Computational Materials Science 27 (2003) 313332 www.elsevier.

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Finite element analysis and simulation of quenching and other heat treatment processes A bibliography (19762001)
Jaroslav Mackerle
*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Link oping Institute of Technology, S-581 83 Link oping, Sweden Received 18 March 2002; accepted 17 June 2002

Abstract This paper gives a bibliographical review of the nite element methods applied to the analysis and simulation of quenching and other heat treatment processes. The bibliography at the end of the paper contains references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations on the subjects that were published between 1976 and 2001. The following topics are included: quenchingquenching process in general, heat transfer and thermomechanical modelling, residual stresses in quenching, and other topics; hardening; annealing; tempering; and carburizing and nitriding. Three hundred and fty references are listed. 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Finite element; Bibliography; Heat treatment; Quenching; Hardening; Annealing; Tempering; Carburizing; Nitriding; Simulation

1. Introduction The output of scientic papers is growing rapidly and the researchers are no longer able to readily access and update all the information relevant to their chosen eld of study. The increasing specialization in engineering has resulted in the proliferation of subject-oriented journals and conference proceedings directed to specialist audiences. Therefore researchers have more channels for communicating the results of their research at their disposal, but also nding information may
*

Tel.: +46-13-281111; fax: +46-13-282717. E-mail address: jarma@ikp.liu.se (J. Mackerle).

be time-consuming and uneasy process. Another question is whether the researchers/scientists are willing to spend extra time needed for looking for information. During last two decades many of the existing quenching and other heat treatment processes have been simulated by numerical methods, especially by the nite element methods (FEMs). To simulate these processes is not easy, it is necessary to know various engineering elds such as uid mechanics, heat transfer, cooling and solidication, metallurgy, as well as the computer implementation of numerical methods. In many cases industrial experiments have to be done together with simulations to validate the models.

0927-0256/03/$ - see front matter 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0927-0256(03)00038-7

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Methodologies for quenching and other heat treatment processes have been developed and applied in practice, and this paper gives a review of published papers dealing with FEMs applied to quenching, hardening, annealing, tempering, and carburizing and nitriding. Hopefully, this bibliography will save time for readers looking for information dealing with subjects described below. It is organized into two parts. In the rst one each topic is handled and current trends in application of nite element techniques are mentioned. The second part, an Appendix A, lists papers published in the open literature for the period 19762001 on subjects presented above. References have been retrieved from the authors database, MAKEBASE [1,2]. Readers interested in the nite element literature in general are referred to [3] or to the authors Internet Finite Element Book Bibliography (http://www.solid.ikp.liu.se/fe/index.html). The range of applications of FEMs in quenching and other heat treatment processes is too wide and cannot be presented in a single papertherefore the aim of this bibliography is to give the reader an encyclopaedic view of the dierent possibilities that exist today for the nite element analysis of heat treatment processes. The status of nite element literature for various topics of quenching and other heat treatment processes is illustrated in Fig. 1. Data presented in this gure include published papers in the primary literature; this means papers appearing in various general and specialized journals, conference proceedings, and theses and dissertations. If we take the number of published papers as a measure for research activity, we can see the trend in research between 1976 and 2001.

2. Quenching Quenching is a common manufacturing process aiming to produce components with desirable properties such as low residual stresses and distortions, avoidance of cracks, specic hardness, and achievement of improved properties. The FEM can predict the temperature eld, volume fraction of phases and the evolution of internal stresses up to residual stresses during the quenching process. For a more ecient information retrieval, the lists of references of papers on quenching published between 1976 and 2001 are divided into the following categories: quenching process in general, heat transfer and thermomechanical modelling, residual stresses in quenching, other topics.

2.1. Quenching process in general In the quenching process the hot components are cooled down to room temperature by immersion into a liquid, spraying with a liquid or by pouring over a liquid. Immersion quenching is the most widely used process today aiming for the martensitic and bainitic hardening of steels and the age-hardening of aluminum and nickel alloys. The quenching medium is water, oils and aqueous polymer solutions. Before a component is quenched it is heated to a uniform temperature and then is rapidly cooled by cooling medium. During this process thermal stresses are developed due to a high temperature

Fig. 1. Finite element analysis of quenching/heat treatment processes; a number of published papers between 1976 and 2001.

