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LALITHASRIs ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRY - CONCEPT STRENGTHENING MATERIAL

Elementary Trigonometry
CONCEPT STRENGTHENING MATERIAL
1 Definitions.
(1) Angle : The motion of any revolving line in a plane from its initial position
3.
Terminal side

(initial side) to the final position (terminal side) is called angle. The end point O about which the line rotates is called the vertex of the angle. (2) Measure of an angle : The measure of an angle is the amount of
1. 4.

IN ITI

2.

rotation from the initial side to the terminal side. (3) Sense of an angle : The sense of an angle is
7. 8. 5.
Positive angle 9.

determined by the direction of rotation of the initial side into the terminal side. The sense of an angle is said to be positive or negative according as the initial side rotates in anticlockwise or clockwise direction to get the terminal side.

11.

10.

6.

Negative angle 12.

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(4)

Right angle : If the revolving ray starting from its initial position to final position describes one

quarter of a circle. Then we say that the measure of the angle formed is a right angle. (5) Quadrants: Let X ' OX and YOY ' be two lines at right angles in the
II quadrant

Y
I quadrant

plane of the paper. These lines divide the plane of paper into four equal parts. Which are known as quadrants. The lines X ' OX and YOY ' are known as x-axis and y-axis. These two lines taken together are known as the co-ordinate axes. (6)
X

O
IV quadrant

III quadrant

Angle in standard position : An angle is said to be in standard position if its vertex conicides

with the origin O and the initial side coincides with OX i.e., the positive direction of x-axis. (7) Angle in a quadrant : An angle is said to be in a particular quadrant if the terminal side of the

angle in standard position lies in that quadrant. (8) Quadrant angle: An angle is said to be a quadrant angle if the terminal side coincides with one of

the axes.

2 System of Measurement of Angles

There are three system for measuring angles (1) Sexagesimal or English system : Here a right angle is divided into 90 equal parts known as degrees. Each degree is divided into 60 equal parts called minutes and each minute is further divided into 60 equal parts called seconds. Therefore, 1 right angle = 90 degree (= 90 o )
1o = 60 minutes (= 60 ' )
1' = 60 second (= 60 ' ' )

(2)

Centesimal or French system : It is also known as French system, here a right angle is divided into 100 equal parts called grades and each grade is divided into 100 equal parts, called minutes and each minute is further divided into 100 seconds. Therefore, 1 right angle = 100 grades (= 100 g ) 1 grade = 100 minutes (= 100 ' ) 1 minute = 100 seconds (= 100 ' ' )

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LALITHASRIs - ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRY - CONCEPT STRENGTHENING MATERIAL

(3)

Circular system : In this system the unit of measurement is radian. One radian, written

as 1 c , is the measure of an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle. Consider a circle of radius r having centre at O. Let A be a point on the circle. Now cut off an arc AP whose length is equal to the radius r of the circle. Then by the definition the measure of AOP is 1 radian (= 1c ) .
13.
P A

3 Relation between Three Systems of Measurement of an Angle.

Let D be the number of degrees, R be the number of radians and G be the number of grades in an angle q. Now,
90 o = 1 right angle

1o =

1 right angle 90 D right angles 90 2 right angles p 2R right angles p

Do =

D right angles 90

q =

..(i)

Again,

p radians = 2 right angles

2R right angles p

1 radian =

R radians =

q =

..(ii)

and

100 grades = 1 right angle

1 grade =

1 right angle 100

G grades =

G right angles 100

q =

G right angles 100

..(iii)

From (i), (ii) and (iii) we get,

D G 2R = = 90 100

This is the required relation between the three systems of measurement of an angle.

Note

: q One radian =

180 o p radians = 180 o 1 radian = 57o 1 7 44 .8 57 o1 7 4 5 . p

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4 Relation between an Arc and an Angle.

