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4
Completing the Accounting Cycle
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OPENING COMMENTS
Chapter 4 opens with a review of the flow of accounting information. The text introduces the end-ofperiod spreadsheet (work sheet) as a tool for the completion of the accounting process. The text discusses the spreadsheet (work sheet) as optional, and it will be up to the individual instructor to determine if the spreadsheet will be covered in the class. The end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet) is discussed in detail in the appendix to the chapter. The spreadsheet (work sheet) becomes the source of information used to prepare formal financial statements. The classified balance sheet is introduced. The closing process, including post-closing trial balance, is explained. The chapter continues by listing and then illustrating in detail the ten steps in the accounting cycle. This presentation provides a solid foundation for financial accounting. Chapter 4 reminds students that it is not sufficient to record adjusting entries only on the end-of-period spreadsheet. These entries must be journalized and posted to make them a part of a companys accounting records. The chapter also discusses the fiscal year and the natural business year. It ends with an explanation of how working capital demonstrates a companys solvency and how current ratio is useful when making company comparisons. After studying the chapter, your students should be able to: 1. Describe the flow of accounting information from the unadjusted trial balance into the adjusted trial balance and financial statements. 2. Prepare financial statements from adjusted account balances. 3. Prepare closing entries. 4. Describe the accounting cycle.
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5. Illustrate the accounting cycle for one period. 6. Explain what is meant by the fiscal year and the natural business year. 7. Describe and illustrate the use of working capital and the current ratio in evaluating a companys financial condition.
STUDENT FAQS
Does anyone make manual entries anymore or even keep a manual set of books? Is there a need for manual work sheets since computerized accounting packages bypass them and allow the financial reports all to be printed out after adjusting and closing entries are recorded and posted? Why do the steps in the accounting cycle have to be done in order? Can I skip or combine any of the steps in the accounting cycle? Why is Dividends not in the income statement? If you use an end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet), why do you still have to prepare the financial statements? Isnt all the information the user needs on the spreadsheet? Why is it important to classify assets and liabilities? The total assets and liabilities do not change on a classified balance sheet versus a regular balance sheet. Isnt it more confusing to the user? Why dont we close all the accounts at year end? Why do we use the income summary account each month to clear out the revenue and expense accounts? What is the normal account balance of Income Summary? Why doesnt Income Summary appear on any financial statement? Why do we close the dividends account to the Retained Earnings account instead of to Income Summary? Wouldnt it be easier to close all the temporary accounts to Income Summary and then close Income Summary to Retained Earnings since the ending balance in the Retained Earnings account will be the same either way? Why do we list each expense and revenue during the closing process? Wouldnt it be easier to debit a generic revenue account for all revenues and credit a generic expense account for all expenses? Who or what kind of organizations are most interested in a companys current ratio?
