needed
14
Database Server Operating System Choices

Two Operating System Choices on the x64 database servers Oracle Linux Solaris 11 Customers will choose their preferred Database Server OS at installation time Exadata Storage Servers will continue to embed Oracle Linux
15
Database Machine Capacity (Uncompressed)

X2-8 or X2-2 Full Rack Raw Disk Capacity1 High Perf Disk High Cap Disk 100 TB 504 TB 5.3 TB X2-2 Half Rack 50 TB 252 TB 2.6 TB 22.5 TB 112 TB 15 TB 75 TB X2-2 Quarter Rack 21.6 TB 108 TB 1.1 TB 9.5 TB 48 TB 6.5 TB 32 TB
Raw Flash Capacity2
Usable Mirrored Capacity 2,3

Usable Triple Mirrored Capacity2,4
High Perf Disk

High Cap Disk High Perf Disk High Cap Disk
45 TB 224 TB 30 TB 150 TB
1- Raw Disk Capacity defined using standard disk drive terminology of 1 TB = 1000 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000 bytes. 2- Capacity calculated using normal space terminology of 1 TB = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 bytes. 3 - Actual space available for a database after mirroring (ASM normal redundancy) and allowing one disk (Quarter and Half) or two disks (Full Rack) of free space to automatically remirror after disk failures. 4 - Actual space available for the database computed after triple mirroring (ASM high redundancy).
16
Database Machine IO Performance

X2-2 or X2-8 Full Rack
Disk Data Bandwidth1,3 Flash Cache Data Bandwidth1,3 Disk IOPS High Perf Disk
X2-2 Half Rack 12.5 GB/s 9 GB/s 37.5 GB/s 34 GB/s 25,000
X2-2 Quarter 5.4 GB/s 4 GB/s 16 GB/s 14.5 GB/s 10,800
25 GB/s 18 GB/s 75 GB/s 68 GB/s 50,000
High Cap Disk

High Perf Disk High Cap Disk High Perf Disk
High Cap Disk

Flash IOPS2,3 Data Load Rate4
28,000
1,500,000 12 TB/hr
14,000
750,000 6 TB/hr
6,000
375,000 3 TB/hr
1 - Bandwidth is peak physical scan bandwidth achieved running SQL, assuming no compression. Effective data bandwidth will be much higher when compression is factored in. 2 - IOPS Based on read IO requests of size 8K running SQL. Note that the IO size greatly effects flash IOPS. Others quote IOPS based on 2K, 4K or smaller IOs that are not relevant for databases. Exadata Flash read IOPS are so high they are typically limited by database server CPU, not IO. 3- Actual Performance varies by application. 4 Exadata load rates are typically limited by database server CPU, not IO. Rates vary based on load method, indexes, data types, compression, and partitioning
17
Exadata Storage Expansion Capacity (Uncompressed)

Full Rack High Perf Disk High Cap Disk 128 TB 648 TB 6.75 TB High Perf Disk High Cap Disk High Perf Disk High Cap Disk 58 TB 288 TB 38 TB 192 TB Half Rack 64 TB 324 TB 3.4 TB 29 TB 144 TB 19 TB 96 TB Quarter Rack 28 TB 144 TB 1.5 TB 13 TB 64 TB 8.5TB 43 TB One Cell 7.2 TB 36 TB 0.375 TB 3.25 TB 16 TB 2.1 TB 10.75 TB Raw Disk Capacity1
Raw Flash Capacity2 Usable Mirrored Capacity 2,3 Usable Triple Mirrored Capacity2,4
1- Raw Disk Capacity defined using standard disk drive terminology of 1 TB = 1000 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000 bytes. 2- Capacity calculated using normal space terminology of 1 TB = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 bytes. 3 - Actual space available for a database after mirroring (ASM normal redundancy) and allowing one disk (Quarter and Half) or two disks (Full Rack) of free space to automatically remirror after disk failures. 4 - Actual space available for the database computed after triple mirroring (ASM high redundancy).
18
Exadata Storage Expansion Performance

