Pictogram From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Question book-new.

svg This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2006) Six glyphs.svg Writing systems History Grapheme List of writing systems Types Featural alphabet Alphabet Abjad Abugida Syllabary Logography Related topics Pictogram Ideogram A pictograph[1] (also called pictogram or pictogramme) is an ideogram that conveys its meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object. Earliest examples of pictographs include ancient or prehistoric drawings or paintings found on rock walls. Pictographs are also used in writing and graphic systems in which the characters are to considerable extent pictorial in appearance. Pictography is a form of writing which uses representational, pictorial drawings. It is a basis of cuneiform and, to some extent, hieroglyphic writing, which uses drawings also as phonetic letters or determinative rhymes. Contents [hide] * 1 Historical * 2 Modern use * 3 See also * 4 Notes * 5 References * 6 External links [edit] Historical Early written symbols were based on pictographs (pictures which resemble what they signify) and ideograms (symbols which represent ideas). They were used by the ancient Chinese culture since around 5000 BC and began to develop into logographic writing systems around 2000 BC. Pictographs are still in use as the main medium of written communication in some non-literate cultures in Africa, The Americas, and Oceania. Pictographs are often used as simple, pictorial, representational symbols by most contemporary cultures. Native North American pictographs from Agnes Lake, Quetico Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada Pictographs can often transcend languages in that they can communicate to speakers of a number of tongues and language families equally effectively, even if the languages and cultures are completely different. This is why road signs and similar pictographic material are often applied

as global standards expected to be understood by nearly all. Pictographs can also take the form of diagrams to represent statistical data by pictorial forms, and can be varied in color, size, or number to indicate change. Pictographs can be considered an art form, and are designated as such in Pre-Columbian art, Native American art, and Painting in the Americas before Colonization. One example of many is the Rock art of the Chumash people, part of the Native American history of California. [edit] Modern use Pictographs remain in common use today, serving as pictorial, representational signs, instructions, or statistical diagrams. Because of their graphical nature and fairly realistic style, they are widely used to indicate public toilets, or places such as airports and train stations. A standard set of pictographs was defined in the international standard ISO 7001: Public Information Symbols. Another common set of pictographs are the laundry symbols used on clothing tags and chemical hazard labels. Pictographic writing as a modernist poetic technique is credited to Ezra Pound, though French surrealists accurately credit the Pacific Northwest American Indians of Alaska who introduced writing, via totem poles, to North America.[2] Contemporary artist Xu Bing created Book from the Ground, a universal language made up of pictogram collected from around the world. A Book from the Ground chat program has been exhibited in museums and galleries internationally. There is a Book from the Ground Wiki currently in development that needs public participation in development. The wiki will be a continually growing database of pictogram used in the chat program, books, signs etc. Native American Pictographs from the Great Gallery, Horseshoe Canyon, Canyonlands National Park

Sample National Park Service pictographs

Pictograph from 1510 telling a story of coming of missionaries to Hispaniola

Water, rabbit, deer pictographs on a replica of an Aztec Stone of the Sun British Rail passenger safety pictographs at the end of the platform at Meols railway station

A pictograph warning against swimming because of crocodiles at the Australia Zoo.

"No Dogs!" sign in Spain. The dog illustration is a pictograph. The red circle and bar is an ideogram representing the idea of "no" or "not allowed."

The top traffic sign warns people of horses and riders. A Recycling symbol.

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pictograph In graph theory , a pictograph is a graph that shows numerical information by using picture symbols or icon s to represent data sets. The advantage of using a pictograph is that it is easy to read. http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci950356,00.html

Pie chart From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Pie chart of populations of English native speakers A pie chart (or a circle graph) is a circular chart divided into sectors, illustrating proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each sector (and consequently its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents. When angles are measured with 1 turn as unit then a number of percent is identified with the same number of centiturns. Together, the sectors create a full disk. It is named for its resemblance to a pie which has been sliced. The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801.[1][2] The pie chart is perhaps the most ubiquitous statistical chart in the business world and the mass media.[3] However, it has been criticized,[4] and some recommend avoiding it[5][6][7], pointing out in particular that it is difficult to compare different sections of a given pie chart, or to compare data across different pie charts. Pie charts can be an effective way of displaying information in some cases, in particular if the intent is to compare the size of a slice with the whole pie, rather than comparing the slices among them.[1] Pie charts work particularly well when the slices represent 25 to 50% of the data,[8] but in general, other plots such as the bar chart or the dot plot, or non-graphical methods such as tables, may be more adapted for representing certain information.It also shows the frequency within certain groups of information Contents [hide] * 1 Example * 2 Use, effectiveness and visual perception * 3 Variants and similar charts o 3.1 Polar area pie chart o 3.2 Multi-level pie chart o 3.3 Exploded pie chart o 3.4 3-D pie chart o 3.5 Doughnut chart * 4 History * 5 Notes * 6 See also * 7 References [edit] Example A pie chart for the example data. An exploded pie chart for the example data, with the largest party group exploded.