If s is the length of an arc of a circle of radius r, then the angle q (in radians) subtended by this arc at the centre of the circle is given by q =
s or s = r i.e., arc = radius angle in radians r
B

15. A 14. r

Sectorial area : Let OAB be a sector having central angle q C and radius r. Then area of the sector

OAB is given by

1 2 r . 2

Important Tips
F The angle between two consecutive digits in a clock is 30 (= p/6 radians). The hour hand rotates through an angle of 30
o o

in one hour. F The minute hand rotate through an angle of 6 in one minute.
o

5 Trigonometrical Ratios or Functions.

In the right angled triangle OMP, we have base = OM = x, perpendicular =PM = y and hypotenues = OP =r. We define the following trigonometric ratio which are also known as trigonometric function.
q r Y A P (x, y ) y

Perpendicu lar y Base x sin q = = cos q = = Hypotenues r Hypotenues r

tan q =

Perpendicu lar y = Base x Hypotenues r = Base x

cot q =

Base x = , Perpendicu lar y Hypotenues r = Perpendicu lar y

sec q =

cosec q =

(1) Relation between trigonometric ratio (function) (i) sin q .co sec q = 1 (iii) cos q . sec q = 1 (ii) tan q . cot q = 1 (iv) tan q =
sin q cos q

(v) cot q =

cos q sin q

(2) Fundamental trigonometric identities (i) sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1 (ii) 1 + tan 2 q = sec 2 q (iii) 1 + cot 2 q = cosec 2q

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Important Tips
F If x = sec q + tan q , then
1 = sec q - tan q . x 1 = cosec q - cot q . x

If x = coesc q + cot q , then

(3) Sign of trigonometrical ratios or functions : Their signs depends on the quadrant in which the terminal side of the angle lies. (i) In first quadrant : x > 0, y > 0 sin q =
y x y r > 0, cos q = > 0, tan q = > 0, cosec q = > 0 , r r x y

sec q =

r x > 0 and cot q = > 0 . Thus, in the first quadrant all trigonometric functions are positive. x y
y x y r > 0, cos q = < 0, tan q = < 0, cosec q = > 0, r r x y

(ii) In second quadrant : x < 0, y > 0 sin q =

sec q =

r x < 0 and cot q = < 0 . Thus, in the second quadrant sin and cosec function are positive and x y

all others are negative. (iii) In third quadrant : x < 0, y < 0 sin q =
y x y r < 0, cos q = < 0, tan q = > 0, cosec q = < 0 , r r x y

sec q =

r x < 0 and cot q = > 0 . Thus, in the third quadrant all trigonometric functions are negative x y

except tangent and cotangent. (iv) In fourth quadrant :

x > 0, y < 0 sin q = y < 0, r

II quadrant S x < 0, y > 0 sin and O cosec III quadrant T x < 0, y < 0 tan and

I quadrant A x > 0, y > 0 All IV quadrant C x > 0, y < 0 co s an are

cos q =

x y r r > 0, tan q = < 0, cosec q = < 0 , sec q = > 0 r x y x

x < 0 Thus, in the fourth quadrant all trigonometric y

and cot q =

functions are negative except cos and sec.

In brief : A crude aid to memorise the signs of trigonometrical ratio in different quadrant. "Add Sugar To Coffee".

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Important Tips
F F F First determine the sign of the trigonometric function. If q is measured from X OX i.e., {(p q, 2p q)} then retain the original name of the function.
3p p If q is measured from Y OY i.e., q , q , then change sine to cosine, cosine to sine, tangent to cotangent, cot to 2 2

tan, sec to cosec and cosec to sec.

(4) Variations in values of trigonometric functions in different

Y

quadrants : Let X ' OX and YOY ' be the coordinate axes. Draw a circle with centre at origin O and radius unity. Let M (x , y ) be a point on the circle such that AOM = q then x = cos q and y = sin q ; - 1 cos q 1 and - 1 sin q 1 for all values of q . II-Quadrant (S)
sin q decreases from 1 to 0 cos q decreases from 0 to 1 tan q increases from to 0 cot q decreases from 0 to sec q increases from to 1 cosec q increases from 1 to
I-Quadrant (A)

M (x, y ) Xy 17.

16.

1.2

18. x N

1.1

19.

