Power System Modeling EE 150

Tuesday and Friday, 1:00 2:30 2nd Semester S.Y. 2012- 2013

Mindanao State University General Santos City

Phil Jonn Paras and Roel Sabido

April 04, 2013

Abstract This study of power system will test the knowledge of the students of how they understand the course they are taking. The designers which will be the future engineers will now experience of the design process that is taking place in the industry. This is an opportunity for them to apply the learned knowledge inside the classroom. Power system modeling is the process which involves proper selection of values for each component of the power system. These process of designing and modeling focuses directly on how to get the values needed. The approach done by the author is a straight forward approach. Only significant information was added to make the steps of modeling easier to understand. The design was about generator, transformer, transmission line, safety devices like relays and load. These are the major components of the power system that we will be designing. With all the necessary values given, and with the help of software tools like MATHCAD and Power World Simulator, accurate values was generated that lead the process of modeling. All components were modeled with values except the generator. There is not enough information leaving the transformer modeling with a variable answer. This is still helpful, incase values will be given answers can be easily generated using the equation.

Introduction The emphasis was on the design and correlation of theoretical aspect and their specification. Considering system modeling where it is necessary to treat the system as a whole

and choose the parts of the system so that they give the required technical performance and also economically justified. The discussion are more likely in accurate calculation of system modeling in the load, transmission lines and generator set that can be done quickly by the help of various alternative digital programs. It is also necessary to consider the stability and reliability of the system.

Choosing the Base Parameters for the system a.) As for the Sbase using the given output power and reactive power of the generator, we could get the maximum complex power of the system and using it as base. b.) As for the Vbase , this area already given from the start by inspection of the line referring to the Figure 1. At the 161kV lines, we will 161kV as voltage base; the same is through then 69kV lines, we will also use 69kV as voltage base. c.) As for the Impedance base or Zbase:

and

Synchronous Generator A machine that generates an alternating voltage when its armature field is rotated, an engine, or other means is called a synchronous generator. Its shaft is driven by a prime mover

which is usually a steam or hydraulic turbines. The electromagnetic torque developed delivers power opposes the torque of the prime mover and the losses in the iron core and friction delivered the shaft that drives the mechanical load. Circuit model of the synchronous generator Equivalent circuit

From the equivalent circuit

where

, called the synchronous reactance and the armature resistance is usually so much smaller than
s.

is to be

considered.

LOAD MODELING

Load modeling is a challenge for today`s engineers. It`s variety and not constant nature makes them hard to simulate. There have been a lot of studies on load modeling in order to

represent it with maximum accuracy. There are some simulation software that allows to simulate power system loads basing, i.e. on polynomial and exponential load model representation. Before load modeling process will get started, it is required to understand its applications that are divided into two categories: static, called snap-shot with respect to time as well as dynamic time varying. Since the static model based on the steady state method of the network representation in the power flow networks, these models express loads as a voltage magnitude function. The dynamic model, in turn, represents variation of the load with the frequency. The fundamental starting point for the load modeling is at the distribution level, thus, the applications outside of power system can be as follows: Static applications this model considers only voltage depended characteristic: Power Flow (PF) o Harmonic Power Flow (HPF) o Transmission System (TPF) o Transmission Power Flow Voltage Stability Dynamic applications considers both voltage-dependent and frequency dependent characteristics: Transient Stability (TS) Dynamic Stability (DS) Operator training simulators (OTS) As one already mentioned, the loads are quite difficult to be modeled in terms of their variety and change in load depending on the time of the day or season. It is necessary to classified them according to particular area, composition of each one as well as regarding to load characteristic. The loads can be also combined in groups and exhibited as: industrial, residential, commercial and agricultural. The industrial loads includes mainly induction motors, up to 95%, the residential loads includes most of domestic appliances, i.e. refrigerators, washing machines etc. as well as heating and air conditioning units. The commercial load is refers to air condition units and discharge lighting in particular, whereas agricultural loads