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gradient in the material. Residual stresses remaining in the material are undesirable because they may cause unpredictable distortions and have a deleterious eect on fracture and corrosion performance. Topics included: numerical simulations of quenching processes; stresses and deformations during quenching with and without transformation eects; quench front problems; constitutive models; metallo-thermo-mechanical simulations; simulation of quenchingtempering; quench analysis with phase change; transformation kinetics, heat conduction and elasticplastic stresses during quenching; prediction of mechanical properties for various materials; water spray quenching; heat treatment in steelmaking; on-line quenching of aluminum. Materials: metals; steels; aluminum; aluminum alloys; CuSn alloys; uraniumtitanium alloys; glass. 2.2. Heat transfer and thermomechanical modelling Heat treatment processes can change the properties of metals and alloys. The stage of cooling from the predetermined temperature down to room temperature has a decisive inuence on the resulting material properties. The cooling rate inuences the internal stress level and determines the non-equilibrium state of the metallographic structures. By means of the FEM it is possible to calculate the time-dependent temperature distribution and heat ux in quenched components and to study parameters that inuence the cooling behavior. Heat treatment of aluminum alloys contains three steps: solution heat treatment, quenching and articial aging. Quenching is the most critical stage. In quenching of aluminum alloys, the objective is a rapidly cooling, especially through the range of 290400 C. Low cooling speed may result in some precipitation that impairs the strength and corrosion resistance of the alloy. The numerical analysis of aluminum spray quenching solves the transient heat diusion equation with temperature-dependent material properties and temperature- and spatially-dependent boundary conditions.

In this subsection the following topics are studied: heat conduction with variable phase transformations; calculation of temperature and heat ux in quenching; transient heat conduction with moving convective boundaries; steady-state and transient thermal stresses due to heat treatment; calculation and measurement of thermal stresses; quenching uniformity and surface cooling mechanism; thermal shock studies; the eect of free edge on thermal stresses; thermal stress resistance; microstructure prediction. Materials: metals; steels; aluminum; aluminum alloys; metal matrix composites; ceramics. 2.3. Residual stresses in quenching In the quenching the high temperature austenite is transformed into ferrite, pearlite, bainite, martensite, and the residual austenite. The actual phase distribution after heat treatment depends on the strategy of cooling. The various phase compositions have dierent physical/mechanical properties and these may be determined by means of FEM. The FEM, steady-state or transient, can also predict the residual stress pattern as well as stress magnitude. In the analysis we can consider various non-linearities such as material properties variation with temperature, heat transfer coecients variations with temperature, solid-phase transformation, radiation boundary conditions, latent heat, etc. By adjusting process parameters we can control and minimize the residual stresses. The main subjects included: prediction and measurement of residual stresses; residual stresses and deformations in quenching; prediction of thermal residual stresses; thermo-plasticity and thermo-viscoplasticity for residual stresses; residual stresses and distortions in various quenched components; macro- and micro-residual stresses in quenching; minimization of residual stresses; eect of geometry and boundary conditions on residual stresses; dimensional alteration due to residual stresses redistribution; residual quench stresses with and without transformation process. Materials: metals; steels; aluminum; aluminum alloys; pure iron; Astroloy; metal matrix composites.

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2.4. Other topics The following subjects are included in this subsection: quenching of superconducting magnets; quench propagation in conductors; optimization problems in quenching; quench cracking.

4. Annealing Annealing is the sustained heating of materials at a known high temperature. After that the material is gradually cooled to reduce hardness or brittleness, or to eliminate various stresses, and eventually to produce other qualities. In the annealing diusion allows the atomic-scale rearrangement of the microstructure but not all micromechanisms involved in this process are quite understood. These complex changes include recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth; they can occur either as the continuous or the discontinuous. Not many papers where nite element simulations are applied for modelling of microstructural evolution have been published, and in most cases only one type of phenomenon has been considered. This section includes: nite element simulation of the annealing process; residual stresses; microstructural evolution during annealing; annealing temperature prediction; thermal annealing; hightemperature annealing; stress relief annealing; pulsed laser annealing; continuous annealing. Materials: metals; steels; aluminum; nickel superalloys; thin lms; polymers; silicon; glass.

