ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My debts for this training undergo at Telephone, Ludhiana are more numerous to explain. This work was only a mandatory exercise for my curriculum but also a very rare opportunity to learn and be able to work in an extremely healthy environment of telephone exchange, Ludhiana. No such task can be undertaken let alone be undertaken let alone be accomplished successfully, without this kind of help of some elders and colleagues. I am highly thankful to our college Principal Mr. J.S. Sohal regards me in industrial training for 2 months. I am also grateful to H.O.D. of Electronics and Comm. Eng. Mr. R.K. Aggarwal offers me to undergo industrial training during these vacations. I am thankful to Mr. Asurjit Singh who guides me in the exchange properly. All work of the exchange told me small to large every part of the circuits and about its working. highly grateful to deputy G.M. Ludhiana. Ludhiana. I am also thankful to DET of Telephone Exchange who permits me to work practically in exchange of Ludhiana. All the workers of the exchange helped me in all the respects. I am also Telecom Exchange. Who allow permission to take training from telephone exchange,

PREFACE
Today, communication is an integral part of everyones life. We all are involved in communicating. It may take many forms. A picture, the spoken words, a glance, a particular body movement, a hand sigh, a printed symbols, these are some of the forms of communication. And today an Electronics plays an important role in almost every sphere of our life. It has penetrated in very field i.e. from an ordinary wrist watch to supercomputer; from telephone repeaters buried deep under sea of the spaceships for out in the space; from the control of modern house hold appliance to the control of 400000 tonnes supertankers carrying cargo across the sea. Electronics deals in the micro and milli range of the voltages, currents and power, but it controls kilo and mega volts, amperes and watts. And this Electronics plays an important and vital role in the communication system. Electronics techniques are contributing to the system that make it easier to communicating information from one place to another place.

DEVELOPMENT OF BSNL
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED is highly reputed government enterprise. BSNL is playing a significant role in bringing millions of INDIANS together, day in day out, despite the physical barriers and the distances. subscribers. Department of Telecom and Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited are government of India Department under the aegis of Ministry of Communication. Department of Telecom has its role in policy making, licensing and coordination matters relating to telegraphs, telephones, wireless data, facimile and telematic services and other like forms of communications. In addition, DOT is responsible for frequency management in the field of radio communication in close coordination with international bodies. It also enforces wireless regulatory measures for wireless transmission by users in the country. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited as the premier telecom service provider of India. BSNL has presence throughout the length and breadth of India. The main functions of BSNL include planning, engineering installation, maintenance, management and operation of voice and non-voice telecommunications services all over the country. The largest BSNL exchange is in Chennai, which has approximately more than crore

EXCHANGES UNDER BSNL

NEAX61E EXCHANGE NEAX61E Exchange based on T-S-S-T Switching Technology from M/S NEC (Nippon Electrical Corporation) of Japan. This is a new technology switch, which provides latest

facilities to the subscriber like ISDN, call waiting, call transfer morning alarm abbreviated dialing, hotline, call conferencing, dynamic STD code, tone dialing etc. This is 20k Exchange and can cater RSU (Remote Switching Unit) also. It is a very compact switch w.r.t. E-10B/

fetex etc. All the combination of different Microprocessors are used to control of the switching network. This technology works on all types of signaling i.e. MF, CAS, CCS#7. All the management, maintenance as well as

administrative jobs are executed through MAT (Maintenance and Administration Terminal). OCB LOCAL EXCHANGE (ORGAN CONTROL BHERSION) OCB Exchange is of 5k capacity. from M/S CIT ALCATEL of France. system with single T stage. This technology is

It is a digital switching

This technology is known as the

best technology in Europe with OMC (Operation and Maintenance Console) and S/N (Switching Network) are duplicate. The

different varieties of service provided are ISDN, mobile, videotext etc. OCB Technology supports different type of signaling system as Decadic, MFCS (Multi Frequency compelled Signaling), CAS (Compelled Associated Signaling), CCS#7 (Common Channel Signating). The minimum number of different cards are subjected to 35. Traffic handling capacity is 8,00,000 BHCA (Busy Hour Call Attempts). More over in OCB technology, the internal faults are automatically recovered with the remote monitoring. The OS (Operating System) used is RTOS (Real Time Operating System). Its language CHILL. The major units of OCB are: CSN (Connection Subscriber Unit) SMX (Switching Matrix) SMA (Auxiliary equipments Control Station) SMC (Control Units like MR (Multi Register) TR

