Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 11

Bolted Connections

Riveted Connections

Types of Joints

Failure of Joints

Bearing & Friction connections

Truss Joints

Shear and Tension on Bolt
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Riveted Connections
rivet = round ductile steel bar (shank) with a head at one end

d
Snap

Pan

Flat
countersunk

d = Shank diameter
= Nominal diameter
Round
countersunk

Riveting Procedure

Rivets are heated before driving

hot rivet = hole

Head is formed by
- Hand hammer
- Hydraulic pressure
- Pneumatic pressure

On cooling, the rivet shrinks both length

and diameter
Connected parts become tighter:
- Tension in rivet
- Compression in plates

Friction between plates called

clamping action

Forms of riveted joints

Lap Joint

P
P

Rivet in single shear

fv = P / A

P
Eccentricity in lap joint

P
P
e
P
P
Undesired bending causes tension in rivets

Double riveted lap joint

Butt Joint

P/2
P
P/2

P/2
Rivet in double shear

fv = P/2A
Butt joint v.s. Lap joint:

- 

    
  
-  
 !"#!!
$
-  %"!&
!'(
 !

Bolted Connections

P/2


  
P/2
W section

P/2
(a)



(c)

(e)

(b)




  !

  

(d)

(f)





Failure of Joints
Case 1: Shear failure of rivets
P/2

P
P/2

Single shear in lap joint

Double-shear in butt joint

Shear stress in rivet exceed the limit

Case 2: Shear failure of plates

Insufficient edge distance

Shearing out

Case 3: Tension or Tearing failure of plates

Tensile stress at net cross section exceeds tensile strength

Case 4: Bearing failure of plate

Plate may be crushed when bearing stress in plate exceeds the limit

Bolted Connections

P/2
P
P/2

Friction from clamping pressure

using high strength bolt
Beam splice moment connection

Bearing-type Connections
d
2

Shearing Strength: ( / 4) d Fv

 
Ft (../.2)


 
A307
A325 ( "#$%

!)

A325 ( &"#$%
A490 ( "#$%

!)

!)

A490 ( &"#$%

!)

 ! 

Fv (../.2)
Friction-type Bearing-type

1,400

700

3,100

1,200

1,480

3,100

1,200

2,100

3,800

1,480

1,970

3,800

1,480

2,800

Threads Excluded from Shear Plane or not ?

Diameter = d
Shear
planes
Bearing
stress

P
2P
P

Bearing Strength

Bearing area = d x t
t

Excessive bearing results in shear tear-out failure mode.

Failure surface

Allowable bearing strength Ra :

Ra = bearing area Fp = d t Fp
Failure surface

Le

For standard or short-slotted holes Fp = 1.2 Fu

Ra/2

Fp =

Ra
Ra/2

Le Fu
1.2Fu
2d

for Le < 1.5d

Ra = 0.5 Le t Fu 1.2 d t Fu
Or

Ra = 0.6 Lc t Fu 1.2 d t Fu

For long-slotted holes perpendicular to the load Fp = 1.0 Fu

Spacing and Edge-Distances Requirements

Marking for Bolt
P

A307

Pitch: center-to-center of bolts parallel to axis of member

Gage: center-to-center of bolts lines perpendicular to axis of member
Edge distance: shortest distance from center of bolt to edge

A325

min Le = 1.5-2 diameter

Distance between bolts: shortest distance between bolts
min distance = 3 diameter

A490

Spacing and Edge-Distances Requirements

Lc2

Lc1

Lc = clear distance, in the direction

parallel to the applied load.
Le = edge-distance to center of the hole

s = center-to-center spacing of holes

Le

h = d + 2 mm = hole diameter

For edge bolts(2), use Lc = Le h/2

For other bolts(1), use Lc = s h

s 2 23 d

(preferably 3d )

Le value from AISC Table J3.4

(1.5d - 2d )

  11-1

 

  P 
 !"
#
A36, 
"
( A325  22 .., "
,-, "
(,
"./, ,,( 1.5d, 
,,,,(
"
(( 3d
 1 :

22 mm. bolts
P

1.0 cm

1.0 cm

30 cm

Ag = 1.0 (30) = 30

3.2

An = 30 2 (2.5) (1.0) = 25 3.2 = Ae

P = 0.60 (2.5) (30.0) = 45 

P = 0.50 (4.0) (25.0) = 50 


"
(4"./
," (:
"./:

P = 0.25 (2.2) 2 (2.1) (4) = 31.93 

:

P = (1.0) (2.2) (1.2) (4.0) (4) = 42.24 

 !!" P

= 31.93

 

  11-2
,5

"
( A325  19 .. "
,-31"
(
,"./
( (
  ? 5"
# A36 
,
,,
,,,,(
"
(" 89  
1.0 cm
P/2 = 40 ton
P/2 = 40 ton

19 mm. bolts (A = 2.84 cm2)

2.0 cm
P = 80 ton

1.0 cm

 
"
(4"./
,::

"./
"
(1( = 2(2.84)(2.1) = 11.93 


"
(1 ( = (2.0)(1.9)(1.2)(4.0) = 18.24 

(
"
(  = 80/11.93 = 7+

 8 $" 9  ('()* !+ ,
)

( !/0)

  11-3  1: ,!"

