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Profile of a Customer Profile Contains Who does this connection belong to(Telephone Number & PORT get Linked) What is his/her telephone number Can he/she make International calls Can he/she make National calls Does he/she have call waiting facility etc Telephone exchange recognizes everything with the help of the PORT

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When we say 'wireless phones' today, we are no longer talking about those cordless, land line, home phone. Instead the term 'wireless' pertains to mobile of cellular devices. With this great technology, there are no wires, no cords, no limit (well, just for cellular signals, that is). Cellular signals are sent via radio waves so there is obviously no need for wires and cables for it to operate. The technological development that distinguished the First Generation mobile phones from the previous generation was the use of multiple cell sites, and the ability to transfer calls from one site to the next as the user travelled between cells during a conversation. The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation)

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No wires between Handset & Telephone Exchange In Wireless the connection is established through MSC(Mobile Switching Center) Access Network has changed from Wireline to Wireless Air(also called Free space) is the Interface between a Customer & the Core Network or MSC Roam Freely is the main purpose to go for a Mobile At any point in time a subscriber is under the service area of a BTS(primary BTS) also under the service area of MSC/BSC As the subscriber moves, his/her serving BTS/BSC/MSC could change Typically cluster are formed in a cellular network Cluster are adjacent BTS coverage areas that are parented to a BSC/MSC When a subscriber moves out of a cluster not only will the serving BTS change but even the serving MSC may change In short customer can ever move from one country to another country he/she may also use service of that operator(when international roaming is introduced)

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As digital becomes more popular, it is likely that the existing analogue services will be removed. In some cases this has already happened, where a broadcaster has offered incentives to viewers to encourage them to switch to digital. In other cases government policies have been introduced to encourage or force the switchover process, especially with regard to terrestrial broadcasts

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Multiple Access Achieved by dividing the available radio frequency spectrum, so that multiple users can be given access at the same time. FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access ( eg: GSM each Frequency channel is 200KHz) TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access ( eg: GSM each frequency channel is divided into 8 timeslots) CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access (eg: IS95- Each User data is coded with a unique code)OFDMA-Orthognoal Frequency division Multiple access

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A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher data rates and non backwards compatible transmission technology. The first release of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard does not completely fulfill the ITU 4G requirements called IMT-Advanced. First release LTE is not backwards compatible with 3G, but is a pre-4G or 3.9G technology, however sometimes branded "4G" by the service providers. WiMAX is another technology verging on or marketed as 4G.the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in Europe, Japan, China (however with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids

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The GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network operators, who can choose equipment from many GSM equipment vendors.[4] GSM also pioneered low-cost implementation of the short message service (SMS), also called text messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well. The standard includes a worldwide emergency telephone number feature. Leverage technology to increase capacity Speech compression; digital signal processing Utilize/extend Intelligent Network concepts Improve fraud prevention; Add new services Wide diversity of 2G systems IS-54/ IS-136 Digital AMPS; PDC (Japan) DECT and PHS; iDEN IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne) GSM

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3G Technology GSM evolution: W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSPA, + leverages GSMs dominant position Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere Requires substantial new spectrum 5 MHz each way (symmetric) at a minimum Slow start but now the accepted leader Network effect built on GSMs >80% market share Surely LTE will benefit in the same fashion 4G Technology Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Supercedes CDMA used in all 3G variants OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) plus statistical multiplexing Optimization of time, frequency & code multiplexing OFDM already deployed in 802.11a & 802.11g Took Wi-Fi from 11 Mbps to 54 Mbps & beyond

(was behind CDMA 2000),

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