NATURE OF MARINE INSURANCE CONTRACT : NATURE OF MARINE INSURANCE CONTRACT Section 2 (13) A of the Insurance Act 1938 defines

marine insurance as follows:- : Section 2 (13) A of the Insurance Act 1938 defines marine insurance as follows:Marine insurance business means the business of effecting contract of insurance upon vessels of any description, including cargoes, freights : Marine insurance business means the business of effecting contract of insurance upon vessels of any description, inc luding cargoes, freights and other interests which may be legally insured in or in relation to such vessels, cargoes and freights, goods, wares, merchandise and property of whatever : and other interests which may be legally insured in or in relation to such vessels, cargoes and freights, goods, wares, merchandise and property of whatever description insured for any transit by land or water or both, and whether or not including warehouse risks or similar risks in addition or as incidental to : description insured for any transit by land or water or both, and whether or not including warehouse risks or similar risks in addition or as incidental to such transit and includes any other risks customarily included amount the risks insured against in marine insurance policies. : such transit and includes any other risks customarily included amount the risks insured against in marine insurance policies. The above definition clearly lays down the following classification of the marine insurance. : The above definition clearly lays down the following classification of the marine insurance. HULL INSURANCE Insurance of vessel and its equipments are included under hull insurance. : HULL INSURANCE Insurance of vessel and its equipments are included under hull insurance. CARGO INSURANCEThe cargo maybe of any description, for example, wares, merchandise, property, goods and so on. : CARGO INSURANCEThe cargo maybe of any description, for example, wares, merchandise, property, goods and so on. FREIGHT INSURANCEFreight is to be payable for the carriage of cargoes or if the vessel is chartered, the money to be paid for the use of the vessel. : FREIGHT INSURANCEFreight is to be payable for the carriage of cargoes or if the vessel is chartered, the money to be paid for the use of the vessel. The carrier is unable to earn freight if the goods or property (called cargoes) are not safely transported. : The carrier is unable to earn freight if the goods or property (called cargoes) are not safely transported. LIABILITY INSURANCEThe marine insurance policy may include liability hazards such as collision or running down. : LIABILITY INSURANCEThe marine insurance policy may include liability hazards such as collision or running down. ELEMENTS OF MARINE INSURANCE CONTRACT : ELEMENTS OF MARINE INSURANCE CONTRACT The marine insurance has the following essential features which are also called fundamental principles of marine insurance. : The marine insurance has the following essential features which are also called fundamental principles of marine insurance. Features of General ContractInsurable InterestUtmost Good FaithDoctrine of Indemnity : Features of General ContractInsurable InterestUtmost Good FaithDoctrine of Indemnity SubrogationWarrantiesProximate causeAssignment and nomination of the policyReturn of premium : SubrogationWarrantiesProximate causeAssignment and nomination of the policyReturn of premium FEATURES OF GENERAL CONTRACT : FEATURES OF GENERAL CONTRACT PROPOSALThe broker will prepare a slip upon receipt of instructions to insure from ship-owner, merchant or other proposers. Proposal forms, : PROPOSALThe broker will prepare a slip upon receipt of instructions to insure from ship-owner, merchant or other proposers. Proposal forms, so common in other branches of insurance, are known in the marine insurance and only the slip so called the original slip is us ed for the proposal : so common in other branches of insurance, are known in the marine insurance and only the slip so called the original slip is used for the proposal The original slip is accompanied with other material information which the broker deems necessary for the purpose. : The original slip is accompanied with other material information which the broker deems necessary for the purpose. ACCEPTANCEUnderwriters or other insurers or to the Lead of the insures, who initial the slip and the proposal is formally accepted. : ACCEPTANCEUnderwriters or other insurers or to the Lead of the insures, who initial the slip and the proposal is formally accepted.

