BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG

Article 1 Lung Cancer Research Paper

Lung cancer, what is it? How is it diagnosed? When someone brings up a subject like lung cancer, many people dont have a lot of information. There may be a lot of questions running through their heads. This paper is designed to get all of the questions answered and show people a path to prevention. It includes information on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. This information can make it easier to understand what people with lung cancer are going through and for you what to watch for.

If a person is diagnosed with lung cancer they may have one of the two main types; Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Small Cell Lung Cancer. The most common type is Non-Small; it makes up about 80 percent of all cases. This type of lung cancer grows and spreads the slowest of the two. It is divided into three subcategories; squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell

carcinomas. Small Cell Lung Cancer makes up about 20 percent of all cancer cases. These produce rapidly to form large tumors. They usually spread to more internal organs than just your lungs. Mainly, they are caused my smoking and second-hand smoke.

Who is at risk? The majority of people that are diagnosed with Lung Cancer are in a few elite groups. One of the groups is made up of people who smoke constantly, or are around second-hand smoke. Another is the age group of about 5060 year-olds, with a background of smoking. Males have a one-third higher change of getting lung cancer than women do. Race matters too. African-Americans seem to have a higher chance of developing it than Caucasians. Overall, Americans have a seven percent chance of getting lung cancer in their lifetime.

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 1

BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG

Cancer, in general, is a treatable disease, but as far as our technology goes, it is not always fully curable. It is often not diagnosed until it is too far along in its stages. Surveys show there is an 11-14 percent survival rate after treatment. The death rate for men is about 10 percent higher than women. For those who dont have lung cancer it is important to take the precautions to reduce your risk of getting it. The best prevention is to not smoke or be around people that do. Smoking may be responsible for more than 80 percent of cases. A life time smoker has a 20-30 times greater risk of developing the disease. The good news is that even if you have smoked for a long time, quitting has almost immediate results.

Regular exercise is another way to prevent this type of cancer. During exercise, a constant flow of fresh air is getting into your lungs and pumping clean blood through. A low fat and high fiber diet also helps; especially eating green vegetables.

Symptoms may appear at any time. It is important to check with a doctor, if any of the following symptoms occur: this could save your like in the future. A cough that doesnt go away and gets worse over time, Constant chest pain and coughing up blood, Shortness of breath, wheezing, or hoarseness, Repeated problems with pneumonia or bronchitis, and Swelling of the neck and face.

Lung cancer should be suspected in any smoker with new or old respiratory symptoms. If a person is diagnosed with cancer, the doctor will want to learn the extent of the disease. He or she will try to find the stage of the disease and find out if the cancer has spread. If the cancer has spread it usually goes to the brain or the bones. Once the doctor has the test results, he or she can plan treatment. Almost all patients with lung cancer want all of the details and information on what will be going on.

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 2

BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG

Treatment for lung cancer depends on the type of lung cancer, the size, the location, the extent of the tumor, and the health of the patient. The main treatment for almost all cancers is chemotherapy, which is the use of anticancer drugs to kill the cancer throughout the body. Surgery may be used to remove the tumors, if they are easy to get to and remove without hurting the patient. Also, radiation therapy can be used. It is the use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.

The effects of treating cancer come in all forms. Most of the side effects to the treatment are only temporary, but they depend on what type of treatment is given, plus they vary with every person. After chemotherapy the effects include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, mouth sores, and extreme weariness. A side effect of surgery is air and fluid going into the chest, which causes great pains. Side effects for Radiotherapy are sore and dry throat, difficulty swallowing, fatigue, skin changes, loss of appetite, and problems with memory and thought processes. Photodynamic Therapy makes patients very sensitive to light for six weeks or more after treatment. If they are out in the direct sunlight their skin will get red, blistered, and swollen.

Follow-up care after treatment for lung cancer is very important. Regular checkups make sure that when life gets back to normal, and if the cancer returns or a new cancer develops, it should be treated as soon as possible. When patients go in for a check-up they have physical exams, chest x-rays, or lab tests. If any symptoms appear again notify the doctor right away. Home nurses are also available. They can teach post-treated patients how to breath the correct way, which reduces anxiety, so that they can get back on their feet and get on the road to being themselves again.

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 3

BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG

Article 2 The Meaning of Health

The definitions that people have attributed to health have changed over time and today there are many ways of viewing health, which makes measurement difficult. Health in Western Societies tends to be defined as simply the absence of illness and disease because of the dominance of medicine in these societies (Naidoo & Wills, 2001). However, this definition has been criticised as being incomplete by many health professionals. The World Health Organisation (WHO) agree that health no longer refers to the mere absence of disease and illness, but it is a dynamic lifelong process in which the physical, mental, social, environmental and spiritual dimensions are considered essential (Donatelle & Davis, 1994). Rene Dubos added to this WHO definition of health by stating Health is a quality of life, involving social, emotional, mental, spiritual and biological fitness on the part of the individual, which results from adaptation to the environment (Donatelle & Davis, 1994).

