Harmonics

Engineering Services
SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Power System Harmonics - I

Introduction Basic Concepts Voltage vs Current Distortion Power Factor(s)
Sources of Harmonics Effects on the Power System Solutions to Common Problems Conclusions
SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Types of Disturbances Defined by IEEE

We are Here Categories
1 - Transients

Standard 1159-95
Typical Duration
Less than 1 cycle

Types
Oscillatory, Impulsive Sags, Swells, Interruptions Undervoltages, Overvoltages, Sustained Interruptions

2 - Short Duration Variations 1/2 cycles to 1 minute 3 - Long Duration Variations Over 1 minute 4 - Voltage Imbalance Steady state

5 - Waveform Distortion
6 - Voltage Fluctuations 7 - Frequency Variations

Steady state
Intermittent Less than 10 s

Harmonics, Notching

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Harmonic Standard - IEEE 519 (1992)

Customer is responsible for limiting the amount of harmonic currents injected into the power system. Utility is responsible for avoiding resonance conditions which could create undesirable voltage distortion levels.

Customer Utility

Harmonic Current Limits Voltage Distortion Limits

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Basics- What is Harmonic Distortion?

Total Harmonic Distortion - THD
Signifies the amount of distortion contained in a voltage or current signal

VTHD=

V
V1
2

ITHD=

I
I1
2

2 h

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Harmonic Distortion
By definition, Waveform Distortion is a Steady State phenomenon. Sound and Electrical waveforms follow the same rules. The Sinusoidal wave is like a tuning fork, or a single note - the distorted wave form is like a chord on a piano.

SINUSOIDAL CURRENT

DISTORTED CURRENT

The easiest way to define a distorted waveform is by breaking it down into its component frequencies... SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Fourier Transform - Definition

All Periodic waves can be generated with Sine waves of various frequencies.
Distorted Current Waveform

The Fourier Transform breaks down a periodic wave into its component frequencies.
SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Fourier Transform - Example

Distorted Current Waveform Fundamental Component

Fundamental (in US) is usually 50 Hz. In this case, other components are multiples of 50; e.g.: 150, 250, 350, etc.
SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Fourier Transform - Example Lets look at the Harmonic Components

Distorted Current Waveform 5th Harmonic Component

Fifth harmonic is 5 * 50 Hz = 250 Hz

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Fourier Transform - Example Lets add in the 7th Harmonic

Distorted Current Waveform 5th Harmonic Component 7th Harmonic Component

Seventh harmonic is 7 * 50 Hz = 350 Hz

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Fourier Transform - Result

Distorted Current Waveform Equivalent Harmonic Components

Harmonic Components:

Large 1st Harmonic (fundamental) Smaller 5th Harmonic Slightly larger 7th Harmonic

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Fourier Transform - Result

Results from a similar waveform, plotted

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

THD in SMS
Magnitude of harmonic distortion is measured by the Total Harmonic Distortion, or THD THD is the sum of the harmonic components divided by the fundamental component

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Voltage vs Current Distortion

Non-linear loads inject harmonic current into system; System impedance characteristics determine level of voltage distortion.
No Voltage Distortion Impedance Distorted Voltage

Sinusoidal Voltage Source

Distorted Current

Non-Linear Load

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Voltage vs Current Distortion

10% THD Voltage 2% THD Voltage

10 kVA

Tr

100 kVA

Tr

Identical NonLinear Loads 10 Amps 40% THD

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Two Power Factors

Displacement Power Factor
Equal to the displacement angle between fundamental current and fundamental voltage Equal to kW / kVA only for sinusoidal V, I

Total Power Factor

Measure of kW / kVA Includes effects of harmonics Capacitors correct only displacement PF.

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Conventional Power Relationships

PF = Cos = kW/kVA kVA2 = kW2 + kvar2 Sinusoidal V and I only
800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800

kVA

kW
SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

kVAr

Displacement Angle?
800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800

Current

Measurements: S = 100 kVA P = 56 kW DPF = 1.0

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Voltage

Displacement Power Factor

Fundamental current in-phase with voltage cos = 1.0, DPF = 1.0, yet kW/kVA = 56%

800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Circuit Monitors Measure Both

Display shows: Total Power Factor

-.851
AMMETER (A) VOLTMETER, L-L (V) VOLTMETER, L-N (V) WATTMETER (W) VARMETER (VAr) VA METER (VA) POWER FACTOR METER FREQUENCY METER (Hz) DEMAND AMMETER (A) DEMAND POWER (W) DEMAND POWER (VA) WATTHOUR METER VARHOUR METER THD, CURRENT (%) THD, VOLTAGE (%) K-FACTOR [CT Primary] [PT Primary] [Sys. Type] [Dmd. Int.] [WH/Pulse] [Address] [Baud Rate] [Nom. Freq.] [Reset] [Reset] [Reset] [Reset] [Reset] [Rst. Min/Max] [Set Password] [Accept]