Full Rack
Disk Data Bandwidth1,3 Flash Cache Data Bandwidth1,3 Disk IOPS High Cap Disk High Perf Disk High Cap Disk High Perf Disk High Cap Disk High Perf Disk
Half Rack 16 GB/s 11.5 GB/s 48.5 GB/s 44 GB/s 32,000 18,000 950,000
Quarter 7.2 GB/s 5 GB/s 21.5 GB/s 19 GB/s 14,400 8,000 425,000
Single Cell 1.8 GB/s 1.3 GB/s 5.4 GB/s 4.9 GB/s 3,600 2,000 107,000
32 GB/s 23 GB/s 97 GB/s 88 GB/s 64,000 36,000 1,900,000
Flash IOPS2,3
1 - Bandwidth is peak physical scan bandwidth achieved running SQL, assuming no compression. Effective data bandwidth will be much higher when compression is factored in. 2 - IOPS Based on read IO requests of size 8K running SQL. Note that the IO size greatly effects flash IOPS. Others quote IOPS based on 2K, 4K or smaller IOs that are not relevant for databases. Exadata Flash read IOPS are so high they are typically limited by database server CPU, not IO. This is especially true for expansion racks. 3- Actual Performance varies by application.
19
Exadata Innovations
20
Exadata Innovations
Exadata Storage Server Software

Intelligent storage
Smart Scan query offload Scale-out storage
Hybrid Columnar Compression

10x compression for warehouses 15x compression for archives
Smart Flash Cache

Accelerates random I/O up to 30x Doubles data scan rate
Data remains compressed for scans and in Flash
Uncompressed
primary backup
Benefits Multiply
test standby devt
Compressed
21
Exadata Intelligent Storage Grid Most Scalable Data Processing

Data Intensive processing runs in Exadata Storage Grid
Filter rows and columns as data streams from disks (168 Intel Cores)
Example: How much product X sold last quarter

Exadata Storage Reads 10TB from disk Exadata Storage Filters rows by Product & Date Sends 100GB of matching data to DB Servers
Scale-out storage parallelizes execution and removes bottlenecks
22
Simple Query Example

What were my sales yesterday?
Optimizer Chooses Partitions and Indexes to Access
Exadata Storage Grid
Oracle Database Grid

Select sum(sales) where Date=24-Sept
Scan compressed blocks in partitions/indexes

Retrieve sales amounts for Sept 24
SUM
10 TB scanned 1 GB returned to servers
23
Exadata Intelligent Storage

Exadata storage servers also run more complex operations in storage
Join filtering Incremental backup filtering I/O prioritization Storage Indexing Database level security Offloaded scans on encrypted data Data Mining Model Scoring
Exadata Intelligent Storage Grid
10x reduction in data sent to DB servers is common
24
Exadata is Smart Storage
Storage Server is smart storage, not a DB node

Storage remains an independent tier Compute and Memory Intensive Processing
Database Servers
Perform complex database processing such as joins, aggregation, etc.
Exadata Storage Servers

Search tables and indexes filtering out data that is not relevant to a query Cells serve data to multiple databases enabling OLTP and consolidation Simplicity, and robustness of storage appliance
Data Intensive Processing

25
Exadata Storage Index

Transparent I/O Elimination with No Overhead Table
A B C D
1 3 5 5 8 3
Index
Exadata Storage Indexes maintain summary information about table data in memory
Store MIN and MAX values of columns Typically one index entry for every MB of disk
Min B = 1 Max B =5 Eliminates disk I/Os if MIN and MAX can never match where clause of a query Min B = 3 Completely automatic and transparent Max B =8
Select * from Table where B<2 - Only first set of rows can match
26
Storage Index with Partitions Example

Orders Table
Order# Order_Date Partitioning Column Ship_Date Item
1
2 3
2007
2008 2009
2007
2008 2009
Queries on Ship_Date do not benefit from Order_Date partitioning

However Ship_date and Order# are highly correlated with Order_Date e.g. Ship dates are usually near Order_Dates and are never less
Storage index provides partition pruning like performance for queries on Ship_Date and Order#
Takes advantage of ordering created by partitioning or sorted loading
27
Storage Index with Joins Example