The following example chart is based on preliminary results of the election for the European Parliament in 2004. The table lists the number of seats allocated to each party group, along with the derived percentage of the total that they each make up. The values in the last column, the derived central angle of each sector, is found by multiplying the percentage by 360. Group Seats Percent (%) Central angle () EUL 39 5.3 19.2 PES 200 27.3 98.4 EFA 42 5.7 20.7 EDD 15 2.0 7.4 ELDR 67 9.2 33.0 EPP 276 37.7 135.7 UEN 27 3.7 13.3 Other 66 9.0 32.5 Total 732 99.9* 360.2* *Because of rounding, these totals do not add up to 100 and 360. The size of each central angle is proportional to the size of the corresponding quantity, here the number of seats. Since the sum of the central angles has to be 360, the central angle for a quantity that is a fraction Q of the total is 360Q degrees. In the example, the central angle for the largest group (European People's Party (EPP)) is 135.7 because 0.377 times 360, rounded to one decimal place(s), equals 135.7. [edit] Use, effectiveness and visual perception Three sets of data plotted using pie charts and bar charts. Pie charts are common in business and journalism, perhaps because they are perceived as being less "geeky" than other types of graph. However statisticians generally regard pie charts as a poor method of displaying information, and they are uncommon in scientific literature. One reason is that it is more difficult for comparisons to be made between the size of items in a chart when area is used instead of length and when different items are shown as different shapes. Stevens' power law states that visual area is perceived with a power of 0.7, compared to a power of 1.0 for length. This suggests that length is a better scale to use, since perceived differences would be linearly related to actual differences. Further, in research performed at AT&T Bell Laboratories, it was shown that comparison by angle was less accurate than comparison by length. This can be illustrated with the diagram to the right, showing three pie charts, and, below each of them, the corresponding bar chart representing the same data. Most subjects have difficulty ordering the slices in the pie chart by size; when the bar chart is used the comparison is much easier.[9]. Similarly, comparisons between data sets are easier using the bar chart. However, if the goal is to compare a given category (a slice of the pie) with the total (the whole pie) in a single chart and the multiple is close to 25 or 50 percent, then a pie chart can often be more effective than a bar graph. [edit] Variants and similar charts "Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the East" by Florence Nightingale. [edit] Polar area pie chart Florence Nightingale is credited with developing a form of the pie chart now known as the polar area diagram, though there are earlier uses. Andr-Michel Guerry invented the "rose diagram" form, used in an 1829 paper showing frequency of events for cyclic phenomena.[citation needed] Lon Lalanne later used a polar diagram to show the frequency of wind directions around compass points in 1843. The wind rose is still used by meteorologists. The polar area diagram is similar to a usual pie chart, except that the sectors are equal angles and differ rather in how far each sector extends from the center of the circle, enabling multiple comparisons on one diagram. Nightingale published her rose diagram in 1858. The name "coxcomb" is sometimes used

erroneously. This was the name Nightingale used to refer to a book containing the diagrams rather than the diagrams themselves.[10] It has been suggested[by whom?] that most of Nightingale's early reputation was built on her ability to give clear and concise presentations of data. [edit] Multi-level pie chart Ring chart of Linux file system Multi-level pie chart, also known as a radial tree chart is used to visualize hierarchical data, depicted by concentric circles.[11] The circle in the centre represents the root node, with the hierarchy moving outward from the center. A segment of the inner circle bears a hierarchical relationship to those segments of the outer circle which lie within the angular sweep of the parent segment.[12] [edit] Exploded pie chart A chart with one or more sectors separated from the rest of the disk is known as an exploded pie chart. This effect is used to either highlight a sector, or to highlight smaller segments of the chart with small proportions. [edit] 3-D pie chart A perspective (3D) pie chart is used to give the chart a 3D look. Often used for aesthetic reasons, the third dimension does not improve the reading of the data; on the contrary, these plots are difficult to interpret because of the distorted effect of perspective associated with the third dimension. The use of superfluous dimensions not used to display the data of interest is discouraged for charts in general, not only for pie charts.[7][13] [edit] Doughnut chart A doughnut chart (also spelled donut) is functionally identical to a pie chart, with the exception of a blank center and the ability to support multiple statistics as one. [edit] History The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801, in which two such graphs are used.[1][2] This invention was not widely used at first;[1] the French engineer Charles Joseph Minard was one of the first to use it in 1858, in particular in maps where he needs to add information in a third dimension.[14] One of William Playfair's pie charts in his Statistical Breviary, depicting the proportions of the Turkish Empire located in Asia, Europe and Africa before 1789.

Minard's map using pie charts to represent the cattle sent from all around France for consumption in Paris (1858). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_chart