Kilo Mega

To view Displacement Power Factors, read registers:

Phase A Phase B Phase C 3-Phase Total
SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

3-PHASE A (A-B) B (B-C) C (C-A) N

PHASE [Enter]

SELECT METER [Value]

METERS MIN MAX ALARM

MODE

[Setup]

Optical Comm Port

1035 1036 1037 1038

PowerL o g i c
CIRCUIT MONITOR SQUARE D

Power System Harmonics - II

Introduction

Sources of Harmonics Office Equipment Drives

Effects on the Power System Solutions to Common Problems Conclusions

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Characteristic Signatures
T y pe of Lo ad S in g le P h a se P o w e r S u p p ly T y p ica l W a v e form C u rre n t D istortio n 80% (h ig h 3 rd ) h ig h 2 n d , 3 rd , 4 th a t p a rtia l lo a d s W e ig h tin g F a c tor (W i) 2 .5

S e m ico n v e rte r

2 .5

6 P u lse C o n v e rte r, ca p a citiv e sm o o th in g , n o se rie s in d u c ta n ce 6 P u lse C o n v e rte r, ca p a citiv e sm o o th in g w ith se rie s in d u c ta n ce > 3 % , o r d c d riv e 6 P u lse C o n v e rte r w ith la rg e in d u c to r fo r c u rre n t sm o o th in g

80%

40%

28%

0 .8

1 2 P u lse C o n v e rte r

15%

0 .5

A C V o lta g e R e g u la to r

v a rie s w ith firin g a n g le

0 .7

F lu o re sc e n t L ig h tin g

17%

0 .5

copyright

IEEE 1996

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Office Equipment
Characteristics Utilize switch-mode power supplies Current THD = 70% to 90% Displacement PF near unity Power Quality Issues Neutral current overloading Transformer heating Sag ride-through

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

DC Drives
Characteristics Controlled rectifier front-end Current THD about 30% Can have poor displacement PF Power Quality Issues Voltage distortion, especially notching Transformer loading

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

DC Motor Drive
Motor Voltage & Current

Characteristics Controlled rectifier front-end Current THD about 30% Poor displacement PF at low speeds Power Quality Issues Voltage distortion, especially notching Transformer loading
SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Voltage Notching - Another Form of Voltage Distortion

Notching is a normal characteristic of rectifier operation caused by the brief short circuit created when one set of thyristors is turning off and the next are turning on.
Expanded Waveform
Phase B 02/12/97 10:18:12
800

700

600

Voltage (V)

500

0.500 400

0.750

1.000

1.250

1.500

1.750

2.000

Time (mS)

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

AC (PWM) Drives
Characteristics of Pulse-Width Modulation Drive PWMs operate with uncontrolled rectifier High current THD (can be over 100%) Poor true PF, unity dPF Power Quality Issues Susceptible to capacitor switching transients Transformer loading

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Total Harmonic Distortion

%-Fund.

THD provides an indication of the degree to which a voltage or current signal is distorted.

100 80 60 40 20 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 Harm onic

THD = 98%

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Switch-Mode Power Supply

SWITCH-MODE DC/DC REGULAT0R

Switch-Mode Power Supply

LI N E
EM I FI LTE R
D C Li ne

SW I TC H M O DE D C /D C R E G U LA T0 R

R E C TI FI ER

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

12 Pulse Drive Configuration

+

DC Bus Wye

AC Line

Delta

Delta

Tertiary-Winding Transformer Feeds Two 6 Pulse Diode Bridges

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Power System Harmonics - III

Introduction Sources of Harmonics

Effects on the Power System

Motor and Generator Heating Transformer Heating Neutral Overloading Symptoms of Harmonic Problems Solutions to Common Problems Conclusions
SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Effect of Harmonics
Motor and Generators - Increased heating due to Iron & Copper losses at the harmonic
frequencies - Pulsating and reduced torque's (refusal of starting or increased slip)

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Transformer Heating
Transformers deliver full rated voltage and current [only] with approximately sinusoidal, balanced voltages, and current THD less than 5%.