# "./ V ,  80 

,, 
"
( A325  22 .. (A=3.8 3.2) " 8

  ,,
,,,
"
(D" 89  
,
"
(,"./ 5"
# A36 
, E
PL2x40



45.2 cm

W500x128
Ix = 71000
tf = 1.8

48.8 cm

2 cm
s

I = 71,000 + 2(240)(25.4)2
= 174,226 3.4
q = VQ/I
= (80)(240)(25.4)/174,226

2 cm

PL2x40

= 0.93 /3.

"./  

"
(( = (2)(3.8)(2.100) = 15.96 

( !/0)

  

"
(( = (2)(2.2)(1.8)(1.2)(4.0) = 38.02 
s = 15.96/0.93 = 17 3.

( 15 20. c-c)

05 AISC  smax 

"
(:G: ,":
478 / Fy

/ 24 ":(

/ 30 3. H5: (

0/,' S 0$:
24 ":( = 24(1.8) = 43.2 3. > 15 3.
478 t f
Fy

478(1.8)
= 17.2 3. > 15 3.
2,500

Smax = 30 3. > 15 3.

OK
OK
OK

Slip-critical(Friction-type) Connections

5".,
"
( 
:/ A325 
, A490
P
N

P
P

F
P

1 
"
(  ()
',
 (0.0.)

A325

A490

19
22
25
32

12.7
17.7
23.2
32.3

15.9
22.3
29.1
46.4

AISC360-05 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings

5"
,

d + 2 ..
"
,- ("!IG
)
d + 8 ..
"
,J"IK ("!IG
)
D (( ()
(d + 2 ..) (d + 10 ..)
(d + 2 ..) 2.5 d
( (( ()

d + 2 mm

d + 10 mm

(a) Standard
d + 2 mm
2.5 d

d + 8 mm
(c) Short slot

d + 2 mm

(b) Oversized

(d) Long slot

+/,
 @A
- :G:
, 
H9 "/DIG
- /D 
9" 
,5 Gusset plate 5(

Gusset plate

Truss Joint
Double member with a single connector piece, called a gusset plate.

Members must have sufficient "bite" into the plate for bolts or weld contact.
Converging centerlines enable equilibrium without member moments.

'
$   B 
#) 
*+ #'(   A325
!

 19 !.!. *3!4
  *
3

5

 6+3
 12 !.!.
2Ls 75x75x10
A
1L

E
7 ton

50

x
50

2Ls 90x90x10
B

28 ton
C

1L 50x50x8

20 ton

D
8 ton

) *$ 7     A325   *

3


7 
:

Fv = 2,100 ./=!.2

7 
: Fp = 1.2(4,000) = 4,800 ./=!.2

+,$+$ AB: P = 20 '


'(
( 2Ls 75x75x10 
&
  
*
7 
*    A325 
 19 !.!. 1 
P = 2

7 

d 2 Fv = 2

1.92 2.1 = 11.91 ton Control

P = d 2t Fp = 1.9 2(1.0) 4.8 = 18.24 ton

7

  (  = 20/11.91 = 1.68 
 2 '

+,$+$ BC: P = 28 '
 '(
( 2Ls 90x90x10   
*

7 
*

P = 2

7 

P = d 2t Fp = 1.9 2(1.0) 4.8 = 18.24 ton

d 2 Fv = 2

1.92 2.1 = 11.91 ton Control

7

  (  = 28/11.91 = 2.53 
 3 '


+,$+$ BD: P = 8 '



'(
( 1Ls 50x50x8   


7 
*

P=

7 

P = d t Fp = 1.9 0.8 4.8 = 7.30 ton

d 2 Fv =

1.92 2.1 = 5.95 ton

Control

7

  (  = 8/5.95 = 1.35 
 2 '

+,$+$ BE: P = 7 '


'(
( 1Ls 50x50x8   


7 
*

P=

7 

P = d t Fp = 1.9 0.8 4.8 = 7.30 ton

d 2 Fv =

1.92 2.1 = 5.95 ton

7

  (  = 7/5.95 = 1.18 
 2 '


Control

Detail Drawing
A

2Ls 75x75x10

2Ls 90x90x10

Gusset plate 20 mm

1L 50x50x8

1L

50
x

50

x8

Bolt A32519 mm

D
More ckeck for:
- Effective area of tension members (0.5Fu Ae)
- Block shear failure of tension members

Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 11

Bolted Connections

Riveted Connections

Types of Joints

Failure of Joints

Bearing & Friction connections

Truss Joints

Shear and Tension on Bolt
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Riveted Connections
rivet = round ductile steel bar (shank) with a head at one end

d
Snap

Pan

Flat
countersunk

d = Shank diameter
= Nominal diameter
Round
countersunk

Riveting Procedure

Rivets are heated before driving

hot rivet = hole

Head is formed by
- Hand hammer
- Hydraulic pressure
- Pneumatic pressure

On cooling, the rivet shrinks both length

and diameter
Connected parts become tighter:
- Tension in rivet
- Compression in plates

Friction between plates called

clamping action

Forms of riveted joints

Lap Joint

P
P

Rivet in single shear

fv = P / A

P
Eccentricity in lap joint

P
P
e
P
P
Double riveted lap joint

Undesired bending causes tension in rivets

Butt Joint

P/2
P
P/2

P/2
Rivet in double shear

fv = P/2A
Butt joint v.s. Lap joint:

- 

    
  
-  
 !"#!!
$
-  %"!&
!'(
 !

P/2

Bolted Connections


  
P/2
W section

P/2
(a)



(c)




(b)

  

(d)



(e)

  !

(f)



Failure of Joints
Case 1: Shear failure of rivets
P/2

Single shear in lap joint

P
P/2

Double-shear in butt joint

Shear stress in rivet exceed the limit

Case 2: Shear failure of plates

Insufficient edge distance

Shearing out

Case 3: Tension or Tearing failure of plates

Tensile stress at net cross section exceeds tensile strength

Case 4: Bearing failure of plate

Plate may be crushed when bearing stress in plate exceeds the limit

Bolted Connections

P/2
P
P/2

Friction from clamping pressure

using high strength bolt
Beam splice moment connection

Bearing-type Connections
d
2

Shearing Strength: ( / 4) d Fv

 
Ft (../.2)


 
A307
A325 ( "#$%

!)

A325 ( &"#$%
A490 ( "#$%

!)

!)

A490 ( &"#$%

!)

 ! 

Fv (../.2)
Friction-type Bearing-type

1,400

700

3,100

1,200

1,480

3,100

1,200

2,100

3,800

1,480

1,970

3,800

1,480

2,800

Threads Excluded from Shear Plane or not ?

Diameter = d
Shear
planes
Bearing
stress

P
2P
P

Bearing Strength

Bearing area = d x t
t

Excessive bearing results in shear tear-out failure mode.

Failure surface

Allowable bearing strength Ra :

Ra = bearing area Fp = d t Fp
Failure surface

For standard or short-slotted holes Fp = 1.2 Fu

Le
Ra/2

Fp =

Ra
Ra/2

Le Fu
1.2Fu
2d

for Le < 1.5d

Ra = 0.5 Le t Fu 1.2 d t Fu
Or

Ra = 0.6 Lc t Fu 1.2 d t Fu

For long-slotted holes perpendicular to the load Fp = 1.0 Fu

Spacing and Edge-Distances Requirements

Marking for Bolt
P

A307

Pitch: center-to-center of bolts parallel to axis of member

Gage: center-to-center of bolts lines perpendicular to axis of member
Edge distance: shortest distance from center of bolt to edge

A325

min Le = 1.5-2 diameter

Distance between bolts: shortest distance between bolts
min distance = 3 diameter

A490

Spacing and Edge-Distances Requirements

Lc2

Lc1

Lc = clear distance, in the direction

parallel to the applied load.
Le = edge-distance to center of the hole

s = center-to-center spacing of holes

Le

h = d + 2 mm = hole diameter

For edge bolts(2), use Lc = Le h/2

For other bolts(1), use Lc = s h

s 2 23 d

(preferably 3d )

Le value from AISC Table J3.4

(1.5d - 2d )

  11-1

 

  P 
 !"
#
A36, 
"
( A325  22 .., "
,-, "
(,
"./, ,,( 1.5d, 
,,,,(
"
(( 3d
 1 :

22 mm. bolts
P
1.0 cm

P
1.0 cm

30 cm

Ag = 1.0 (30) = 30

3.2

An = 30 2 (2.5) (1.0) = 25 3.2 = Ae

P = 0.60 (2.5) (30.0) = 45 

P = 0.50 (4.0) (25.0) = 50 


"
(4"./
," (:
"./:

P = 0.25 (2.2) 2 (2.1) (4) = 31.93 

:

P = (1.0) (2.2) (1.2) (4.0) (4) = 42.24 

 !!" P

= 31.93

 

  11-2
,5

"
( A325  19 .. "
,-31"
(
,"./
( (
  ? 5"
# A36 
,
,,
,,,,(
"
(" 89  
1.0 cm
P/2 = 40 ton
P/2 = 40 ton

19 mm. bolts (A = 2.84 cm2)

2.0 cm
P = 80 ton

1.0 cm

 
"
(4"./
,::

"./
"
(1( = 2(2.84)(2.1) = 11.93 

( !/0)



"
(1 ( = (2.0)(1.9)(1.2)(4.0) = 18.24 

(
"
(  = 80/11.93 = 7+

 8 $" 9  ('()* !+ ,
)

  11-3  1: ,!"