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eBook
eLecture
Quiz Bowl
Flashcards
Upcoming Chapter
5 Accounting for Merchandising Businesses
Flow of accounts into financial statements Flow of accounts into financial statements Retained Earnings Statement Retained Earnings Statement Classified balance sheet Classified balance sheet Closing entries Closing entries Accounting cycle Accounting cycle Working capital and current ratio
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Description Working capital and current ratio Flow of accounts into financial statements Classifying accounts Financial statements from the end-of-period spreadsheet
SS
GL
Ex4-4
4-1, 4-2
Ex4-5 Ex4-6 Ex4-7 Ex4-8 Ex4-9 Ex4-10 Ex4-11 Ex4-12 Ex4-13 Ex4-14 Ex4-15 Ex4-16 Ex4-17 Ex4-18 Ex4-19 Ex4-20 Ex4-21 Ex4-22 Ex4-23
4-2 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-3 4-3 4-3 4-3 4-3 4-3 4-4 4-7 4-7 Appendix
Financial statements from the end-of-period spreadsheet Income statement Income statement; net loss Income statement Retained Earnings Statement Retained Earnings Statement Classifying assets Balance sheet classification Balance sheet Balance sheet Identifying accounts to be closed Closing entries Closing entries with net income Closing entries with net loss Identifying permanent accounts Post-closing trial balance Steps in the accounting cycle Working capital and current ratio Working capital and current ratio Completing an end-ofperiod spreadsheet (work sheet) Adjustment data on an end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet) Completing an end-ofperiod spreadsheet (work sheet) Financial statements from an end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet) Adjusting entries from an end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet)
Moderate
15 min
Analytic
FN-Measurement
Easy Easy Easy Moderate Moderate Easy Easy Moderate Moderate Easy Easy Moderate Easy Easy Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate
10 min 10 min 10 min 10 min 10 min 5 min 5 min 10 min 15 min 5 min 5 min 10 min 10 min 5 min 10 min 10 min 10 min 10 min 10 min
Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic Analytic
FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement FN-Measurement
Ex4-24
Appendix
Moderate
15 min
Analytic
FN-Measurement
Exl
Ex4-25
Appendix
Moderate
15 min
Analytic
FN-Measurement
Exl
Ex4-26
Appendix
Moderate
15 min
Analytic
FN-Measurement
Exl
Ex4-27
Appendix
Easy
10 min
Analytic
FN-Measurement
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Number Ex4-28
Objective Appendix
Pr4-4A
4-2, 4-3
Pr4-5A
4-2, 4-3
Description Appendix: Closing entries from an end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet) Financial statements and closing entries Financial statements and closing entries T accounts, adjusting entries, financial statements, and closing entries; optional end-ofperiod spreadsheet (work sheet) Ledger accounts, adjusting entries, financial statements, and closing entries; optional end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet) Ledger accounts, adjusting entries, financial statements, and closing entries; optional spreadsheet (work sheet) Complete accounting cycle Financial statements and closing entries Financial statements and closing entries T accounts, adjusting entries, financial statements, and closing entries; optional end-ofperiod spreadsheet (work sheet) Ledger accounts, adjusting entries, financial statements, and closing entries; optional end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet) Ledger accounts, adjusting entries, financial statements, and closing entries; optional end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet) Complete accounting cycle Continuing Problem Transactions adjustments, financial statements, closing entries, postclosing trial balance Ethics and professional conduct in business Financial statements
Difficulty Moderate
Time 10 min
AACSB Analytic
AICPA FN-Measurement
SS
GL
1 hr 1 hr 2 1/4 hr
Exl Exl
GL
GL
Difficult
2 1/2 hr
Analytic
FN-Measurement
Exl
Difficult
2 1/2 hr
Analytic
FN-Measurement
GL
3 hr 1 hr 1 hr 2 1/4 hr
Exl Exl GL
GL
Pr4-4B
4-2
Difficult
2 1/2 hr
Analytic
FN-Measurement
Exl
Pr4-5B
4-2, 4-3
Difficult
2 1/2 hr
Analytic
FN-Measurement
GL
4-4, 4-5
Difficult
3 hr
Analytic
FN-Measurement
Exl GL GL
Difficult
3 hr.
Analytic
FN-Measurement
CP4-1 CP4-2
4-2 4-4
Easy Moderate
5 min 10 min
Ethics Technology
BB-Industry BB-Leveraging
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GL
OBJECTIVE 1
Describe the flow of accounting information from the unadjusted trial balance into the adjusted trial balance and financial statements.
SUGGESTED APPROACH
This objective reviews the flow of accounting information. It provides an opportunity to review the material discussed in Chapters 13 and explain that many of the ten steps of the accounting cycle, discussed later in Chapter 4, have already been discussed in those first three chapters. Exhibit 1 shows the relationship between the end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet) and financial statements. The text discusses the end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet) as an optional tool to assist the accountant in the completion of accounting cycle. Some instructors may choose to skip the end-of-period spreadsheet due to the automation of the process through computerized accounting software packages that automatically complete this process. The end-of-period spreadsheet, regardless of its usefulness in the real world, provides the student with an insight to the process that is required to complete the accounting cycle. The spreadsheet also provides a valuable visual overview of the process from unadjusted trial balance, through the adjusting process, to adjusted trial balance and to the preparation of financial statements. This knowledge of what actually goes into completing the accounting cycle is invaluable to the students understanding of the entire accounting cycle. Should you choose to include the end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet) as part of the learning process, you may want to move to the appendix and cover the detailed material included there for the completion of the spreadsheet.