B(0,
Y

sin q increases from 0 to 1 cos q decreases from 1 to 0 tan q increases from 0 to cot q decreases from to 0 sec q increases from 1 to cosec q decreases from to 1

III-Quadrant (T)
decreases from 0 to 1

IV-Quadrant (C)
sin q increases from 1 to 0 cos q increases from 0 to 1 tan q increases from to 0 cot q decreases from 0 to

q increases from 1 to 0 q increases from 0 to q decreases from to 0

q decreases from 1 to
cosec q increases from to 1

sec q decreases from to 1 cosec q decreases from 1 to

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Note : q +

LALITHASRIs - ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRY - CONCEPT STRENGTHENING MATERIAL

and are two symbols. These are not real number. When we say that tanq

increases from 0 to for as q varies from 0 to

p p it means that tan q increases in the interval 0, 2 2 p . Similarly for other trigonometric functions. 2

and it attains large positive values as q tends to

6 Trigonometrical Ratios of Allied Angles.

Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or difference is either zero or a multiple of 90 o . (1) Trigonometric ratios of (q): Let a revolving ray starting from its initial position OX , trace out an angle XOA = q . Let P(x, y) be a
r Y A P (x, y ) q O r
q M

point on OA such that OP = r. Draw PM ^ from P on x-axis. Angle

XOA ' = -q in the clockwise sense. Let P ' be a point on OA ' such

P (x, y)
A

that OP ' = OP . Clearly M and M coincide and DOMP is congruent to DOMP ' then P ' are (x, y).
sin(-q ) = -y -y x = - sin q ; cos(-q ) = = cos q ; r r r tan( -q ) = -y = - tan q x

Taking the reciprocal of these trigonometric ratios;

cosec (- q ) = - cosec q , sec( - q ) = sec q

and cot( - q ) = - cot q

Note :

q A function f (x ) is said to be an even function if f (- x ) = f (x ) for all x in its domain q A function f (x ) is said to be an odd function if f (- x ) = - f (x ) for all x in its domain. q sin q , tan q , cot q , cosec q are odd functions and cos q , sec q are even functions.

(2) Trigonometric function of (90 q ) : Let the revolving line, starting from OA, trace out any acute angle AOP, equal to q. From any point P, draw PM ^ to OA. Three angles of a triangle are together equal to two right angles, and since OMP is a right angle, the sum of the two angles MOP and OPM is right angle. OPM = 90 o - q [When the angle OPM is consider, the line PM is the base and MO is the perpendicular]

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P

MO sin(90 o - q ) = sin MPO = = cos AOP = cos q PO cos(90 o - q ) = cos MPO = PM = sin AOP = sin q PO

,
90oq 90o

MO tan( 90 o - q ) = tan MPO = = cot AOP = cot q , PM cot(90 o - q ) = cot MPO = PM = tan AOP = tan q MO PO = sec AOP = sec q MO

cosec (90 o - q ) = cosec MPO =

sec(90 o - q ) = sec MPO =

PO = cosec AOP = cosec q PM

(3) Trigonometric function of (90+q ) : Let a revolving ray OA starting from its initial poisiton OX, trace out an angle
XOA = q and let another revolving ray O A starting from
Y
A

A P (x, y ) q M Y X

(y, x) P
X

q O

the same initial position OX, first trace out an angle q. So as to coincide with OA and then it revolves through an angle of
90 o

in

anticlockwise

direction

to

form

an

angle

XOA ' = 90 o + q .

Let P and P ' be points on OA and OA ' respectively such that OP = OP ' = r . Draw perpendicular PM and PM ' from P and P ' respectively on OX . Let the coordinates of P be (x, y). Then OM = x and PM = y clearly, OM ' = PM = y and P ' M ' = OM = x . So the coordinates of P ' are y, x
sin(90 + q ) = M ' P' x = = cos q , OP ' r
M ' P' x -x = = = - cot q OM ' - y y

cos(90 + q ) =

OM ' - y = = - sin q OP ' r

tan( 90 + q ) =

cot(90 + q ) = - tan q

sec(90 + q ) = -cosec q

cosec(90 + q ) = sec q

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LALITHASRIs - ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRY - CONCEPT STRENGTHENING MATERIAL