To be perfectly and positively healthy, according to each of the dimensions in the WHO and in Dubos definitions of health, we would need to be healthy physically. This includes such characteristics as body size and shape, susceptibility to disease, ability to perform certain tasks, body functioning and sensory acuity (Donatelle & Davis, 1994). We also would need to be socially healthy, which refers to our ability to adapt to various social situations and our ability to have satisfying interpersonal relationships. Mentally we would need to be healthy, which would include the ability to learn and perform intellectual abilities. We would need to be emotionally healthy, which refers to our ability to control emotions so that we feel comfortable expressing them when appropriate as well as expressing them appropriately (Donatelle & Davis, 1994).

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 4

BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG

Environmentally we would also need to be healthy. We would need to appreciate our external environment and play a role in preserving, protecting and improving environmental conditions (Donatelle & Davis, 1994). Finally, we would need to be spiritually healthy. This refers to a belief in a higher form of living or a specified way of living because of a particular religion (Donatelle & Davis, 1994). Spirituality is a sense of unity, meaning and value with nature, others and the environment, which encourages us to care and respect other things (Donatelle & Davis.

The closer we become to achieving the ideal level of functioning and balance between each of these above dimensions, the closer we are to achieving a high level of health (Donatelle & Davis, 1994). Basically, the closer people get to their potential in Dubos five dimensions of health, the more healthy they will be (Dubos, 1980). People with an illness or disability are usually seriously deficient in one or more of the health dimensions. Dubos emphasised however, that we cannot become balanced at an equal level in all these dimensions. He believes that people in the real world face the physical, biological and social forces of their environment, which are forever changing, usually in an unpredictable manner, and frequently for dangerous consequences for themselves as people and for the human species in general (Dubos, 1980). Therefore, the concept of perfect and positive health is not realistic or achievable because of peoples continuously changing environments.

In conclusion, the concept of health has been given a considerable amount of research, which has caused its definition to change dramatically over the years. The multidimensional definitions of health by the WHO and Dubos has altered the concept that some people hold of perfect and positive health. This concept of perfect and positive health cannot become reality because people will never be so adapted to their environment that their lives will not involve struggles, failures and sufferings (Dubos, 1980). Man and his species are in perpetual struggle with microbes, with incompatible mothers-in-law, with drunken car drivers and with cosmic rays from Outer Space The positiveness of health does not lie in the state, but in the

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 5

BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG struggle the effort to reach a goal which in its perfection is unattainable (Dubos 1980, p.349). However, this utopia of positive health, like other ideals, allows people

to set goals and helps medical science to chart its course toward these goals (Dubos, 1980). Health these days is no longer seen as a state, that can be modified to perfection, but as a process towards the achievement of each persons potential (Naidoo & Wills, 2001).

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 6

BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG

Identify and analyse at least THREE grammatical items in article 1 and article 2.

From Article 1
1. Noun : Elite (Paragraph 3, line 2, Article 1) Identification : Noun is a word which can be the subject or object of a verb or. the object of a preposition

2. Verb : Appear (Paragraph 6, line 2, Article 1)

Identification

: Verbs are words that express actions. They are used to say what people and things do.

3. Present Continuous Tense : Is getting (Paragraph 7, line 1, Article 1)

Identification

: Present Continuous Tense is formed with the present tense of the verb be and the ing form of the verb.

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 7

BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG

From Article 2 4.Present Perfect Tense : Have changed (Paragraph 1, line 1, Article 2) Identification : Present Perfect Tense is formed with has/ have and past participle form of the verb.

5. Adjective : Appropriate (Paragraph 2, line 10, Article 2)

Identification : An adjective is a word which qualifies or tells us more about nouns. It is usually placed before the noun it qualifies.

6.Verbs : Care (Paragraph 3, line 7, Article 2) Identification : Verbs are words that express actions. They are used to say what people and things do.

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 8

BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG

Identify a total of FIVE difficult words from articles 1 and article 2. From Article 1

1. Curable (Paragraph 4, line 2, Article 1) Meaning: Capable of being cured.

2. Fatigue (Paragraph 10, line 6, Article 1) Meaning: Weariness from bodily or mental exertion. Example of sentence: We were overcome by fatigue after the long journey.

From Article 2

3. Adaptation (Paragraph 1, line 12, Article 2) Meaning: The state of being adapted; adjustment. Example of sentence: His stage adaptation of the novel was a success.

4. Intellectual (Paragraph 2, line 8, Article 2) Meaning: Appealing to or engaging the intellect. Example of sentence: He thinks that he's an intellectual, but he doesn't know what he's talking about.

5. Perpetual (Paragraph 5, line 7, Article 1) Meaning: Continuing or enduring forever; everlasting. Example of sentence: He seems to have a perpetual grin on his face.

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 9

BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG

Article 1

Follow-up care after treatment for cancer is very important

Dont smoke or be around the people who smoke

Lung Cancer Research Paper

Regular exercise

Recognizing these symptoms early before cancer getting serious

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 10

BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG

Supporting Ideas from the text:

Regular exercise

Regular exercise is another way to prevent this type of cancer. During exercise, a constant flow of fresh air is getting into your lungs and pumping clean blood through. A low fat and high fiber diet also helps; especially eating green vegetables.