# "./ V ,  80 

,, 
"
( A325  22 .. (A=3.8 3.2) " 8

  ,,
,,,
"
(D" 89  
,
"
(,"./ 5"
# A36 
, E

PL2x40

48.8 cm

W500x128
Ix = 71000
tf = 1.8



2 cm

45.2 cm

PL2x40

I = 71,000 + 2(240)(25.4)2
= 174,226 3.4
q = VQ/I
= (80)(240)(25.4)/174,226

2 cm

= 0.93 /3.

"./  

"
(( = (2)(3.8)(2.100) = 15.96 

( !/0)

  

"
(( = (2)(2.2)(1.8)(1.2)(4.0) = 38.02 
s = 15.96/0.93 = 17 3.

( 15 20. c-c)

05 AISC  smax 

"
(:G: ,":
478 / Fy

/ 24 ":(

/ 30 3. H5: (

0/,' S 0$:
24 ":( = 24(1.8) = 43.2 3. > 15 3.
478 t f
Fy

OK

478(1.8)
= 17.2 3. > 15 3.
2,500

OK

Smax = 30 3. > 15 3.

OK

Slip-critical(Friction-type) Connections

5".,
"
( 
:/ A325 
, A490
P
N

P
P

F
P

1 
"
(  ()
',
 (0.0.)

A325

A490

19
22
25
32

12.7
17.7
23.2
32.3

15.9
22.3
29.1
46.4

AISC360-05 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings

5"
,
d + 2 mm

d + 2 ..
"
,- ("!IG
)
d + 8 ..
"
,J"IK ("!IG
)
D (( ()
(d + 2 ..) (d + 10 ..)
(d + 2 ..) 2.5 d
( (( ()
d + 10 mm

(a) Standard
d + 2 mm
2.5 d

d + 8 mm
(c) Short slot

d + 2 mm

(b) Oversized

(d) Long slot

+/,
 @A
- :G:
, 
H9 "/DIG
- /D 
9" 
,5 Gusset plate 5(

Gusset plate

Truss Joint
Double member with a single connector piece, called a gusset plate.

Members must have sufficient "bite" into the plate for bolts or weld contact.
Converging centerlines enable equilibrium without member moments.

'
$   B 
#) 
*+ #'(   A325
!

 19 !.!. *3!4
  *
3

5

 6+3
 12 !.!.
2Ls 75x75x10
A
1L

E
7 ton

50

x
50

2Ls 90x90x10
B

28 ton
C

1L 50x50x8

20 ton

D
8 ton

) *$ 7     A325   *

3


7 
:

Fv = 2,100 ./=!.2

7 
: Fp = 1.2(4,000) = 4,800 ./=!.2

+,$+$ AB: P = 20 '


'(
( 2Ls 75x75x10 
&
  
*
7 
*    A325 
 19 !.!. 1 
P = 2

7 

d 2 Fv = 2

1.92 2.1 = 11.91 ton Control

P = d 2t Fp = 1.9 2(1.0) 4.8 = 18.24 ton

7

  (  = 20/11.91 = 1.68 
 2 '

+,$+$ BC: P = 28 '
 '(
( 2Ls 90x90x10   
*

7 
*

P = 2

7 

P = d 2t Fp = 1.9 2(1.0) 4.8 = 18.24 ton

d 2 Fv = 2

1.92 2.1 = 11.91 ton Control

7

  (  = 28/11.91 = 2.53 
 3 '


+,$+$ BD: P = 8 '



'(
( 1Ls 50x50x8   


7 
*

P=

7 

P = d t Fp = 1.9 0.8 4.8 = 7.30 ton

d 2 Fv =

1.92 2.1 = 5.95 ton

Control

7

  (  = 8/5.95 = 1.35 
 2 '

+,$+$ BE: P = 7 '


'(
( 1Ls 50x50x8   


7 
*

P=

7 

P = d t Fp = 1.9 0.8 4.8 = 7.30 ton

d 2 Fv =

1.92 2.1 = 5.95 ton

Control

7

  (  = 7/5.95 = 1.18 
 2 '


Detail Drawing
A

2Ls 75x75x10

2Ls 90x90x10

1L 50x50x8

1L

50
x

50

x8

Bolt A32519 mm
Gusset plate 20 mm

D
More ckeck for:
- Effective area of tension members (0.5Fu Ae)
- Block shear failure of tension members