Allied angles Trigo. Ratio

( - )

(90 q) or

( 90 + )

(180 - )

(180 + ) (270 - )

(270 + )

( 360 - )

or or
- 2
( - )

or
( + )

or
3 - 2

or
3 + 2

or
(2 - )

+ 2

sinq cosq

sinq cosq

cosq sinq

cos q

sinq cosq

sinq cosq

cosq sinq

cos q sinq

sinq cosq

sinq

tan q

tanq

cotq

cotq

tanq

tanq

cotq

cotq

tanq

Important Tips
F F
sin n p = 0, cos n p = (-1)n

sin(n p + q ) = (-1)n sin q , cos( n p + q ) = (-1)n cos q np sin + q = (-1) 2

n -1 2

cos q , if n is odd

= (-1)n / 2 sin q , if n is even np cos + q = (-1) 2

n +1 2

sin q , if n is odd

= (1)n / 2 cos q , if n is even

7 Trigonometrical Ratios for Various Angles.

q
sinq cosq tanq

0 0 1 0

p/6
1/2
3 /2 1/ 3

p/4
1/ 2 1/ 2

p/3
3 /2

p/2
1 0

p
0 1 0

3p/2 1 0

2p 0 1 0

1/2
3

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8 Trigonometrical Ratios in terms of Each other

sinq sinq sinq cosq

1 - sin q
2

cosq

tanq
tan q

cotq
1
2

secq
sec 2 q - 1 sec q

cosecq
1 co sec q

1 - cos 2 q

1 + tan q

1 + cot q
2

cot q 1 + cot 2 q

cosq
1 - cos 2 q cos q cos q 1 - cos q
2

1 + tan 2 q

1 sec q

cosec 2q - 1 cosec q 1

tanq

sin q 1 - sin q
2

tanq
1 tan q

1 cot q

sec q - 1
2

cosec 2q - 1

cot q

1 - sin 2 q sin q

cosec 2q - 1

cotq
1 + cot 2 q cot q

sec q - 1
2

secq

1 1 - sin q
2

1 cos q
1 1 - cos 2 q

1 + tan 2 q

secq
sec q

cosec q cosec 2q - 1

cosec

1 sin q

1 + tan 2 q tan q

1 + cot q
2

sec 2 q - 1

cosecq

Important Tips
F Values for some standard angles sin 15 o = cos 75 o = 3 -1 2 2
sin 18 o = cos 72 o = 5 -1 4

cos 15 o = sin 75 o =

3 +1 2 2

tan 15 o = cot 75 o = 2 - 3

cos 36 o = sin 54 o =

5 +1 4

;
2+ 2 2

tan 75 o = cot 15 o = 2 + 3

sin 22

1o 1o = cos 67 = 2 2

2- 2 , 2

cos 22

1o 1o = sin 67 = 2 2

; cot 22

1o 1o = tan 67 = 2 2

2 +1

tan 22

1o 1o = cot 67 = 2 -1 2 2

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9 Formulae for the Trigonometric Ratios of Sum and Differences of Two Angles.
(1) sin( A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B (3) cos( A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B (5) tan( A + B) =
tan A + tan B 1 - tan A tan B cot A cot B - 1 cot A + cot B

(2) sin( A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B (4) cos( A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B (6) tan( A - B) =
tan A - tan B 1 + tan A tan B cot A cot B + 1 cot B - cot A

(7) cot( A + B) =

(8) cot( A - B) =

(9) sin( A + B). sin( A - B) = sin 2 A - sin 2 B = cos 2 B - cos 2 A (10) cos( A + B). cos( A - B) = cos 2 A - sin 2 B = cos 2 B - sin 2 A (11) tan A tan B =
sin A sin B sin A cos B cos A sin B sin( A B) = = cos A cos B cos A cos B cos A. cos B sin(B A) sin A. sin B
p A np , B m p + 2
p A np + , B m p 2