Select count(*) from fact, dim
where fact.m=dim.m and dim.name=Camry
Dimension
Name M
Bloom filter constructed with min/max for M Perform IO and apply bloom filter
Fact
A M C D 1 3 5 5
Skip IO
Accord 1
Camry 3
Civic
Prius
5
8
Due to Storage Index
5 5
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Exadata Smart Flash Cache Extreme Performance OLTP & DW
Exadata has 5 TB of flash

56 Flash PCI cards avoid disk controller bottlenecks
Intelligently manages flash

Smart Flash Cache holds hot data Avoids large scan wipe-outs of cache Gives speed of flash, cost of disk
5X More I/Os than 1000 Disk Enterprise Storage Array
Exadata flash cache achieves:

Over 1.5 million IO/sec from SQL (8K) Sub-millisecond response times
29
Exadata Smart Flash Log

Accelerate Transaction Response Times using Flash
Transaction Response Times
Default (on left) - Choppy response - High Outliers Smart Flash Log - 3x faster response - Much lower outliers Smart Flash Log Enabled
Uses Flash for Database Logs in a clever way

Flash is fast but has slow outliers Erase cycles, wear leveling, etc.
Smart Flash Log feature transparently uses Flash as a parallel write cache to disk controller cache Automatic and Transparent
Whichever write completes first wins (disk or flash)
Better response time and more throughput Uses almost no flash capacity (0.1% of capacity)
30
Hybrid Columnar Compression Highest Capacity, Lowest Cost

Data is organized and compressed by column
Dramatically better compression
Speed Optimized Query Mode for Data Warehousing Query

10X compression typical Runs faster because of Exadata offload!
Space Optimized Archival Mode for infrequently accessed data

15X to 50X compression typical
Faster and Simpler Backup, DR, Caching, Reorg, Clone Benefits Multiply
31
Hybrid Columnar Compression How it works

Compression Unit
Tables are organized into sets of a few thousand rows
Compression Units (CUs)
Within CU, data is organized by column, then compressed

Column organization brings similar values close together, enhancing compression
Useful for data that is bulk loaded and queried
Reduces 4x to 50x Table Size Reduction 4x to 40x
Update activity is light
Compared to best conventional algorithms Gzip, Bzip2

Typically 2X the compression, 10X the performance
Exadata servers offload filtering, projection, etc. for scans on compressed data
Indexed accesses return compressed blocks to database so buffer cache benefits from compression
32
Compression Ratio of Real-World Data

Compression Ratio varies by customer and table Trials were run on largest table at 10 ultra large companies
Average revenue > $60 BB
Average Query Compression ratio was 13x

On top of Oracles already highly efficient format
33
DBFS - Scalable Shared File System

Database Machine comes with DBFS shared Linux file system
Shared storage for ETL staging, scripts, reports and other application files
Files stored as SecureFile LOBs in database tables stored in Exadata

Protected like any DB data mirroring, DataGuard, Flashback, etc.
5 to 7 GB/sec file system I/O throughput
Load into database using External Tables
ETL Files in DBFS
ETL
More File Throughput than High-End NAS Filer

34
Exadata In-Memory Database

Best of Disk, Flash, Memory in One Solution
Technology Disks Flash DRAM Units 168 56 PCI Cards 256 DIMM Size 504 TB 5 TB 4 TB Throughput 25 GB/sec 50 GB/sec 200 GB/sec
All Data stored on disk Warm data cached in flash

3x Bandwidth, 20x IOs/sec Much faster recovery from crash
Hot data cached in DRAM
Cost of Disk IOs of Flash Speed of DRAM
Effectively Infinite IOs/sec 4x Bandwidth of Flash

Note there is no 100x DRAM speedup in Exadata Flash and Disk much faster than typical systems
35
Exadata I/O Resource Management