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1. List the account balances from the general ledger in the Trial Balance columns of the end-ofperiod spreadsheet. 2. Add the Debit and Credit columns of the trial balance. 3. Make the adjusting entries on the spreadsheet. 4. Complete the spreadsheet. 5. Type the formal financial statements using the data from the Income Statement and Balance Sheet columns of the spreadsheet. 6. Journalize and post the adjusting entries. Possible response: Tasks 1 and 2 are tasks that could possibly be delegated to the assistant. With little instruction, the assistant could copy the accounts and the balances in a trial balance format. Adding the debit and credit columns are also tasks suited for the assistant. After the assistant is comfortable with these tasks, completing the work sheet (not adjusting entries, but from the adjusted trial balance to the income statement and balance sheet columns) could be trusted to an assistant with some training and supervision. Since final accuracy and completion of all tasks resides with the controller, close supervision is recommended.
OBJECTIVE 2
Prepare financial statements from adjusted account balances.
KEY TERMS
Current Assets Current Liabilities Fixed (Plant) Assets Long-Term Liabilities Notes Receivable
SUGGESTED APPROACH
If the instructor has elected to use the end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet), the group learning activity used to explain the appendix will yield a completed spreadsheet. Use that spreadsheet to prepare financial statements. If the end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet) discussion is not planned, the financial statements can be prepared from the information found on the adjusted trial balance. Before preparing financial statements, however, you will need to explain account classifications. Optional discussion: International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). You may want to mention that while financial statements prepared for companies from different countries may appear different from those prepared for U.S. companies, the basic principles underlying the accounting equation are the same.
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OBJECTIVE 3
Prepare closing entries.
KEY TERMS
Clearing Account Closing Entries Closing Process Closing the Books Income Summary Real (Permanent) Accounts Temporary (Nominal) Accounts
SUGGESTED APPROACH
Understanding closing entries tends to be a real struggle for students. All too frequently, students resort to memorizing the mechanics of closing entries without understanding the purpose of this step in the accounting cycle. As a result, the instructor may want to introduce this topic with a few attention-getting exercises that attempt to explain why closing entries are prepared. As a next step, try a group learning activity that allows students to discover the mechanics of preparing closing entries. End the class with a short writing exercise to summarize why and how closing entries are prepared.
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e) Close the dividends account to Retained Earnings. Review these entries using TM 4-13. Stress that the dividend account is not closed to Income Summary, since it is not included when calculating net income. Instead, the dividend account is closed directly to Retained Earnings. After completing T account entries, you may want to ask your students to prepare these same entries in journal entry format. Review with students that like adjusting entries, closing entries are journalized and posted to the general ledger to assure the account balances are correct prior to starting a new financial period.
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2. Why do we use Income Summary when preparing closing entries? 3. Why are closing entries prepared after financial statements? 4. What are some examples of temporary accounts that would be closed for a physician?
Possible answers: 1. Closing entries are prepared to reset the temporary account balances to zero. This reset will assure that the upcoming financial period will accurately reflect the activity of the period and not erroneously report revenue or expenses that actually occur in previous accounting periods. It facilitates adherence to the matching principle. 2. The income summary account is used as a clearing account and provides a balance check prior to transferring net income to the Retained Earnings account. Closing revenue and expense accounts to income summary will result in a balance equal to net income (or net loss) for the period. If the balance after step two is not equal to net income (or net loss), then a mistake has been made in closing either the revenue or expense accounts. Closing revenue and expenses directly to the Retained Earnings account would not provide this check in the process. 3. If the income statement accounts (temporary or nominal accounts) are closed prior to financial statements, then no revenue or expense accounts would have a balance and therefore no net income would be reported. 4. Temporary revenue accounts could include office exam fees, hospital visit fees, or surgery fees. Temporary expense accounts could include medical staff wages expense, administrative staff wages expense, rent expense, utilities expense, and others. Dont forget the Dividend account.