corresponds to induction motors, i.e. as a prime movers for pumps. Having presented load classification and general load requirements, it is possible now, to carry out the theoretical analysis to express the system load as a mathematical models. In order to do this, one needs to use some mathematical expressions to describe the load as accurate as possible. For dynamic performance analysis, the transient and steady-state variation of the load P and Q with changes in bus voltage and frequency must be modeled. For power system analysis load can be thought as real and reactive power launched to lower voltage distribution system at buses represented as network model. Among lots of devices and appliances being connected to the system and considered as a load, one should include intervening distribution systems feeders, shunt capacitors, transformers etc. as well as voltage controlling devices or voltage regulators. The simplest load model is static model. First load models to be described are Wye and Delta connected loads. Each of these loads can be represented as being connected phase-to-neutral or phase-to-phase in a four wire wye system or phase-to-phase in a three wire delta system. All of model can be three, two, or single phase.

FIGURE 1.Wye Load

Figure 2. Delta Load

Both load models depicted in the figures above require the load component current coming into the load to be determined. Assumption is made, that the loads have an initial complex power

, where indices a,b,c denotes that formula is expressed in thesame way for each single phase of wye connected load, thisnotation will be kept in further formulas describing modelabove. Constant impedance is first determined from the specified complex power and line-toneutral voltage for each phase. | | | |

Similarly to the Y connected load, the delta connected loadmodel can be made. The equations describing this model arethe same, except that voltages and currents in this modelsare taken as phase-to-phase instead of phase-to-neutral, sodelta load model is described by following equations: | | | |

Since, modeling loads requires p.u. quantities, the given equation could help us to find its p.u. by dividing to its base,

Modeling of Transformer Ideal Transformer

The flux varies sinusoidally in the core and that the transformer is ideal, which means that the permeability of the core is infinite and the resistance of the winding is zero. With infinite permeability of the core all of the flux is confined to the core and therefore links all of the turns of both windings. The voltage induced in each winding by the changing flux is also the terminal voltage of the winding since the winding resistance is zero.

By Faradays law,

So,

For the current relation,

The impedance across the secondary winding,

Substituting the values to get the impedance on the primary winding,

, For Practical Transformer for Modeling

With considering the condition (1) permeability is not infinite, (2) winding resistance is present, (3) losses occur in the iron core due to the cyclic changing of direction of the flux, and (4) not all the flux linking any one winding links the other windings. Equivalent circuit of practical transformer with an ideal transformer turns ratio a=N1/N2.

In the equivalent circuit the magnetizing current IE is taken into account by the inductive susceptance Bm in parallel with a conductance G. In this model the ideal transformer is the link between the circuit parameters r1, x1, G, and Bm added to the primary side and r2 and x2 added to the secondary side of the transformer. By reflecting the secondary side to the primary side the transformer and neglecting the magnetizing current IE because it is so small compared to the other load currents. R1=r1+a2r2 and XL=x1+a2x2 for simplicity. Equivalent circuit.

Through the concept discuss above, by getting the new impedance p.u. when the MVA is change we can use the formula, (
Given the leakage reactance

)(

0.08 and we have a new

The Bus Admittance and Impedance Matrix

The first step in developing the mathematical model describing the power flow in the network is the formulation of the bus admittance matrix. The bus admittance matrix is an n _ n matrix (where n is the number of buses in the system) constructed from the admittances of the equivalent circuit elements of the segments making up the power system. Most system segments are represented by a combination of shunt elements (connected between a bus and the reference node) and series elements (connected between two system buses). Formulation of the bus admittance matrix follows two simple rules: 1. The admittance of elements connected between node k and reference is added to the (k, k) entry of the admittance matrix. 2. The admittance of elements connected between nodes j and k is added to the (j, j) and (k, k) entries of the admittance matrix. The negative of the admittance is added to the (j, k) and (k, j) entries of the admittance matrix.