Mixed Workloads and Multi-Database Environment
Ensure different databases are allocated the correct relative amount of I/O bandwidth
Database A: 33% I/O resources Database B: 67% I/O resources
Database A
Database B
Ensure different users and tasks within a database are allocated the correct relative amount of I/O bandwidth
Database A: Reporting: 60% of I/O resources ETL: 40% of I/O resources Database B: Interactive: 30% of I/O resources Batch: 70% of I/O resources
InfiniBand Switch/Network
Exadata Cell
Exadata Cell
Exadata Cell
36
Best Machine for Database Consolidation
ERP CRM
Exadata serves as farm/cloud for databases

Large memory enables many databases to be consolidated Extreme performance for complex workloads that mix OLTP, DW, batch, reporting I/O and CPU resource management isolates workloads
Warehouse
Data Mart HR
37
First Secure Database Machine
Moves decryption from software to hardware

Over 5x faster
Near zero overhead for fully encrypted database Queries decrypt data at hundreds of Gigabytes/second
38
Exadata Management
39
Exadata Storage Management & Administration

Enterprise Manager
Manage & administer Database and ASM Monitor the Exadata Database Machine Hardware
Auto Service Request (ASR)

File SRs automatically for common hardware faults
Comprehensive CLI
Local Exadata Storage cell management Distributed shell utility to execute CLI across multiple cells
Embedded Integrated Lights Out Manager (ILOM)

Remote management and administration of hardware
40
Oracle Enterprise Manager for Exadata Management Integrated View of Hardware and Software
Hardware view
Schematic of cells, compute nodes and switches Hardware components alerts
Software/system view
Performance, availability, usage by databases, services, clusters Software alerts db, cluster, ASM Topology view of DB systems/clusters
Configuration view
Version summary of all components along with patch recommendations
41
ASR for Exadata

Customer Datacenter FRU replaced by Field Engineer
Oracle Field Engineer
Oracle Support Services
FRU dispatched by Support Engineer
Oracle Support Engineer
Fault occurs
Customer
SR creation email notification to customer
Service Request routed to Support Engineer

Oracle Case Management System
Product's auto-diagnosis facility sends SNMP trap to ASR Manager
ASR Manager
ASR Service
Fault telemetry securely transmitted to Oracle
Service Request (SR) created
42
Quality of Service Management

The Oracle Approach in Action
Define and Enable Classify and Measure
QoS Policy Set

Maintenance Policy
Evaluate and Report
Server Pools
Weekend Policy After Hours Policy Business Hours Policy

Performance Objectives Business Rankings
Policy-Driven Architecture Performance

Classes
Analyze and Recommend
Server Pool Allocations
Implement and Control

43
Integrated, Task-Based Management

New EM Quality of Service Management Tool
44
Exadata Comparisons
45
Faster than DW Appliances

Query Throughput Fastest Disk Throughput Much Faster with Flash
20
GB/sec Uncompressed Data Single Rack
75 GB/sec!
Flash
36
24 19
25
50 TB of data fits in Flash

Using 10x Query Compression
Flash
10 Disk
Flash
Disk
Effective Query Throughput on compressed data is even higher Netezza

Hundreds of GB/sec
Disk
Disk
Disk
Teradata
EMC Exadata
TwinFin 12
2650 4600 6680 Greenplum
46
Faster than High End Arrays
75 GB/sec!
Flash
Exadata is fastest
and scales with more racks
Storage Data Bandwidth

(Uncompressed GB/sec)
25
Storage Arrays already cant deliver disk bandwidth

Disk
9.3
11
???
No extra bandwidth from Flash < 6 No CPU offload No Columnar Compression NetApp IBM IBM Hitachi EMC Exadata Exadata No InfiniBand 6080 XIV G3 DS8700 USP V VMAX V2 X2
Multiple Racks
1 Rack
47
More Data Capacity

Exadata 10x Compression IBM Netezza TwinFin 2x to 4x Compression
Equivalent Capacity Systems

All with Largest Disks, Best Compression
4X Racks
EMC VMAX 3x Oracle Compression

EMC Greenplum DCA up to 4x Compression
3X Racks 3.5X Racks

for 2650 20X for 6680 41X for 4600
48
Teradata 1.4x Compression (block compression is archival)
7X
Exadata Outperforms IBM Power7 for Less