3. Hardening Hardening is the process of increasing the hardness of metals by a specic thermal treatment. The aim of surface hardening is to increase the hardness of the surface layers by rapid heating and subsequent quenching. The microstructure is changed and the desired hardening is produced. The compressive residual stresses prolong the fatigue life of the hardened component. In the surface induction hardening the heating is very fast and directly followed by quenching so the generation of residual stresses is more complex process than the case of common hardening. To calculate the variation of heat generation rate in components with a complex geometry is dicult, therefore the experimental measurements of surface heat uxes are also used. Many nite element studies on the prediction of residual stresses in components during heating and quenching and a few papers on the surface induction hardening have been published. The nite element technique makes it possible to determine the relation between process parameters and mechanical properties of the treated material. The main topics of this section are: simulation of distortions, stresses and residual stresses; evolution of hardening; thermal and microstructural analysis; development of residual stresses during hardening; stationary and progressive hardening; induction hardening; HF induction hardening; laser hardening; case hardening; transformation hardening; cyclic hardening; roll hardening; quench hardening; martensitic hardening. Hardened materials: metals; steels; eutectoid steels; hypoeutectoid steels; carbon steels; bainitic steels; aluminum alloys; nickel alloys; nickel and copper lms.

5. Tempering Tempering softens and therefore toughens hardened steel by reheating it to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature. Tempering glass means heating and then cooling it in order to increase its strength and make it less brittle. Main topics are: nite element analysis of distortions, stresses and residual thermal stresses; thermal tempering; low-temperature tempering; autotempering; quenchingtempering process. Materials: metals; steels; ductile iron; glass; porcelain; ceramics.

6. Carburizing and nitriding The carburization is a high-temperature process in which carbon is diused into the surface of a

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steel component, while it is austenite, producing a hardened martensitic surface upon quenching. The nitriding provides the formation of an ironnitrogen compound as a wear-resistant surface that also resist thermal decomposition. Conventional nitriding techniques are gaseous nitriding, ion nitriding, salt bath nitriding, etc. All these techniques are used to improve the wear properties of materials by modifying either surface composition or microstructure. Finite element models help to simulate the heat ow and development of residual stresses during process of the carburizing or nitriding. Topics of this last sections are: nite element simulation of carburizing and nitriding; prediction of stress history; development of distortions and residual stresses; thermal-diusion analysis; laser surface nitriding; carburized quenching. Materials: metals; steels; alloy steels; titanium alloys.

Acknowledgements The bibliography presented in the Appendix is by no means complete but it gives a comprehensive representation of dierent nite element applications on the subjects. The author wishes to apologize for the unintentional exclusions of missing references and would appreciate receiving comments and pointers to other relevant literature for a future update.

grouped into same sections as listed in the rst part of this paper. The emphasis of this bibliography is to list, rst of all, papers published in various international journals. There have been numerous national and international conferences and symposia held worldwide but the conference proceedings are a source of never-ending bibliographical confusion. The main criticism of conferences is that the material presented is often a repetition of what is published elsewhere in the literature, and also the complaint of uneven quality of papers is often heard. Surveys have shown low usage of published conference proceedings in practice. Also, many of important conference papers are published afterwards in an edited version in international journals. References are not arranged chronologically but sorted in each category alphabetically according to the rst authors name. If a specic paper is relevant for several subject categories, the same reference can be listed under respective section headings. A.1. Quenching A.1.1. Quenching process in general B. Aksel, Analysis of stress and displacement elds during quenching and casting, Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., 1990. B. Aksel et al., A study of quenching: experiment and modelling, J. Eng. Industry ASME 114 (3) (1992) 309316. C. Anderson et al., Development of a carburizing and quenching simulation tool: numerical simulations of the rings and gears, 2nd Int. Conf. Quench. Contr. Distort., Cleveland, OH, 1996, pp. 377383. J.H. Argyris et al., Integrated nite-element analysis of coupled thermoviscoplastic problems J. Therm. Stress. 4 (2) (1981) 121153. A.J. Baker et al., On a FEM platform for simulation of quenching/heat treating operations, 2nd Int. Conf. Quench. Contr. Distort., Cleveland, OH, 1996, pp. 283290. D. Bammann et al., Development of a carburizing and quenching simulation tool: a material model for carburizing steels undergoing phase