(12) cot A cot B =

10 Formulae for the Trigonometric Ratios of Sum and Differences of Three Angles.
(1) sin( A + B + C ) = sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C + cos A cos B sin C - sin A sin B sin C or sin ( A + B + C ) = cos A cos B cos C(tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A. tan B. tan C ) (2) cos( A + B + C ) = cos A cos B cos C - sin A sin B cos C - sin A cos B sin C - cos A sin B sin C
cos( A + B + C ) = cos A cos B cos C(1 - tan A tan B - tan B tan C - tan C tan A)

(3) tan( A + B + C ) =

tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A tan B tan C 1 - tan A tan B - tan B tan C - tan C tan A

(4) cot( A + B + C ) = In general;

cot A cot B cot C - cot A - cot B - cot C cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C. cot A - 1

(5) sin( A1 + A 2 + ...... + A n ) = cos A1 cos A 2 ..... cos A n (S 1 - S 3 + S 5 - S 7 + ...) (6) cos( A1 + A 2 + .... + A n ) = cos A1 cos A 2 ... cos A n (1 - S 2 + S 4 - S 6 ....) (7) tan( A1 + A 2 + ..... + A n ) =
S 1 - S 3 + S 5 - S 7 + .... 1 - S 2 + S 4 - S 6 + ....

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Where; S 1 = tan A 1 + tan A 2 + .... + tan A n = The sum of the tangents of the separate angles.

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S 2 = tan A1 tan A 2 + tan A1 tan A 3 + .... = The sum of the tangents taken two at a time. S 3 = tan A1 tan A2 tan A3 + tan A2 tan A3 tan A4 + ... = Sum of tangents three at a time, and so on.

If A1 = A 2 = .... = A n = A, then

S 1 = n tan A , S 2 = n C 2 tan 2 A , S 3 = n C 3 tan 3 A,....

(8) sin nA = cos n A(n C1 tan A - n C 3 tan 3 A + n C 5 tan 5 A - ....) (9) cos nA = cos n A(1 - n C 2 tan 2 A + n C 4 tan 4 A - ...) (10) tan nA =
C1 tan A - n C 3 tan 3 A + n C 5 tan 5 A - .... 1 - n C 2 tan 2 A + n C 4 tan 4 A - n C 6 tan 6 A + ...
n

(11) sin nA + cos nA = cosn A(1 +nC1 tan A -nC2 tan 2 A -nC3 tan 3 A +nC4 tan 4 A +nC5 tan 5 A -nC6 tan 6 A - .....) (12) sin nA - cos nA = cos n A(-1 + n C1 tan A + n C 2 tan 2 A - n C 3 tan 3 A - n C 4 tan 4 A + n C 5 tan 5 A + n C 6 tan 6 A...) (13) sin(a ) + sin(a + b ) + sin(a + 2 b ) + ..... + sin(a + (n - 1)b ) =
sin{a + (n - 1) (b / 2)}. sin(n b / 2) sin( b / 2)

b b cos a + (n - 1) . sin n 2 2 (14) cos(a ) + cos(a + b ) + cos(a + 2 b ) + .... + cos(a + (n - 1)b ) = b sin 2

11 Formulae to Transform the Product into Sum or Difference.

(1) 2 sin A cos B = sin( A + B) + sin( A - B) (3) 2 cos A cos B = cos( A + B) + cos( A - B) Let A + B = C and A - B = D Then, A =
C+D C-D and B = 2 2

(2) 2 cos A sin B = sin( A + B) - sin( A - B) (4) 2 sin A sin B = cos( A - B) - cos( A + B)

Therefore, we find out the formulae to transform the sum or difference into product. (5) sin C + sin D = 2 sin
C+D C-D cos 2 2 C+D C-D cos 2 2

(6) sin C - sin D = 2 cos

C+D C-D sin 2 2

(7) cos C + cos D = 2 cos

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(8) cos C - cos D = 2 sin

C+D D-C C+D C-D sin = -2 sin sin 2 2 2 2

Important Tips
F
sin(60 o - q ). sin q sin(60 o + q) = 1 4 sin 3q

F F cos(60 - q ). cos q cos(60 o + q ) =

o o

1 4

cos 3q

tan( 60

-q ). tan q tan( 60

+q ) = tan 3q

sin 2 n A cos A. cos 2 A. cos 2 2 A. cos 2 3 A....... cos 2 n -1 A = n , if A = n p 2 sin A = 1, if A = 2n p = 1, if A = (2n + 1)p