But the contract can be legally enforced until a policy is issued : But the contract can be legally enforced until a policy is issued The slip is an evidence that the underwriter has accepted an insurance and that he has agreed subsequently to sign a policy. : The slip is an evidence that the underwriter has accepted an insurance and that he has agreed subsequently to sign a policy. ISSUE OF POLICYHaving effected the insurance, the broker will now send his client a cover note advising the terms and conditions : ISSUE OF POLICYHaving effected the insurance, the broker will now send his client a cover note advising the terms and conditions on which the insurance has been placed. The brokers cover note is merely an i nsurance memorandum and naturally has no value in enforcing the contract with the underwrites. : on which the insurance has been placed. The brokers cover note is merely an insurance memorandum and naturally has no value in enforcing the contract with the underwrites. INSURABLE INTERESTAn insured person will have insurable interest in the subject matter where he stands in any legal or equitable relation : INSURABLE INTERESTAn insured person will have insurable interest in the subject matter where he stands in any legal or equitable relation to the subject matter in a such a way that may benefit by the safety or due arrival of insurable property or may be prejudiced by its loss, : to the subject matter in a such a way that may benefit by the safety or due arrival of insurable property or may be prejudiced by its loss, or by damage thereto or by the detention thereof or may incur liability in respect thereof. Since marine insurance is frequently effected before the commercial transaction : or by damage thereto or by the detention thereof or may incur liability in respect thereof. Since marine insurance is frequently effected before the commercial transaction to which the apply are formally completed it is not essential for the assured to have an insurable interest at the time of effecting insurance, : to which the apply are formally completed it is not essential for the assured to have an insurable interest at the time of effecting insurance, though he should have an expectation of acquiring such an interest. If he fails to acquire insurable interest in due course, he does not become entitled to indemnification. : though he should have an expectation of acquiring such an interest. If he fails to acquire insurable interest in due course, he does not become entitled to indemnification. . Since the ownership and other interest of the subject matter often change from hands to hands, the requirement of the insurable interest to be present only at the time of loss makes a marine insurance policy freely assignable. : . Since the ownership and other interest of the subject matter often change from hands to hands, the requirement of the insurable interest to be present only at the time of loss makes a marine insurance policy freely assignable. EXCEPTIONSThere are two exceptions of the rule in marine insurance. : EXCEPTIONSThere are two exceptions of the rule in marine insurance. LOST OR NOT LOSTA person can also purchase policy in the subject-matter in which it was known whether the matters were lost not lost : LOST OR NOT LOSTA person can also purchase policy in the subject-matter in which it was known whether the matters were lost not lost In such cues the assured and the under writer are ignorant about the safety or otherwise of the goods and complete reliance was placed on the principle of Good Faith. : In such cues the assured and the under writer are ignorant about the safety or otherwise of the goods and complete reliance was placed on the principle of Good Faith. The policy terminated if anyone of the two parties was aware of the fact of loss. In this case, therefore, the insurable interest may not be present at the time of contract because the subject-matter would have been lost. : The policy terminated if anyone of the two parties was aware of the fact of loss. In this case, therefore, the insurable interest may not be present at the time of contract because the subject-matter would have been lost. P.P.I. POLICIESP.P.I. ( Policy Proof of Interest), i.e. interest proof policies.The insurable interest marine insurance can be of the following forms: : P.P.I. POLICIESP.P.I. ( Policy Proof of Interest), i.e. interest proof policies.The insurable interest marine insurance can be of the following forms: 1.ACCORDING TO OWNERSHIPThe owner has insurable interest up to the full value of the subject-matter. The owners are of different types according to the subject-matter. : 1.ACCORDING TO OWNERSHIPThe owner has insurable interest up to the full value of the subject-matter. The owners are of different types according to the subject-matter. IN CASE OF SHIPSThe ship-owner or any person who has purchased it on character-basis can insure the ship up to its full price. : IN CASE OF SHIPSThe ship-owner or any person who has purchased it on character-basis can insure the ship up to its full price. IN CASE OF CARGOThe cargo-owner can purchase policy up to the full price of the cargo. If he has paid the freight in advance, he can take the policy for the full price of the goods plus amount of freight plus expense of insurance. :