Appendix A. A bibliography (19762001) This bibliography provides a list of literature references on nite element analysis and simulation of quenching, hardening, annealing, carburizing and nitriding. Presented listings contain papers published in scientic journals, conference proceedings, and theses/dissertations retrospectively to 1976. References have been retrieved from the authors database, MAKEBASE. The COMPENDEX database and Applied Mechanics Reviews have also been checked. Three hundred and fty references are listed. Presented references are

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transformations, 2nd Int. Conf. Quench. Contr. Distort., Cleveland, OH, 1996, pp. 367375. N. Bogh, Quench tank agitation design using ow modeling, in: Heat Treat.: Equip. Process., ASM, 1994, pp. 5154. J.A. Burnett, Calculation of elasticplastic stresses in quenched cylinders by FEM, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Akron, Ohio, 1977. J.A. Burnett, Prediction of stress history in carburized and quenched steel cylinders, Mater. Sci. Tech. 1 (10) (1985) 863871. F. Cesar, K.J. Bathe, A nite element analysis of quenching processes, in: Numer. Meth. NonLinear Prob., Pineridge Press, Swansea, 2, 1984, pp. 547564. T.E. Clements et al., Application of heat treatment simulation in production environment, 2nd Int. Conf. Quench. Contr. Distort., Cleveland, OH, 1996, pp. 235238. D.J. De Kock et al., Using mathematical optimization in the CFD analysis of a continuous quenching process, Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng. 47 (5) (2000) 985999. S. Denis et al., Stress-phase transformation interactionsbasic principles, modelling and calculation of internal stresses, Mater. Sci. Tech. 1 (10) (1985) 805814. M. Gergely et al., Calculation of transformation sequences in quenched steel components to help predict internal stress distribution, Mater. Sci. Tech. 1 (10) (1985) 893898. J. Giusti, Numerical study of some types of distortions due to quench of carburized steel pieces, in: G. Beck (Ed.), Int. Conf. Resid. Stress., ICRS2, Elsevier, 1989, pp. 485490. P. Graja et al., Stress in end quenched test pieces, in: Int. Stress: Origin-Measurem.-Evaluat., Deut. G. Met. 1 (1983) 189210. J. Gu et al., Study on numerical simulation of cold roller during quenching process, Trans. Metal Heat Treat. (China) 20 (2) (1999) 17. Y.H. Guan et al., Prediction of the mechanical properties of metal during laser quenching, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 63 (1/3) (1997) 614 617. C.H. Gur, A.E. Tekkaya, Finite element simulation of quench hardening, Steel Res. 67 (7) (1996) 298306.

C.H. Gur, A.E. Tekkaya, Numerical investigation of non-homogeneous plastic deformation in quenching process, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 319321 (2001) 164169. C.H. Gur et al., Numerical and experimental investigation of quench process, 2nd Int. Conf. Quench. Contr. Distort., Cleveland, OH, 1996, pp. 305314. A.W. Gurcak et al., Implicit isotherm migration: a numerical method for the two-dimensional quench front problem, Nuclear Eng. Design 61 (1) (1980) 2531. D.D. Hall, I. Mudawar, Experimental and numerical study of quenching, complex-shaped metallic alloys with multiple, overlapping sprays, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 38 (7) (1995) 12011216. D.D. Hall et al., Validation of a systematic approach to modeling spray quenching of aluminum alloy extrusions, composites, and continuous castings, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 6 (1) (1997) 7792. C. Hou, Numerical simulation of aerospace material water quenching process, Proc. IASTED Int. Conf., IASTED-ACTA, 1995, pp. 422425. H.P. Hougardy et al., Calculation of stresses in a 970 mm diameter forging, comparison with measurements, in: G. Beck (Ed.), Int. Conf. Resid. Stress., ICRS2, Elsevier, 1989, pp. 479484. T. Inoue et al., Stress analysis during quenching and tempering, J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn. 25 (273) (1976) 521526. T. Inoue et al., Simulation of quenching process of carburized steel gear under metallo-thermomechanical coupling, Thermomech. Coupl. Solids, Paris, 1986, pp. 257262. T. Inoue et al., Metallo-thermo-mechanical simulation of quenching processtheory and implementation of computer code Hearts, Quench. Distort. Contr., Chicago, ASM, 1992, pp. 205 212. T. Inoue et al., Computer simulation of quenching process based on metallo-thermo-mechanics, COMP 93, Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., Tokyo, 1993, pp. 159164. T. Inoue et al., Simulation and experiments of quenching process of the Japanese sword, 4th Int. Conf. Resid. Stress., Baltimore, SEM, 1994, pp. 970976.