12 Trigonometric Ratio of Multiple of an Angle.

(1) sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A =
2 tan A 1 + tan 2 A

(2) cos 2 A = 2 cos 2 A - 1 = 1 - 2 sin 2 A = cos 2 A - sin 2 A =

2 tan A 1 - tan 2 A

p 1 - tan 2 A ; where A (2n + 1) . 2 4 1 + tan A

(3) tan 2 A =

(4) sin 3 A = 3 sin A - 4 sin 3 A = 4 sin(60 o - A). sin A. sin(60 o + A) (5) cos 3 A = 4 cos 3 A - 3 cos A = 4 cos(60 o - A). cos A. cos(60 o + A) (6) tan 3 A =
3 tan A - tan 3 A = tan( 60 o - A). tan A. tan( 60 o + A) , where A n p + p / 6 2 1 - 3 tan A

(7) sin 4q = 4 sin q . cos 3 q - 4 cos q sin 3 q (8) cos 4q = 8 cos 4 q - 8 cos 2 q + 1 (9) tan 4q =
4 tan q - 4 tan 3 q 1 - 6 tan 2 q + tan 4 q

(10) sin 5 A = 16 sin 5 A - 20 sin 3 A + 5 sin A

(11) cos 5 A = 16 cos 5 A - 20 cos 3 A + 5 cos A

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13 Trigonometric Ratio of Sub-multiple of an Angle.

(1) sin
A A A A + cos = 1 + sin A or sin + cos = 1 + sin A 2 2 2 2
3p 4
si n si n

p
A + 2 A is 2 cos 2 is+v A 2 cos A 2

3p +, If 2n p - p / 4 A / 2 2n p + i.e., 4 -, otherwise
A A A A (2) sin - cos = 1 - sin A or (sin - cos ) = 1 - sin A 2 2 2 2

p 4

si A + A 2 is p n 2 co is si A 2 A n 2 co si A 2 is 2+ A n co A is si A 2 ve n 2 co 3p

Ais si A 2 + n cos 2 +ve Ais si A 2 n cos 2 ve

5p +, If 2n p + p / 4 A / 2 2n p + i.e., 4 -, otherwise
A tan 2 A + 1 - 1 1 - cos A 1 - cos A = = = , 2 tan A 1 + cos A sin A

5p 4

7p 4

(3) (i) tan

where A (2n + 1)p

A 1 + cos A 1 + cos A = = , where A 2n p 2 1 - cos A sin A

(ii) cot

The ambiguities of signs are removed by locating the quadrants in which

A lies or you can follow the following figure, 2

(4) tan 2

A 1 - cos A = ; where A (2n + 1)p 2 1 + cos A A 1 + cos A = ; where A 2n p 2 1 - cos A

(5) cot 2

Important Tips
F Any formula that gives the value of sin
A n p + (-1)n A in terms of sin A shall also give the value of sine of . 2 2 A 2n p A in terms of cos A shall also give the value of cos of . 2 2 A np A in terms of tan A shall also give the value of tan of . 2 2

Any formula that gives the value of cos

Any formula that gives the value of tan

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14 Maximum and Minimum Value of a cosq + b sinq.

Let a = r cos a ..(i) and b = r sin a ..(ii)

Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), then a 2 + b 2 = r 2 or, r = a 2 + b 2 \ a sin q + b cos q = r(sin q cos a + cos q sin a ) = r sin(q + a ) But - 1 sin q < 1 So, - 1 sin(q + a ) 1 ; Then - r r sin(q + a ) r Hence, - a 2 + b 2 a sin q + b cos q a 2 + b 2 Then the greatest and least values of a sin q + b cos q are respectively
a 2 + b 2 and - a 2 + b 2 .