The bus admittance matrix known as the Ybus, is a well-defined structure. Transmission line impedances are converted to admittances. The off-diagonal element is equal to the negative of the admittance between the nodes. It is known as the mutual admittance or transfer admittance. The diagonal element of each node is the sum of admittances connected to it. It is known as the self-admittance or driving point admittance. In inspection of the bus admittance matrix reveals that the matrix is symmetric along the diagonal. In a typical power system network, each bus is connected to only a few nearby buses. Consequently, many off-diagonal elements are zero. Such matrix is called sparse, and efficient numerical techniques can be applied to compute its inverse.

The inverse of the bus admittance matrix is known as the bus impedance matrix or Zbus.

In the bus impedance matrix the diagonal elements are short circuit driving point impedances while the off-diagonal elements are short circuit transfer impedances. Zbus is symmetric provided Ybus is symmetric, which is very much usual in power network structure. However, Zbus is not sparse like Ybus and is a full matrix containing non-zero elements.

Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix (Ybus) An application called "Power World Simulator" helps us to find the admittance matrix (Ybus). The algorithm for the bus admittance program is very simple and basic to power system programming. It is based on the mathematical procedure as presented previously. In the program, we just plug in the line impedances, transformer impedances, loads and generators with its corresponding busses with a Sbase = 600MVA. Bus admittance matrix is then initialized to zero. In the first loop, the line data is searched, and the off-diagonal elements are entered. Finally, in a nested loop, line data is searched to find the elements connected to a bus, and the diagonal elements are thus formed. The program is intended to handle parallel lines. The output admittance matrix is shown on Appendix.

Obtaining the Bus Impedance Matrix (Zbus)

After obtaining the bus admittance matrix, the bus impedance matrix can be computed by direct inversion of the admittance matrix (Ybus) using MATLAB. The following code was used to obtain Zbus.

For reliability of the solution, the bus admittance and impedance matrix was multiplied. It showed that the product of the two buses resulted in an identity matrix (diagonal elements are all ones and off-diagonal elements are zeros), which is as expected.(Results on Appendix)

COST OF ALL MATERIALS IN THE SYSTEM C.1.) Circuit Breakers # of Circuit Bus # Breakers 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 2 5 5 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 12 3 13 2 14 2 15 2 16 1 17 1

Cost per CB 3,800,000 3,800,000 3,800,000 3,800,000 3,800,000 3,800,000 3,800,000 3,800,000 3,800,000 1,920,000 3,800,000 3,800,000 1,920,000 3,800,000 3,800,000 1,920,000 1,920,000 =

Cost CB per Bus 11400000 11400000 11400000 7600000 19000000 7600000 7600000 7600000 7600000 3840000 11400000 11400000 3840000 7600000 7600000 1920000 1920000 140720000

C.2.) Substation No. of Substation 15 C.3.) Transformer No. of Transformer 2 MVA rating 60MVA Cost per MVA rating 36,000,000 Total Cost of Transformer( 72000000 Cost per Substation 12,000,000 Total Cost of Substation( 180000000

C.4.) URBAN TRANSMISSION LINE Bus no. 4 5 5 5 Bus no. 5 6 7 8 Conductors Dove Dove Dove Dove Miles 8.4 10.8 6 10.9 Cost per Mile 9,720,000 9,720,000 9,720,000 9,720,000 = Total Cost per Mile 81648000 104976000 58320000 105948000 350892000

C.5.) Rural Transmission line Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Bus no. 10 10 13 7 8 5 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 Bus no. 13 17 16 15 12 11 9 11 14 11 12 14 6 12 15 9 Conductor Hawk Hawk Hawk Drake Drake Drake Drake Drake Drake Drake Drake Drake Drake Drake Drake Drake Miles 14.3 16.2 21.9 14.6 9.8 19.5 24 36.7 28.2 21.5 20.3 24 27.6 27.6 23.6 18.8 Cost per Mile per Conductor 3,320,000 3,320,000 3,320,000 4,600,000 4,600,000 4,600,000 4,600,000 4,600,000 4,600,000 4,600,000 4,600,000 4,600,000 4,600,000 4,600,000 4,600,000 4,600,000 = Total Cost per line 47476000 53784000 72708000 67160000 45080000 89700000 110400000 168820000 129720000 98900000 93380000 110400000 126960000 126960000 108560000 86480000 1536488000