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S. Jahanian, A numerical study of quenching of an aluminum solid cylinder, J. Thermal Stress. 19 (6) (1996) 513529. N. Jarvstrat, S. Tjotta, A mechanical material model for aluminium extrusions during on-line quenching, J. Eng. Mater. Tech. ASME 118 (1) (1996) 114119. N. Jarvstrat, S. Tjotta, A process model for online quenching of aluminum extrusions, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 27 (3) (1996) 501508. P. Jeanmart et al., Modelization by nite elements of the quenching and relaxation of thick sheet in high strength aluminum alloy, Mem. Etud. Sci. Rev. Metall. 81 (9) (1984) 447. D.Y. Ju et al., Simulation of quenchingtempering process based on metallo-thermo-mechanical theory, 3rd World Cong. Comp. Mech. Chiba, Japan, 1994, pp. P14-2. D.Y. Ju et al., Simulation of quenching-tempering process based on metallo-thermo-mechanics, J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn. 45 (6) (1996) 643649. T. Kishino et al., On transformation kinetics, heat conduction and elasticplastic stresses during quenching of steel, J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn. 28 (312) (1979) 861867. L.M. Levitan, I.A. Borisov, Application of the nite element technique to calculation of quenching stresses in large rotors, Heat Transf. Soviet Res. 15 (1) (1983) 127133. G.M. Ludtka et al., Computer simulation of quenching uranium0.75 wt.% titanium alloy, Comp. Simul. Microstruct. Evolut., Toronto, Canada, 1985, pp. 227247. J. Mahmoudi, H. Fredriksson, Solidication behavior of rapidly quenched CuSn alloys, Mater. Trans. JIM 41 (11) (2000) 15751582. A. Majorek et al., Computer simulation des Tauchkuhlens von Stahlzylindern in verdampfenden Flussigkeiten, HTM 51 (1) (1996) 1117. C. Mason, M.J. Worswick, Adiabatic shear in annealed and shock-hardened iron and in quenched and tempered 4340 steel, Int. J. Fracture 111 (1) (2001) 2951. C.R. Mason et al., Adiabatic shear in Remco iron and quenched and tempered 4340 steel, J. Phys. IV 7 (3) (1997) 827832. M. Monkawa et al., Analyses of structural and stress changes during quenching and low-temper-

ature tempering of steels, J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn. 29 (327) (1980) 11731179. Y. Nagasaka et al., Mathematical model of phase transformations and elasto-plastic stress in the water spray quenching of steel bars, Metall. Trans. A 24 (4) (1993) 795808. S.I. Oh et al., Recent developments in process simulation for bulk forming processes, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 111 (1/3) (2001) 29. K. Okamura, Application of computer simulation to heat treatment in steel making process, J. Jpn. Soc. Heat Treat. 33 (4) (1993) 221228. K. Okamura, H. Kawashima, Finite element analysis of quenching deformation in clad-steel plate, in: H. Fujiwara et al. (Ed.), Residual Stresses III, Elsevier, 1992, pp. 214219. J.S. Pan et al., Computer simulation of complex components during quenching process and its application in industry, 7th Int. Sem. IFHT, Hungary, 1999, pp. 217227. G.J. Petrus et al., Distortion prediction using the nite element method, in: G.E. Totten (Ed.), Quench. Distort. Contr., ASM, 1992, pp. 283287. R.I. Ramakrishnan, Quench analysis of aerospace components using FEM, in: G.E. Totten (Ed.), Quench. Distort. Contr, ASM, 1992, pp. 235242. F.G. Rammerstorfer et al., The inuence of creep and transformation plasticity in the analysis of stresses due to heat treatment, in: Num. Meth. Heat Transfer, II, J. Wiley, 1983, pp. 447460. F.G. Rammerstorfer et al., Problems connected with the computation of transformation stresses in steel bodies, in: R.W. Lewis (Ed.), Num. Meth. Therm. Prob., Pineridge Press, Swansea, 1983, pp. 280291. J. Rasty et al., Finite element and experimental analysis of stresses due to quenching process, Winter Ann. Meet., Anaheim, MD 39, ASME, 1992, pp. 195202. G.E. Sakoska, Non-linear ow, fracture, mechanical quenching, and computer modeling of a glass cylinder pressed between parallel plates, Ph.D. thesis, Case Western Reserve Univ., 1992. A. Sakuma et al., Numerical analysis and experimental verication of laser quenching for surface modication of ultrathin steel wire, J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn. 50 (6) (2001) 645650.