Note :

q sin 2 x + cosec 2 x 2, for every real x. q cos 2 x + sec 2 x 2, for every real x.

q tan 2 x + cot 2 x 2 , for every real x. Important Tips

Use of S (Sigma) and (Pie) notation F
sin( A + B + C ) = S sin A cos B cos C - P sin A , cos( A + B + C ) = P cos A - S cos A sin B sin C ,

tan( A + B + C ) =

S tan A - P tan A . 1 - S tan A tan B

(Q S denotes summation) (Q denotes product)

n -1 nB sin A + B sin 2 2 . B sin 2
n -1 sin nB

sin a + sin(a + b ) + sin(a + 2 b ) + ......... n terms

sin[a + (n - 1)b / 2] sin[n b / 2] = sin(b / 2)

n or sin( A + r - 1B) = r =1

cos a + cos(a + b ) + cos(a + 2 b ) + ......... n term =

cos A + B sin cos[a + (n - 1)b / 2] sin[n b / 2] n 2 2 . or cos( A + r 1 B ) = sin[b / 2] B r =1 2

F F

sin A / 2 cos A / 2 = 2 sin[p / 4 A ] = 2 cos [ A m p / 4 ] .

cos a + cos b + cos g + cos(a + b + g ) = 4 cos

a+b b +g g +a cos cos . 2 2 2

F F

sin a + sin b + sin g - sin(a + b + g ) = 4 sin

a+b b +g g +a sin sin . 2 2 2

tan a + 2 tan 2a + 4 tan 4a + 8 cot 8a = cot a .

LALITHASRIs - ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRY - CONCEPT STRENGTHENING MATERIAL

Page No:16

15 Conditional Trigonometrical Identitites.

We have certain trigonometric identities. Like, sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1 and 1 + tan 2 q = sec 2 q etc. Such identities are identities in the sense that they hold for all value of the angles which satisfy the given condition among them and they are called conditional identities. If A, B, C denote the anlges of a triangle ABC, then the relation A + B + C = p enables us to establish many important identities involving trigonometric ratios of these angles. (1) If A + B + C = p, then A + B = p C, B + C = p A and C + A = p B. (2) If A + B + C = p, then sin( A + B) = sin(p - C ) = sin C Similarly, sin(B + C ) = sin(p - A) = sin A and sin(C + A) = sin(p - B) = sin B (3) If A + B + C = p , then cos( A + B) = cos(p - C ) = - cos C Similarly, cos( B + C ) = cos(p - A) = - cos A and cos(C + A) = cos(p - B) = - cos B (4) If A + B + C = p, then tan( A + B) = tan(p - C ) = - tan C Similarly, tan( B + C ) = tan(p - A) = - tan A and tan( C + A) = tan(p - B) = - tan B (5) If A + B + C = p , then
A+B p C B+C p A C+A p B = and = and = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A+ B p C C cos = cos - = sin , 2 2 2 2

A+ B p C C sin = sin - = cos , 2 2 2 2 A+ B p C C tan = tan - = cot 2 2 2 2

All problems on conditional identities are broadly divided into the following three types 1. Identities involving sine and cosine of the multiple or sub-multiple of the angles involved

Working Method
Step (i) : Use C D formulae. Step (ii) : Use the given relation (A + B + C = p) in the expression obtained in step-(i) such that a factor can be taken common after using multiple angles formulae in the remaining term.

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LALITHASRIs - ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRY - CONCEPT STRENGTHENING MATERIAL

Step (iii) : Take the common factor outside. Step (iv) : Again use the given relation (A + B + C = p) within the bracket in such a manner so that we can apply C D formulae. Step (v) : Find the result according to the given options. 2. Identities involving squares of sine and cosine of multiple or sub-multiples of the angles involved

Working Method
Step (i) : Arrange the terms of the identity such that either sin 2 A - sin 2 B = sin( A + B). sin( A - B) or
cos 2 A - sin 2 B = cos( A + B). cos( A - B) can be used.

Step (ii) : Take the common factor outside. Step (iii) : Use the given relation ( A + B + C = p ) within the bracket in such a manner so that we can apply C D formulae. Step (iv) : Find the result according to the given options. 3. Identities for tangent and cotangent of the angles

Working Method
Step (i) : Express the sum of the two angles in terms of third angle by using the given relation
(A + B + C = p ) .