IN CASE OF CARGOThe cargo-owner can purchase policy up to the full price of the cargo. If he has paid the freight in advance, he can take the policy for the full price of the goods plus amount of freight plus expense of insurance. IN CASE OF FREIGHTThe receiver of the freight can insure up to the amount of freight to be received by him. : IN CASE OF FREIGHTThe receiver of the freight can insure up to the amount of freight to be received by him. INSURABLE INTEREST IN RE-INSURANCEThe underwriter under a contract of marine insurance has an insurable interest in his risk, and may reinsure in respect of it. : INSURABLE INTEREST IN RE-INSURANCEThe underwriter under a contract of marine insurance has an insurable interest in his risk, and may reinsure in respect of it. 3. INSURABLE INTEREST IN OTHER CASESIn this case all those underwriters are included who have insurable interest in the salary and own liabilities. : 3. INSURABLE INTEREST IN OTHER CASESIn this case all those underwriters are included who have insurable interest in the salary and own liabilities. . For example, the master or any member of the crew of a ship has insurable interest in respect of his wages. The lender of money on bottomry or respondentia has insurable interest in respect of the loan. : . For example, the master or any member of the crew of a ship has insurable interest in respect of his wages. The lender of money on bottomry or respondentia has insurable interest in respect of the loan. UTMOST GOOD FAITH : UTMOST GOOD FAITH The doctrine of caveat emptor (let the buyer beware) applies to commercial contracts, but insurance contracts are based upon the legal principle of uberrimae fides (utmost good faith). : The doctrine of caveat emptor (let the buyer beware) applies to commercial contracts, but insurance contracts are based upon the legal principle of uberrimae fides (utmost good faith). But the duty of disclosure of material facts rests highly on the insured because he is aware of the material common in other branches of insurance are not used in the marine insurance. : But the duty of disclosure of material facts rests highly on the insured because he is aware of the material common in other branches of insurance are not used in the marine insurance. DOCTRINE OF INDEMNITY : DOCTRINE OF INDEMNITY The contract of marine insurance is of indemnity. Under no circumstances an insured is allowed to make a profit out of a claim. : The contract of marine insurance is of indemnity. Under no circumstances an insured is allowed to make a profit out of a claim. EXCEPTIONSThere are two exceptions of the doctrine of indemnity in marine insurance. : EXCEPTIONSThere are two exceptions of the doctrine of indemnity in marine insurance. PROFITS ALLOWEDActually the doctrine says that the market price of the loss should be indemnified and no profit should be permitted, but in marine insurance a certain profit margin is also permitted. : PROFITS ALLOWEDActually the doctrine says that the market price of the loss should be indemnified and no profit should be permitted, but in marine insurance a certain profit margin is also permitted. INSURED VALUEThe doctrine of indemnity is based on the insurable value whereas the marine insurance is mostly based on insured value. The purpose of the valuation is to predetermine the worth of insured. : INSURED VALUEThe doctrine of indemnity is based on the insurable value whereas the marine insurance is mostly based on insured value. The purpose of the valuation is to predetermine the worth of insured. WARRANTIESA Warranty is that by which the assured undertakes that some particular thing shall of shall be fulfilled or whereby he affirms or negatives the existence of a particular state of facts. : WARRANTIESA Warranty is that by which the assured undertakes that some particular thing shall of shall be fulfilled or whereby he affirms or negatives the existence of a particular state of facts. SEAWORTHINESS OF SHIPThe warranty implies that the ship should be seaworthy at the commencement of the voyage, or if the voyage is carries out in stages at the commencement of each stage. : SEAWORTHINESS OF SHIPThe warranty implies that the ship should be seaworthy at the commencement of the voyage, or if the voyage is carries out in stages at the commencement of each stage. LEGALITY OF VENTUREThis Warranty implies that the adventure insured shall be lawful and that so far as the assured can control the matter it shall be carried out in the lawful manager of the country : LEGALITY OF VENTUREThis Warranty implies that the adventure insured shall be lawful and that so far as the assured can control the matter it shall be carried out in the lawful manager of the country OTHER IMPLIED WARRANTIESThere are other warranties which must be complied in marine insurance. :

OTHER IMPLIED WARRANTIESThere are other warranties which must be complied in marine insurance. NO CHANGE IN VOYAGEWhen the destination of voyage is changed intentionally after the beginning of the risk, this is called change in voyage. : NO CHANGE IN VOYAGEWhen the destination of voyage is changed intentionally after the beginning of the risk, this is called change in voyage. PROXIMATE CAUSEAccording to Marine Insurance Act, Subject to the provisions of the Act and unless the policy other wise provides the insurer is liable for any loss : PROXIMATE CAUSEAccording to Marine Insurance Act, Subject to the provisions of the Act and unless the policy otherwise prov ides the insurer is liable for any loss proximately caused by a peril insured against, but subject to as aforesaid he is not liable for any loss which is not proximately caused by a peril insured against : proximately caused by a peril insured against, but subject to as aforesaid he is not liable for any loss which is not proximately caused by a peril insured against The insurer is not liable for any attributable to the willful misconduct of the assured, but unless the policy otherwise provides, he is liable for any loss proximately caused by a peril insured against. : The insurer is not liable for any attributable to the willful misconduct of the assured, but unless the policy otherwise provides, he is liable for any loss proximately caused by a peril insured against. The insurer will not be liable for any loss caused by delay unless otherwise provided. : The insurer will not be liable for any loss caused by delay unless otherwise provided. The insurer is not