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S. Sjostrom, Interactions and constitutive models for calculating quench stresses in steel, Mater. Sci. Tech. 1 (1985) 823829. S. Sjostrom, Comparison between basic theory and numerical calculations of transformation plasticity in the hardening of steel, in: C.S. Desai (Ed.), Constit. Laws Eng. Mater., Elsevier, 1987, pp. 13231330. H.M. Tensi, N.I. Kobasko, Specic features of using intensive methods of quenching for the strengthening parts of complex conguration, in: Heat Treat.: Equip. Process., ASM, 1994, pp. 239 241. T.C. Tszeng et al., An integrated modeling system for heat treating and machining processes, in: S.F. Shen, P. Dawson (Eds.), NUMIFORM 95, Balkema, 1995, pp. 887892. K. Uemura et al., Analyses of structural changes and elasticplastic stresses during quenching of steel, J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn. 27 (303) (1978) 1152 1157. K. Vale, M. Mosavi, Eective algorithm for simulation of quenching process, 2nd Bienn. Europ. Joint Conf. Eng. Syst. Des., PD 64, ASME, 1994, pp. 127132. K.F. Wang, Simulation of quenching and induction heat treatment processes with experimental verication, Ph.D. thesis, Purdue Univ., 1993. K.F. Wang et al., Finite element simulation of induction heat treatment and quenching of steels, Trans. North Amer. Manuf. Res. Inst., SME, XX, 1992, pp. 8390. K.F. Wang et al., An ecient 2D nite element procedure for the quenching analysis with phase change, J. Eng. Industry ASME 115 (1) (1993) 124138. K.F. Wang et al., Experimental and computational study of the quenching of carbon steel, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. ASME 119 (3) (1997) 257265. C.H. Xu, T. Jiang, Calculation of stress on rapidly opened anges of a quenching vacuum furnace under high pressure by means of a 3dimensional FEM, Vacuum 44 (1) (1993) 3336. H.J. Yu, E. Macherauch, Calculation of quenching stresses with and without transformation eects, in: Resid. Stress Stress Relax., Plenum Press, 1982, pp. 483499.

H.J. Yu et al., Zur Modellierung und Simulation der Warmebehandlung metallischer Werkstoe, HTM 51 (1) (1996) 4855. N. Zabaras, Development of some numerical models for casting and quenching processes, Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., 1987. N. Zabaras et al., A numerical and experimental study of quenching of circular cylinders, J. Thermal Stresses 10 (1987) 177191. A.1.2. Heat transfer and thermomechanical modelling G. Bergman, M. Oldenburg, Verication of thermomechanical material models by thin-plate quenching simulations, J. Therm. Stress. 20 (7) (1997) 679695. J.R. Chen et al., Study on heat conduction with variable phase transformation composition during quench hardening, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 63 (1/3) (1997) 554558. S.G. Chen et al., Inverse estimation of transient temperature distribution in the end quenching test, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 86 (1/3) (1999) 257 263. X.L. Chen, L. Meekisho, Computer simulation and thermal stress elds during quenching process, 2nd Int. Conf. Quench. Contr. Distort., Cleveland, OH, 1996, pp. 241247. H. Cheng et al., Finite element analysis of temperature eld with phase transformation and nonlinear surface heat transfer coecient during quenching, Appl. Math. Mech. 19 (1) (1998) 15 20. H. Cheng et al., Application of Norsette method to nite element analysis temperature eld for 45 steel cylinder during quenching, Mater. Sci. Technol. 6 (2) (1998) 916. H. Cheng et al., The application of rational approximation in the calculation of a temperature eld with a non-linear surface heat transfer coefcient, Metals Mater. 5 (5) (1999) 445450. S. Denis et al., Analysis of the thermomechanical behaviour of steel during martensitic quenching and calculation of internal stresses, 3rd Int. Cong. Heat Treat., Shanghai, The Met. Soc., 1984, p. 5.68. G. Donzella et al., Surface heat transfer and continuous cooling transformation and modeliza-