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Derate Transformers

Linear Loads 100 kVA

Equal Heating

Phase C Current

Transformer 100 kVA Rated Capacity

Harmonic Loads 75 kVA

Transformer 100 kVA Rated Capacity

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

K-Factor of Harmonic Load

h
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

Ih
100.0 65.8 43.6 20.3 7.0 0.6 2.6 3.0 1.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.6

I h (pu)
1.000 0.658 0.436 0.203 0.070 0.006 0.026 0.030 0.018 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.006

2 Ih 1.0000 0.4330 0.1901 0.0412 0.0049 0.0000 0.0007 0.0009 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 1.6714

2 2 Ih h 1.000 3.897 4.752 2.019 0.397 0.004 0.114 0.203 0.094 0.029 0.044 0.064 0.023 12.640

12.64 Ih2h2 K= = = 7.56 1.671 Ih2

Denotes sum of

Sum of squares of harmonic current times squares of harmonic number

Sum of squares of per-unit harmonic currents Current magnitude in per unit Magnitude of harmonic current, amps) Harmonic number (evens usually not significant)

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Derating Transformers
Eddy Current Loss Factor (PECR) 1000 kVA Dry Transformer Derating Example Dry Transformers Percent Loss % Previous slide indicated K Factor is 3-8 1000 kVA K = 7.6, From table PECR= 8% (.08) 12-20 1500 kVA, 5kV HV
9-15 Percent Loss % 1 1-5 9-15

1500 kVA, 15kV HV

Oil Filled Transformers 2500 kVA, 480V,LV > 1500 kVA 5000 kVA > 5000 kVA, kVA

1 + K * PECR = % Capacity
% Capacity = 80 % (.80) Old kVA* % Capacity = New kVA

1 + PECR

** in table above, always assume the worse case use the maximum values

1000kVA * .80 = 800 kVA

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Effect of Harmonics
Power cables - Cables involved in system resonance may be subjected to voltage
stress and corona, which can lead to insulation breakdown - Causes Cable Derating, Nonsinusoidal current in a conductor causes additional heating, amplifying the I2 Rac loss.

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Neutral Overloading
Usually caused by electronic office equipment in a building with three-phase service Neutral currents may be higher than phase wire current Neutrals have no overcurrent protection

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Result of Third harmonics

Third harmonic current flows in neutral wire
L1 3.L1

L2 3.L2

L3 3.L3 L1 L2 L3

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Neutral Current?
Electronic Loads
Phase A (72 Amps)

Phase B (72 Amps)

Phase C (72 Amps)

?
SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Actual Neutral Current

Electronic Loads
Phase A (72 Amps)

Phase B (72 Amps)

Phase C (72 Amps)

Neutral (123 Amps)

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Neutral Current

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Symptoms of Harmonic Problems

Capacitor bank problems (can failure, fuse blowing) Hot transformers (at less than rated load) Noisy, hot induction motors Clocks running fast Neutral conductors overloaded Control problems on electronic equipment Circuit breakers chattering Telephone interference

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Power System Harmonics - IV

Introduction Sources of Harmonics Effects on the Power System

Solutions to Common Problems Transformer Heating Neutral Overloading Voltage Distortion

Conclusions
SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Transformer Heating
Option 1: Derate
Using known transformer eddy-current losses Approximating eddycurrent losses

Option 2: Replace Use k-factor transformer

of proper size

Option 3: Eliminate Eliminate Harmonic

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

How to Solve the Neutral Problem

Increase the neutral conductor size Use a separate neutral wire for each phase Double the neutral conductor size Harmonic concern eliminated

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Reducing Voltage Distortion

Isolate Harmonic Loads Chokes, inductors Isolation transformers Remove or reduce PF correction capacitors Install harmonic filters

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Solving Harmonic Problems

Large Harmonic Loads Can Be Isolated

Customer Transformer Utility System

Excessive Voltage Distortion

Harmonic Voltage Drop

ASDs, other harmonic producing loads

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Isolating Harmonic Loads

Utility System

1500 kVA 6%

Customer Transformer

Less Voltage Distortion

Isolation Transformer
250kVA 4%

Harmonic Voltage Drop

ASDs, other harmonic producing loads

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Inductors Also Isolate

1500 kVA Transformer ASD 3% AC Reactor

Other Loads

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Power System Harmonics - V

Introduction Sources of Harmonics Effects on the Power System Solutions to Common Problems

Conclusions

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Harmonics in Industrial Plants

Voltage distortion on general-use buses should be limited to 5%. Without power factor correction capacitors, approximately 30% of the plant load can be DC adjustable speed drives, or 20% can be AC drives without exceeding 5% voltage distortion. Harmonic currents must be considered in transformer loading, but remember cancellation effects. Use actual measurements of k-factor.

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric

Harmonics in Industrial Plants

(Continued)

If ASD load in plant exceeds suggested percentage of transformer rating or if power factor correction is needed, harmonic filters should be considered. Neutral conductors in 3-phase, 4-wire circuits should be rated at 170% of the maximum line current (especially in office partitions). Neutral conductors in fluorescent lighting circuits should be rated for maximum line current.

SQ U ARE
Schneider Electric