Step (ii) : Taking tangent or cotangent of the angles of both the sides. Step (iii) : Use sum and difference formulae in the left hand side. Step (iv) : Use cross multiplication in the expression obtained in the step (iii). Step (v) : Arrange the terms as per the result required. Important Tips
F Method of componendo and dividendo If
p a = , then by componendo and dividendo q b p+q a+b = p-q a-b

We can write

or

q+ p b+a = q-p b-a

or

p-q a-b = p+q a+b

or

q-p b-a = q+ p b+a

LALITHASRIs - ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRY - CONCEPT STRENGTHENING MATERIAL

Page No:18

10 CHALLENGING PROBLEMS
1. Let a1, a2, , an be real constants, x be real variable and 1 1 1 f(x) = cos (a1 + x) + cos (a2 + x) + cos (a3 + x) + + n -1 cos (an + x). 2 4 2 Given that f(x1) = f(x2) = 0, prove that x2 x1 = mp for some integer m.

2.

Find all the solutions of the equation sin inequality

p 3p x - - cos x + = 1 which satisfy the 4 4

2cos 7x > 2cos 2x . cos3 + sin3

3.

Show that the equation sin(x + a) = a sin 2x + b has four roots whose sum is equal to (2n + 1)p; where nz. Find the values of a and b such that 0 < a, b <p and satisfy the trigonometric equation cos a cosb 1 cos(a + b ) = . 8 Find the value of k(a > 0) such that the length of the longest interval in which the function p 1 1 f(x) = sin |sin kx| + cos (cos kx) is constant is . 4 In an isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC, the bisector of angle B meets the side AC at D. Prove p that BC = AB + AD, if and only if triangle ABC is right angled triangle with A = . 2

4.

5.

6.

7.

a+b+c In a triangle ABC if r1 + r2 + r3 = s, then prove that 2 3D and hence show that 3 A B C 1 tan tan tan . 2 2 2 27
f(x, y, z) = cosx + cosy cosz, if x + y + z = p, then prove that 1 < f(x, y, z) < 3.

8.

9.

If in a triangle ABC, line joining the circumcentre and orthocentre is parallel to the side AC, then prove that tan A, tan B and tan C are in arithmetic progression. In a triangle the area D and the semiperimeters are fixed. Prove that the local extremum of a side is 2 2 a root of the equation sx (x s) + 4D = 0.

10.

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LALITHASRIs - ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRY - CONCEPT STRENGTHENING MATERIAL

Jr IIT(JEE) Maths Syllabus Year Plan

Trigonometry
Sl.No Name of the Topic

(34 Days)
Estimated Days

1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6

Elementary Trigonometry General Solutions Inverse Trigonometry Solutions of Triangles

8 6 8 12 (24 Days) 18 6 (48 Days) 8 14 5 8 3 10

2D - Geometry
Straight Lines Pair of Straight Lines

Differential Calculus
Functions

Limits, Continuity & Differentiability Differentiation Application of Differentiation Mean Value Theorems Monotonocity & Maxima & Minima of Functions

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

(27 Days) Co-ordinate System, DCs; DRs The Plane The Line Line & Plane

3D Geometry

5 8 8 6

Vector Algebra
L.C., L.I., L.D. Product of 2 Vectors Triple Product Application of Vectors

(22 Days) 6 6 6 4

Total Number of Estimated Classes

155

LALITHASRIs - ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRY - CONCEPT STRENGTHENING MATERIAL

Page No:20

Sr IIT(JEE) Maths Syllabus Year Plan

Coordinate Geometry
Sl.No Name of the Topic

(42 Days)
Estimated Days

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Circles & System of Circles Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola

12 10 10 10 (38 Days) 12 10 8 8 12 12 8 8 12 12 10 154

Integral Calculus
Indefinite Integrals Definite Integrals Areas Differential Equations

(74 Days) Quadratic Equations & Expressions Matrices & Determinants Progressions Binomial Theorem Permutations & Combinations Probability Complex Numbers Total Number of Estimated Classes

Algebra