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tion for the microstructure prediction by means of FEM analysis, in: Comp. Meth. Exper. Measur. Surface Treat. Eects II, Milan, CMP, 1995, pp. 95102. F.D. Fischer, Simplied calculation of temperature eld in heat treated cylinder using temperature measured at one point, Mater. Sci. Tech. 8 (5) (1992) 468473. A.J. Fletcher, C. Lewis, The eect of a free edge on the thermal stresses in quenched steel plates, in: Calcul. Int. Stress Heat Treat. Metal Mater., Linkoping, 1984, pp. 8097. A.J. Fletcher, C. Lewis, Eect of free edge on thermal stresses in quenched steel plates, Mater. Sci. Tech. 1 (10) (1985) 780785. T. Inoue, Z. Wang, Coupling between stress, temperature, and metallic structures during processes involving phase transformations, Mater. Sci. Tech. 1 (1985) 845850. T. Inoue, Z.G. Wang, High-temperature behaviour of steels with phase transformation and the simulation of quenching and welding processes, in: Mech. Behav. Mater. IV, Pergamon Press, 1984, pp. 10051011. T. Inoue, Z.G. Wang, Coupling between temperature, stress and metallic structures during phase transformation and the analysis of carburized quenching of a steel gear, in: G. Yagawa, S.N. Atluri (Eds.), Trans. Comp. Mech. 86, Springer, 1986, pp. IV11. T. Inoue, Z.G. Wang, Metallo-thermomechanical simulation of some processes incorporating phase transformation, in: T. Inoue et al. (Eds.), Comp. Plast., Elsevier, 1990, pp. 75 96. T. Inoue et al., Description of transformation kinetics, heat conduction and elasticplastic stress in the course of quenching and tempering of some steels, Ing.-Archiv 50 (5) (1981) 315327. P. Jeanmart, J. Bouvaist, Finite element calculation and measurement of thermal stresses in quenched plates of high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy, in: Calcul. Int. Stress Heat Treat. Metal Mater., Linkoping, 1984, pp. 2342. P. Jeanmart, J. Bouvaist, Finite element calculation and measurement of thermal stresses in quenched plates of high-strength 7075 aluminium alloy, Mater. Sci. Tech. 1 (10) (1985) 765769.

D.Y. Ju, T. Inoue, Thermo-mechanical behavior and residual stress simulation in heat treatment process of metal matrix composites, in: T. Ericsson (Ed.) 5th Int. Conf. Resid. Stress., Linkoping, 1997, pp. 378385. D.Y. Ju et al., Simulation of quenching tempering process based on metallo-thermomechanics, J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn. 45 (6) (1996) 643649. S. Kamamoto et al., Analysis of transient thermal stresses due to heat treatment in large scale shaft. II-Analysis of transient thermal stresses during heating, Kobe Res. Dev. 33 (2) (1983) 7176. Y. Kawase et al., Thermal analysis of steel blade quenching by induction heating, IEEE Trans. Magnet. 36 (4) (2000) 17881791. H.K. Kim, S.I. Oh, Evaluation of heat transfer coecient during heat treatment by inverse analysis, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 112 (2/3) (2001) 157165. N.I. Kobasko et al., Study of thermal stresses formed in steel products due to high-rate quenching, Sov. Mater. Sci. Rev. 1 (1) (1987) 2732. V.E. Loshkaroev et al., Calculation of temperature and heat ux in quenched cylinders for different wetting processes, Steel Res. 65 (9) (1994) 390395. A. Majorek et al., The inuence of heat transfer on the development of residual stresses in quenched steel cylinders, 3rd Europ. Conf. Resid. Str., Frankfurt, 1992, pp. 8998. A. Majorek et al., Inuence of heat transfer on the development of residual stresses in quenched steel cylinders, Steel Res. 65 (4) (1994) 146151. K. Miyao et al., Analysis of temperature, stress and metallic structure in carburized-quenched gear considering transformation plasticity, J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn. 35 (399) (1986) 13521357. Y.V.L.N. Murthy et al., Numerical simulation of welding and quenching processes using transient thermal and thermo-elasto-plastic formulations, Computers and Structures 60 (1) (1996) 131154. K. Nakasaki, T. Inoue, Metallo-thermomechanical simulation of laser quenching process of carbon steel by pulsed YAG laser beam, J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn. 46 (3) (1997) 268275.

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