Dont smoke or be around the people who smoke

The best prevention is to not smoke or be around people that do. Smoking may be responsible for more than 80 percent of cases. A life time smoker has a 20-30 times greater risk of developing the disease. The good news is that even if you have smoked for a long time, quitting has almost immediate results.

Recognizing these symptoms early before cancer getting serious

Symptoms may appear at any time. It is important to check with a doctor, if any of the following symptoms occur: this could save your like in the future Follow-up care after treatment for lung cancer is very important. Regular checkups make sure that when life gets back to normal, and if the cancer returns or a new cancer develops, it should be treated as soon as possible. When patients go in for a check-up they have physical exams, chest xrays, or lab tests. If any symptoms appear again notify the doctor right away.

Follow-up care after treatment for cancer is very important

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 11

BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG

Article 2

Emotionally Healthy

Socially Healthy

How To Maintain A Positively Healthy

Physically Healthy

Environmentally Healthy

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 12

BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG

Supporting Ideas from the text:

Emotionally Healthy

We would need to be emotionally healthy, which refers to our ability to control emotions so that we feel comfortable expressing them when appropriate as well as expressing them appropriately (Donatelle & Davis, 1994).

Physically Healthy

includes such characteristics as body size and shape, susceptibility to disease, ability to perform certain tasks, body functioning and sensory acuity (Donatelle & Davis, 1994). We also would need to be socially healthy, which refers to our ability to adapt to various social situations and our ability to have satisfying interpersonal relationships.

We would need to appreciate our external environment and play a role in preserving, protecting and improving environmental conditions (Donatelle & Davis, 1994). Finally, we would need to be spiritually healthy. This refers to a belief in a higher form of Environmentally living or a specified way of living because of a particular religion Healthy (Donatelle & Davis, 1994).

Socially Healthy

To our ability to adapt to various social situations and our ability to have satisfying interpersonal relationships. Mentally we would need to be healthy, which would include the ability to learn and perform intellectual abilities.

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 13

BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG

Summary Of Article 1

Nowadays, cancer is the leading cause of deaths all over the world.But now medical science had proved that cancer is preventable. The first step in cancer prevention is learning what causes cancer and what the risk factors are. According to the National Cancer Council; smoking is responsible for 87% of cases of lung cancer. However, smoking not only affects the lungs but also other organs such as the kidney, pancreas, cervix and stomach. Therefore, quitting smoking immediately decreases your factor for cancer. Physical activity is important to prevent cancer. Exercising at least 30 minutes a day, five days a week greatly reduces your cancer risk. It also reduces the chances of you becoming obese, which is actually a major cause for many cancers. Genetics can play a big role in cancer development. A person with a family history of cancer such as breast cancer must take extra precautions. When cancer is genetic, a mutated gene has been passed down. However, it does not mean you will develop it but only have a greater chance of developing it. The environment you are in can cause cancer. Exposure to asbestos for example, is bad for you. Studies have shown that people who are exposed to high amount of benzene, a chemical found in smoking and polluted air, are also at risk for cancer. In Malaysia, the most common cancer in females is breast cancer followed by cervical cancer. As for Malaysian men, the most common cancer is lung cancer followed by nasopharyngeal or nose cancer. Colorectal or colon cancer is increasing in incidence for both sexes. To raise cancer awareness, the National Cancer Council or MAKNA often organizes talks, exhibitions, screening, roadshows and breast selfexamination demonstrations at well-known shopping complexes.

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 14

BI 2311 D EGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY EDWARD BONG JIN LIANG

Summary Of Article 2 A healthy lifestyle means maintaining a balanced and nutritious diet as well as engaging in sports or other fitness related activities. A healthy diet alone however is inadequate to ensure a healthy body as physical activity helps to keep one in shape and free of sickness and disease. According to the World Health Organization, only one in ten people exercise regularly and a majority do not follow a healthy diet. The main culprit is our penchant for junk food as can be seen from the popularity of fast food chains and other western eateries. even local foods such as fried noodles, friend rice and snacks and savories are laden with fat and calories. Thus, consuming this type of food on a daily basis can contribute to weight gain. Overweight and obese people suffer from many health complications such as diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and even cancer. Hence, the emphasis on healthy lifestyle should start at a young age. Parents must urge their children to eat more vegetables, fruits, juices, wholemeal and wholegrain foods. Many parents, due to time constraint, usually find the easy way out by cooking two-minute noodles or heading towards the nearest fast food joint for quick meal.. Many parents and adults do not allocate time for physical activity. A large number of them work long hours and return home late thereby depriving themselves of the benefits of exercise. Parents must lead an exemplary life which can benefit their children by increasing awareness on the health benefits of exercising regularly. Bringing their children for walks in the morning or evening is a good start to achieve this goal.. In conclusion, leading a healthy lifestyle is a conscious decision. One can ignore that and lead a life that exposes one to many healthy hazards. it is important to recognize that a healthy living ensures a longer life span as well as a life free of disease and complications.

INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU ,KAMPUS GAYA .KOTA KINABALU

Page 15