(Translator) TX (Charging Unit) MO (Market) GX (Matrix System Handler) SMM (Operation and Maintenance Unit). In OCB, SMM unit have OMC for supervising

functions of different units and taking suitable actions at the event of faults. It uses two identical microprocessors. There are two MD (magnetic units) for various storage. One steamer drive of 525 MB is provided for installation and backup etc. There are two

magnetic tape units for transferring charging data for billing etc. subsequently. OCB technology is compatible with all the facilities of the present time. E-10B EXCHANGE There are two switch rooms of E-10B technology with the capacity of 30k and 34k respectively. E-10B switch is of digital technology i.e. known as new technology in Indian from ALCATEL-MITRA of France. This is the first Electronics Exchange Introduced in India in 1982. This T-S-T switch. The different facilities like tone dialing,

conferencing, call waiting, CLI, call transfer, hotline, abbreviated dialing, dynamic STD, and morning alarms are available. The

server of this technology can handle up to 6 exchanges. The concept of RLU was first introduced through this technology. Temperature Requirement range is 20 2 degree or 20-2 degree. The exchange works on 48VDC, where the OMC required 220VAC through UPS. All types of maintenance, administration

and subscriber management is carried through the peripherals i.e. System Computers. The BHCA is 192,000 with traffic handling

capacity of 4000 Erlangs. MOBILE EXCHANGE

The mobile exchange is from the Ericcson technology of Sweden. This is the base-switching center of the main switching center of Chandigarh. This is a T-switch based on GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). There are 32 Base

Transreceiver Systems and one Remote Base Switching Center. One BTS controls one tower. The BSNL provides two types of services in cellular i.e. Cellone (postpaid) and Excel (prepaid). The different types of facilities like national and international roaming, SMS, Voice Master, CLIP, call transferring, itemized billing etc are available in both type of services.

EVOLUTION AND ARCHITECTURE OF E-10B SYSTEM

Introduction The policy pursued by Telecom Administrations all over the world at present is to introduce digital switching in their networks in view of the significant Technology economic

advantages of digital network. Cost, no doubt is one of the main factors favouring Electronic exchanges but more encouraging is the facilities which are now available to the modern society. Electronic Exchange has provided has subscriber a number of additional facilities which were not possible in old electromechanical exchanges. Another factor which favours Electronic Exchanges Introduction is the of negligible E-10B type efforts of towards exchanges maintenance. in Indian

Telecommunication network has ushered a new era. Starting with Worli, Bombay, there after a number of Local/ Tendom/ TAX exchanges are commissioned in various parts of the country. Applications of E-10B System E-10B system can be used for the following applications. Local Exchanges: For local subscriber lines.

 Local Transit or Tendom Exchange: For Transit Traffic. TAX: For termination of long distance circuits. Local-cum Transit or TAX: Combination of Local and Transit or TAX. Local-cum Transit or TAX: Combination of Local and Transit or TAX. Subscriber Facilities The E-10B system offers a number of facilities to its subscribers. These Follow me service (Call Forwarding) Short code dialing (Abbreviated dialing) Identification of Malicious calls. Conference calls Call waiting indication (camp-on busy) Detailed Billing Automatic alarm call (Wake-me service) Barred access DTMF Push-button telephones Last number redial Absent subscriber service Free phone line

 Subs. With Home meter Outgoing only subs Ring back facility
E-10B XGE 1 PCM E-10B XGE 2 PCM E-10B XGE 6 PCM OMC

Centralized Management for a Group of E-10B Exchange General Description Based on the functions carried by different parts, an E10B exchange can be divided in four block. Connection Units The connection units comprise basically of equipments directly connected to external interfaces of the system, subscriber lines, circuits and equipments which sends and receives audio frequency signaling samples. The units are of following types. Local subscriber connection unit (URAL or CSEL) Remote subscriber connection unit (URAD or CSED) Multiplex connection unit (URM) Frequency sender/ receiver unit (ETA)

 Auxiliary equipments rack (BDA) This unit provides for the connection of upto 1024 subscriber lines, and is located in the same premises as the exchange. The

equipment number ZERO is however, not used because of difficulty in addressing 0 to equipment and as such a maximum of 1023 lines can only be connected to the unit. It is linked to be switching network through PCM links. It provides electronic space concentration of 1024 lines to 60, 90 or 120 digital junctions carried by 2, 3 or 4 PCM links if 2.048 Mbit/ sec. It enables connection to Dial telephones and push button telephones. REMOTE CSEL) It is of identical construction and comprise of the same equipment as URAL except for a few PCBs. It is connected to the exchange by 2, 3 or 4 PCM links each with 30 channels. It provides for local security communication. In the event of failure of active PCM links between URAD and Main exchange it switches over to security call mode. The subscriber is alerted by short text recorded announcement followed by special SUBSCRIBER CONNECTION UNIT (URAD or

dial tone (400 Hz continuous non-modulated). provided by URAD itself. The URAD subscriber can obtain