More CPU cores More memory More I/O performance Same storage capacity
(excludes compression)
2 Exadata X2-8
$3,300,000
5.7:1 advantage*
HA configuration
$18,860,000
IBM P795 + 4 DS8700s w/ Flash
* Hardware list price comparisons 49
Exadata Outperforms HP Superdome for Less

More CPU performance More I/O performance More storage capacity
(excludes compression)
1 Exadata X2-2
$1,100,000
8.5:1 advantage*
HA configuration
$9,420,000
HP Superdome 2 + XP24000 w/ Flash
* Hardware list price comparisons 50
Turkcell: 10x Compression, 10x Speedup

250 TB warehouse compresses to 25 TB
1 Exadata rack 50,000 Reports run 10x faster each month (avg 27 min to 3 min) 1.5 Billion records (2-3 TB raw) loaded daily (data doubles yearly) Redundancy/HA built-in
25 TB compressed data
10:1 advantage
10 storage racks 1 large SMP server 250 TB raw data
Hitachi USP-V 5 Racks
EMC DMX-4 5 Racks

51
Softbank Replaces 36 Teradata Racks

3 Exadata racks up to 8x faster
3 Exadata racks Billions of CDRs processed in 7 hours (from 25 with Teradata) Power, cooling, space savings Maintenance charges slashed
150% more data capacity
12:1 advantage
DBA
36 total racks
Twice the operational cost of Exadata
52
Oracle Exadata Database Machine

Best Machine for
All Workloads Warehousing All Tiers Disk
OLTP
DB Consolidation
DB Consolidation Lower Costs Increase Utilization Reduce Management
Flash
Memory
Tier Unification Cost of Disk IOs of Flash Speed of DRAM
53
Resources
Oracle.com:
http://www.oracle.com/exadata
Oracle Exadata Technology Portal on OTN:

http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/bi/db/exadata
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Oracle Exadata Database Machine Overview

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Revised March 26, 2012

Exadata Database Machine

Best Machine for Data Warehousing Best Machine for OLTP

Best Machine for Database Consolidation

Unique Architecture Makes it

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Exadata in the Marketplace

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Exadata Hardware Architecture

Intelligent Storage Grid

100 TB High Performance disk, or 504 TB High Capacity disk

5.3 TB PCI Flash Data mirrored across storage servers

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Standardized and Simple to Deploy

Runs existing OLTP and DW applications

Leverages Oracle ecosystem

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Exadata Storage Server Building Block

Intelligent Exadata Storage Server Software

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Start Small and Grow

Balanced Incremental Scaling for OLTP and DW

Exadata Storage Expansion Rack

Exadata Storage Expansion Racks

Up to 144 TB Disk 1.5 TB Flash 4 Storage Servers 48 CPU cores

Up to 324 TB Disk 3.4 TB Flash 9 Storage Servers 108 CPU cores

Database Backups, Historical Data, Files, Images, XML

Complete Family Of Exadata Machines

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Scale to 8 Racks by Just Adding Cables

Scale to more than 8 Racks by adding InfiniBand switches

Database Server Operating System Choices

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Database Machine Capacity (Uncompressed)

Raw Flash Capacity2

Usable Mirrored Capacity 2,3

High Perf Disk

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Database Machine IO Performance

X2-2 Quarter 5.4 GB/s 4 GB/s 16 GB/s 14.5 GB/s 10,800

25 GB/s 18 GB/s 75 GB/s 68 GB/s 50,000

High Cap Disk

High Cap Disk

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Exadata Storage Expansion Capacity (Uncompressed)

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Exadata Storage Expansion Performance

32 GB/s 23 GB/s 97 GB/s 88 GB/s 64,000 36,000 1,900,000

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Exadata Storage Server Software

Hybrid Columnar Compression

Smart Flash Cache

Data remains compressed for scans and in Flash

test standby devt

Copyright 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates

Exadata Intelligent Storage Grid Most Scalable Data Processing

Example: How much product X sold last quarter

Scale-out storage parallelizes execution and removes bottlenecks