liable for ordinary wear and tear, ordinary leakage and breakage, inherent vice or nature of subject matter insured, or for any loss proximately caused by rats or vermin, or for any injury to machinery not proximately caused by maritime perils. : The insurer is not liable for ordinary wear and tear, ordinary leakage and breakage, inherent vice or nature of subject matter insured, or for any loss proximately caused by rats or vermin, or for any injury to machinery not proximately caused by maritime perils. NATURE OF INSURANCE OF FIRE INSURANCEDEFINATION AND NATUREFire insurance is a device to compensate for the loss consequent upon destruction by fire. : NATURE OF INSURANCE OF FIRE INSURANCEDEFINATION AND NATUREFire insurance is a device to compensate for the loss consequent upon destruction by fire. FUNCTIONSThe system of fire insurance cannot save the society from the economic loss to the community to the extent of the property lost by fire, : FUNCTIONSThe system of fire insurance cannot save the society from the economic loss to the community to the extent of the property lost by fire, but it compensates someone and this saves him from a ruinous loss, at the cost of group of some others. : but it compensates someone and this saves him from a ruinous loss, at the cost of group of some others. CAUSES OF FIREFire waste is the result of two types of hazard viz., physical and moral. : CAUSES OF FIREFire waste is the result of two types of hazard viz., physical and moral. PHYSICAL HAZARD: It refers to the inherent risk of fire in the property which may occur due to inflammable nature, construction, artificial lighting and heating, lack of extinguishing apparatus use of the property etc. : PHYSICAL HAZARD: It refers to the inherent risk of fire in the property which may occur due to inflammable nature, construction, artificial lighting and heating, lack of extinguishing apparatus use of the property etc. MORAL HAZARD: The moral hazard depends upon the man as physical hazard depends on the property. The property may be set on fire by the owner or by any person with his willingness, carelessness and lack of sense of duty may also increase the fire waste : MORAL HAZARD: The moral hazard depends upon the man as physical hazard depends on the property. The property may be set on fire by the owner or by any person with his willingness, carelessness and lack of sense of duty may also increase the fire waste Sometimes, when market price is going down the owner can willingly set fire on the property and gain from the payment of insurance money. Thus, where the property was destroyed with the willingness of the property owner, moral hazard exists. : Sometimes, when market price is going down the owner can willingly set fire on the property and gain from the payment of insurance money. Thus, where the property was destroyed with the willingness of the property owner, moral hazard exists. PREVENTION OF LESSInsurance is meant for indemnification of loss and not for prevention of loss although every reasonable step can be taken to eliminate it or minimize it through the agencies engaged in prevention of loss. : PREVENTION OF LESSInsurance is meant for indemnification of loss and not for prevention of loss although every reasonable step can be taken to eliminate it or minimize it through the agencies engaged in prevention of loss. INDEMINIFICATION OR CURATIVE EFFORTS: The insurance provides protection by indemnifying the financial loss suffered by insured person which occurred beyond the control of insured and insurer. : INDEMINIFICATION OR CURATIVE EFFORTS: The insurance provides protection by indemnifying the financial loss suffered by insured person which occurred beyond the control of insured and insurer. PREVENTIVE EFFORTS: Fire insurers stimulate the installation of protective device and better types of construction through granting credit. They help in installation of fire-fighting apparatus, water supply and engineering services. :

PREVENTIVE EFFORTS: Fire insurers stimulate the installation of protective device and better types of construction through granting credit. They help in installation of fire-fighting apparatus, water supply and engineering services. REINSURANCEReinsurance is an arrangement whereby an original insurer who has insured a risk again with another insurer, that is to say, reinsures a part of the risk in order to diminish his own liability. : REINSURANCEReinsurance is an arrangement whereby an original insurer who has insured a risk again with another insurer, that is to say, reinsures a part of the risk in order to diminish his own liability. Insurance is a contract between the insurer and the original insured. Reinsurance is a contract between the reinsured (the insurer) and the reinsurer. : Insurance is a contract between the insurer and the original insured. Reinsurance is a contract between the reinsured (the insurer) and the reinsurer. REINSURANCEReinsurance is the transfer of insurance business from one insurer to another. : REINSURANCEReinsurance is the transfer of insurance business from one insurer to another. The insurer transferring the business is called the Principal or c eding or original office and the office to which the business is transferred is called for reinsurer or guaranteeing office : The insurer transferring the business is called the Principal or ceding or original office and the office to which the busi ness is transferred is called for reinsurer or guaranteeing office ADVANTAGE OF REINSURANCEReinsurance makes it possible to accept each risk for the very amount desired by the proposer and to transfer the excess above the retention limit to another insurer. : ADVANTAGE OF REINSURANCEReinsurance makes it possible to accept each risk for the very amount desired by the proposer and to transfer the excess above the retention limit to another insurer.