This dial tone is

access

to

the

emergency services like police ambulance and fire service by dialing two digits. Out of 1024 equipments provided in the URAD, 6 equipments are used for emergency services. schematic of URAD. The main functions of subscriber connections units are : Power feed on subscriber lines and sending ringing current. Transmission of subscriber loop status change indication and dialed digits to control units and transmission of battery reversal or remote metering pulses to appropriate units. Cyclic scanning of equipments to identify loop status change of subscribes. Search for free outgoing routes (physical path within URA) to connect subscriber line equipment to the time slot allotted for the subscribers. Analog to digital conversion. Traffic observation counters. Release of connection at the end of the call. URM STRUCTURE AND INTERFACES A generally

In the later case, analog to digital conversation and matching of signaling where applicable, is necessary. Each URM has a total capacity of 32 PCM systems and is housed in one standard rack. There are 8 modules in each URM and each module caters for 4 PCMs. The modules are of two types-MRS modules which provide for the connection of 2.048 M bits/ sec PCM links from URADs from MRM modules which provide for the connection of 2.048 M bits/ sec PCM link carrying circuits.

Tone Generator, Frequency Sender, Receiver Unit (ETA)

The frequency sender / receiver unit is a special type of connection unit. It has got the following functions. Reception of multi frequency (MF) signaling (R2 code) and circuit test frequencies from the tone generator GT. Setting up of conference calls connection using conference circuit (CCF). There are up to two conference circuit devices per ETA. Each device can set up conference connections

between three of four subscribers (upto 8 conference calls per CCF device).

An ETA has a digital structure which sends to the switching network several different binary codes which after conversion into analog in subscriber and TNE terminals, become different tones of MF codes used in the telephone network. An E-10b exchange comprises of at least two ETAs operating on load sharing basis, the maximum number of ETAs being 16.

Auxiliary Equipment Rack (BDA)

Thick rack is regarded as a connections unit and is always given UR No. 1. It is not involved in call processing, BDA has the following functions: Markshalling of alarms Monitoring of recorded announcement machine operation. Management of general visual display (PGV)

Time Base (BT)

The time base supplies basic timing signals to various exchange units for synchromizing and co-ordinating operations are necessary in a time division switching system. Each exchange has its own base which is not duplicated is, therefore, constructed from components offering high levels of operating security. operates independently but can be derived by an external signal. It

Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC)

E-10B system is characterized by the basic principle of the separation of switching and man agent functions, these are carried out independently. The switching functions are carried out by E-10B exchange while Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC) handles management functions of the E-10B exchange. OMC and E-10b exchange are connected by a single time slot of a PCM for the interchange of management data between OMC and exchange whereas the dialogue terminals are directly connected to OMC. A number of exchanges can be managed by a single OMC, this feature provides flexibility of managing a number of

exchanges by common staff posted in OMC.

Functions of OMC
Following operations and maintenance functions are performed through OMC. Subscriber management Trunk group management Routing and Analysis management Call charging management Subs. Line testing Trunk testing

 Traffic and load measurements Fault message processing Alarm message processing Unit positioning Fault tracing Fault clearing Peripheral management

Organization of OMC
At present in Indian Telecom network two types of OMCs are working, in alder exchanges OMc organized around MITRA 225 computer of CIT-ALCATEL, France is working, whereas remaining exchanges are provided with EC-OMC

developed by M/s Electronics Corporation of India Ltd., Hydrabad. The French OMC comprises of following main components: Main memory Disk UD-50 or UD-80 Magnetic tape units Services terminals (MAE) TTYs, High Speed Printer and VDU. The E-10B System offers to the telephone subscribers located in remote area, a facility through which they can be

connected to the host exchange located at an urban area.

The

concept of the remote line units is to cater for the needs of telephone users located specially in rural areas where the

telephone density is very small and provision of an exchange is very costly for the administration. It is particularly economic

using the remote line unit (CSED) for providing telephone service to such subscribers.

CSED (R.L.U)
The use of R.L.U. has got many advantages because of which its use has tremendously increased in our network. advantages are as follows: Minimum space requirement Economy towards infrastructure items During of installation and commissioning is short. Expansion is simple and easy. Immediate relief to the area where a main exchange of 3K or 4K lines are not planned in near future. The connection subscriber unit remote called line CSED, The unit each number comprises having of of 1024 subscriber telephone cand very Each The

equipments.

CSEDs

depending upon the requirement of the area to be served.