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OBJECTIVE 4
Describe the accounting cycle.
KEY TERMS
Accounting Cycle
SUGGESTED APPROACH
Rather than simply memorizing the ten steps in their proper order, it is helpful if students understand the relationships between the steps in the accounting cycle. Students will not make the mistake of listing Financial statements prepared before completing the end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet) if they understand that the spreadsheet provides the data necessary to prepare financial statements. Therefore, you may want to use the activities described below after covering the end-of-period spreadsheet and closing entries (learning objectives 1 through 3). Emphasize that the accounting cycle is the same for all businesses, no matter how complex or how simple. The accounting cycle is repeated each period in which financial statements are prepared.
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5. The optional spreadsheet requires data from the unadjusted trial balance and the adjustment data in order to start and complete the spreadsheet. 6. Step 6 requires the input from step 4 to complete. If the end-of-period spreadsheet is completed, the adjusting data can be taken from the spreadsheet in order to journalize the adjustments. The posting of the adjustments is a required step. 7. The adjusted trial balance requires that step 6 be completed. The data is then obtained from the general ledger once the adjusting data has been posted to update the account balances. If the optional end-ofperiod spreadsheet is completed, this step maybe skipped since the spreadsheet contains an adjusted trial balance as part of the completion process. 8. Financial statements are prepared using the data from the adjusted trial balance or the optional spreadsheet. 9. Closing data are obtained from the general ledger, trial balance, or spreadsheet. Temporary accounts are closed in the process described earlier. 10. Post-closing trial balance is completed once the closing process is finalized. The accounts and their balances can be found in the general ledger once all closing entries are posted. All temporary accounts should have zero balances. Only permanent (balance sheet) accounts will have a positive balance; therefore, the post-closing trial balance will include only asset, liability and the capital stock/retained earnings accounts. Each step in the process depends on the previous step in order to obtain the necessary information to complete the subsequent step. The optional spreadsheet can consolidate and simplify the process; however, it does not eliminate the requirements of recording and updating the general ledger using the journalizing and posting process.
OBJECTIVE 5
Illustrate the accounting cycle for one period.
SUGGESTED APPROACH
After defining and working with the accounting cycle in Objective 3, you may wish to select PR 4-6A or PR 4-6B and work it through using the Excel templates provided in the instructor resources. This will allow the student to see the entire accounting cycle demonstrated at one time. A word of caution: This problem is rather lengthy and could take an entire class period to complete. Nevertheless, it is a valuable review to demonstrate to the students all the foundation materials that have been covered in Chapters 1-4.
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OBJECTIVE 6
Explain what is meant by the fiscal year and the natural business year.
KEY TERMS
Fiscal Year Natural Business Year
SUGGESTED APPROACH
Objective 6 asks students to understand the definitions of fiscal year and natural business year, not just to memorize these definitions. Therefore, the instructor must get the student to internalize these concepts.
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OBJECTIVE 7
Describe and illustrate the use of working capital and the current ratio in evaluating a companys financial condition.
KEY TERMS
Current Ratio Liquidity Solvency Working Capital
SUGGESTED APPROACH
To help students understand these terms, make it personal. For example, for liquidity, ask them to imagine being offered the deal of a lifetime but the opportunity is available only for the next hour. What is the first item they possess that comes to mind that would be easiest to use to pay for the deal? For those who have cash in the bank, a quick trip to the ATM would seal the deal or selling something very popular among their peers could work. Which items would take more time to sell and thus convert to cash? Probably more expensive items. Tie solvency to working capital by asking students that if they had to pay their current obligations in a timely manner, could they do it? They should think about their current sources of cash (job, allowance from parents, etc.) and their current bills (rent, utilities, school supplies, etc.). Ask students to consider why current ratio is more indicative of how a companys ability to meet its current obligations compares to its industry average than only knowing the value of its current assets and liabilities.
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balance if an end-of-period spreadsheet is used. You may also want to emphasize that the adjusted trial balance columns are a check on the mathematical accuracy of the spreadsheet. It is helpful to allow your students to practice completing an end-of-period spreadsheet. The following group learning activity will assist in accomplishing this goal. Handout 4-1 is an end-of-period spreadsheet (work sheet) for Dixie Machinery. The Trial Balance columns have been completed using account balances from the companys ledger. Make copies of this handout for each of your students. Divide the class into small groups and instruct them to enter the adjusting entries from TM 4-4 on the spreadsheet. Also ask them to complete the Adjusted Trial Balance columns. At this point, display TM 4-5, which shows the first three columns of the completed spreadsheet. After your students have checked their work, instruct them to complete the income statement and balance sheet columns by sorting the account balances to the proper financial statement. TM 4-6 shows the adjusted trial balance, income statement, and balance sheet columns. The net income is not illustrated on this TM. This gives you the opportunity to complete that step for your students on the TM. Fill in these columns as follows: Income Statement Debit Credit 11,290 15,140 3,850 15,140 15,140 Balance Sheet Debit Credit 7,400 3,550 3,850 7,400 7,400
Check your students understanding of using the end-of-period spreadsheet to compute net income by asking the following questions: 1. If the totals of the Income Statement columns of a spreadsheet are Debit, $2,800 and Credit, $2,500, what is the net income or net loss? Answer: Net loss, $300. 2. If the totals of the Balance Sheet columns of a spreadsheet are Debit, $1,250 and Credit, $1,110, what is the net income or net loss? Answer: Net income, $140. Once the spreadsheet is completed, it may be beneficial to have students complete financial statements from the data on the spreadsheet. This will help them understand that the purpose of the spreadsheet is to provide a tool that will assist the preparer in getting from an unadjusted trial balance to producing financial statements in a very efficient manner. Remind them that using the spreadsheet does not excuse the requirement to journalize and post adjusting entries in order to make sure the general ledger account balances are accurate.
Handout 4-1 A 1 2 3 4 5 6 Account Title 7 Cash 8 Accounts Receivable 9 Prepaid Insurance 10 Office Equipment 11 Acc. Depr.Office Equip. 12 Accounts Payable 13 Salaries Payable 14 Capital Stock 15 Dividends 16 Repair Revenue 17 Salaries Expense 18 Rent Expense 19 Utilities Expense 20 Insurance Expense 21 Depr. Exp.Office Equip. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 E F G Dixie Machinery End-of-Period Spreadsheet (Work Sheet) For the Year Ended December 31, 20-Unadjusted Adjusted Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. 825 300 500 5,050 180 250 2,370 1,100 15,140 8,025 1,500 640 B C D H I J K
17,940
17,940
Handout 4-2
CLOSING ENTRIES
Part AMake entries that will bring the revenue, expense, and dividend accounts to a zero balance. Do this by moving the balance of each account to the Retained Earnings account. After you have completed your entries, compute the balance of the Retained Earnings account.
Dividends 1,200
Retained Earnings
Part BPrepare closing entries in the format used by accountants. To do this, close the revenue, expense, and dividend accounts in the following order: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Close the revenue account to Income Summary. Close the expense accounts to Income Summary. Make sure that the balance in Income Summary equals net income. If it doesnt, correct entries from (a) or (b). Close Income Summary to Retained Earnings. Close the dividend account to Retained Earnings.
After you have completed all the entries, compute the balance in the Retained Earnings account.
Dividends 1,200
Income Summary
Retained Earnings