CSED is connected to the host exchange via four PCM rank at the

main exchange. The PCM multi-framer are structured in 32 frames with frequency of m.s. The signaling is routed through TS-16 of PCM0 and 01, these are called the active PCMs, other two PCMs are called passive links and dont carrying any signaling. The CSED is also divided in to four functional area. Subscriber connection equipment The subscriber lines are connected to subscriber connection equipments. Connection network - This network provides space division. Transmission unit This network provides the analogue/ digital conversation between 120 outputs of the

concentration network and the four links. Control Logic-the duplicated logic system is responsible to manage the functions of above said three units. The rack organization is shown in the diagram below: NON-DUPLICATED MODULES

Organization of the rack

Power System
Main power supply Rectifier Battery charger Battery sets Engine alternator Transmission System PCM Mux Fire Protection & Detection System

Air Conditioning System Generally window type A/c or package A/C units. Building & staff Amenities

Mdf and Ddf In E-10b Exchanges

Introduction In any type of exchange there is a unit called main distribution frame (MDF) and is used for interconnection of exchange line and junction unit equipments to external physical lines coming to the exchange. The distribution frame provides

easy and flexible interconnection, isolation point for testing, protective devices used for safety of exchange equipments, etc. the E-10B system also uses distribution frames for interconnection of trunks and subscriber lines to the exchange terminating units.

Purpose of MDF and DDF in E-10B Exchanges

We know that the E-10B switching system is a digital switching system and accepts both analog and digital signals. The signals from subscribers are analog whereas the trunk signals are digital (if coming from analog source, these are converted into digital 30 channels PCM signals and then fed to switchroom. The analog signals are received bt CSE and digital signals by URM in

E-10B. One is called Main Distribution Frame (MDF) and the other one is Digital Distribution Frame (DDF).

Main Distribution Frame

Function of Main distribution frame (MDF) is E-10B is similar to that of other types of exchanges. Here, all the lines

coming from subscribers, non-exchange lines, telex lines and analog junction lines are terminated. These are terminated on 100 pair krone type tag blocks in which gas discharge (GD) tube type protective devices are provided to tackle voltage and current surges. These tag blocks are located on one side of the MDF On the other side of the MDF called exchange

called line side.

side tag blocks are provide for terminating the cables from SCE for subscriber lines and from transmission room for analog junction lines.

Interconnection of Network through MDF/ DDF

Various configurations are discussed below for

interconnection of E-10B switchroom equipment with external environment. The analog junctions are brought from MDF of analog exchange to DDF of E-10B exchange. transmission room for converting into These are taken to digital signal and

multiplexing for making 30 channel PCM system.

Again, 30

channel PCM is taken from transmission room to DDF for connection with URM.

Interconnection of Analog Exchange with E-10B in different building

Components of MDF and DDF

The ironwork for MDF and DDF in E-10B is same. It is

similar to MDF ironwork of other exchanges. The tag blocks for MDF and DDF are different.

MDF components and tag block numbering scheme

The MDF utilize two types of tag blocks. One for line side on

which the subscriber lines or analog junction lines are terminated. These tag blocks are of hundred pair capacity having 20 rows each

of five pairs. On the back side of tag block line side terminations are made and on front side provision for jumper wire termination sis made to connect with exchange side. The interconnection for each pair between line side and front side termination is made through Gas discharge (GD) tube. This is a protective device to

protect exchange equipment from voltage. Isolate data field M1 : 11 ENS Hexadecimal digit Look at the corresponding assembly no. (ENS) in the tables. Where RPF is specified in M3 : SRPFRPF RPF indicates the table line no.

Advices concerning PCBs interchanging on URM and CSE

It is possible to change logic PCBs only when this one is on stand by BLOM status. Take care on XI UC micro-switches. To change an active PCM it is necessary to check following points. Put the corresponding logic on stand-by status. Put on INDL status this PCM Changes CCS if it is on the PCM to be changed

If PCB is to be changed is an amplifier on the top of the tack, take care of the direction of connector before plugging it. Local fault at RDU Fault Fault in Transmission / route PCM/OFC

Local Fault at RLU

Check locally from the PCM system by giving internal loop from PCM bay/ OFC pts 2mb. Check locally at the CSE by giving local loop at the TMIC PCB Check from MDF and DDF by giving loop. If all these are ok, them

Fault in Transmission/ Route PCM etc.

Take loop from distant PCM/ OFC bay. Fault may be there in the repeaters. If all these are ok, then

Main Exchange i.e. Switch Room from where RLU is connected

Look at URM level by giving local loop at the URM. If the PCM alarm persist then the ITRA PCB in the urm to be replaced.

TRAINING REPORT

E-10B DIGITAL TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

SUBMITTED TO:

LUDHIANA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

SUPPORTED BY: MR. R.K. AGGARWAL (HOD.E.C.E)

SUBMITTED BY: IQBAL KAUR E.C.E V T H -SEM. ROLL NO.961/05

REGD. NO.L-50904019

GUIDED BY: MR. ASURJIT SINGH SDO (E-10B-II)

PLACE OF TRAINING:

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

CONTENTS

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PREFACE DEVELOPMENT OF BSNL EXCHANGES UNDER BANL EVOLUTION & ARCHITECTURES OF E10B SYSTEM

6)

MDF AND DDF IN E-10B EXCHANGE