15

GRAMMAR

,.

-4-

.o*--

Present perfect:
r

affirmative

l've lost my watch'

very recent event in the Past without an We use present perfect when we describe a exact time.
The

film

has started'

what happened before We often explain a present situation by saying mention an exact time. late? I've lost m1 watch' WhY are
You

it

We do not

in the present (I'm late)' The past action (losing the watch) has a result

o r

our experiences in the past and do We use the present perfect when we talk about not mention an exact time' I've lived in fifteen different countries'
past participle We form the Present Perfect with haye/has + Anna has lost her watch. I've finished mv homework

Regular verbs
putt With regular verbs, the past participle is the tuTt ut th"

ti-pl"

have started

he has started
he's

we have started

I've started

started started

weie started
they have starterl
they t,e started

you have started

she has started

she's

fou've started

it has started
it's started

lrregular verbs

the participle is the same Eich irregular verb has its own past participle' Sometimes the past simple, sometimes it has a different form'
Verb eat
Ieave

as

Past simPle ate

Past particiPle
eaten

lefi drank

lefi drunk

drink

There is a list of irregulat verbs on page 248'

38

GRAMMAR 15 PRESENT PERFECT: AFFIRMATIVE

participle from the box' Complete each sentence with haslhove and a
broken lost bought taken
eaten

finished
happened

written

found left

1 My dog ...'.......trq9.9q!a*.. my sandwich! ......... her bag. 2 Helen 3 I'msorry.I..................'......'......."" yourpen' it! 4 Wheres my dictionary? Someone """""""""" 5 We're too late. The Programme 6 Tina isnt here. She . .... ........""" ' 7 The police are outside the school! Something awful ' 8 I ............................... ........ your bookl Here it is! five letters' 9 lack ................. l0 I '.................... some new shoes Do you like them? 2
of the verbs in brackets' Complete the sentences with the present perfect form I Harry (do) ..... . ..-hg.s.d.owx""" "" the housework' anewflat' 2 Kate and Bill (find) . ..... . "" ""

" "" an email' 3 Nick (send) to Iearn Japanese' 4 I (decide) all the sandwiches' " 5 Sam and Dave (eat) . 6 Carlos (buy) ...."..... .... .... """" a dog' " "' at a new school' 7 Maria and Helen (start) "" her cup' 8 Frances (break) .....""""" mY umbrella' 9 I (lose) "" " the dog for a walk' l0 Max (take)

Complete each sentence with the present

perfe,ctqlT:l1:]!-1:T*3?:
wash

**a

a*" have make ftiss phone read see spend

I Oh nol That's the last bus, and we " havr'n+i'ssrd""' lt' all the Harry Potter books' She likes them a lotl 2 Carol .......'....... " al1ofitl 3 I haven t got any more money' I 4 I ..................... ... ...... an ideal Let's go to Big Burger's! """""""" it! 5 Your homework is the same as )ackt' I think you 6 Maria ............................. her hair, and she's looking for the hairdryer' ' Itt waiting outside' 7 Hurry up, Carol. Your taxi ......... bus1" 8 I'm sorry I (not) .......... ...... .........." " the travel agent l've been very 9 I .................. .'. ...... allthe Lord o/ the Rirgs films five times' 10 Read this again. You ....... """""""" some mistakes'
..

39

16
GRAMMAR

*-3-

.Pa1

Present perfect:

negative

hoven'tvisited China.

and questions
Negatives

Have you storted?

I hawn't visited China before. This is the first time. I have not founil my car keys I'm still looking for them.

haven't has not = hasn't Regular I haven't started we haven't started

harc not =

lrregular I haven't eaten

you haven't

we halen't eaten

you hawn't
he hasn't

started

they haven't

started

eaten

they hal)en't eaten

started she hasn't started it hasn't started

Questions
Have you stnrted Your homework? Hate you ever visiteil Cairo?

he hasn't eaten
she hasn't eaten

it hasn't eaten

Yes, I've Yes,

finished it! I've been there twice.

Have we eaten? Have they eaten?

Regular Have I started?

Have you started? Has he started? Has she started? Has it started?

Have we started?

Irregular H&ve I eaten?

Have you eaten?

Haw thel started?

Has he eaten? Has she eaten? Has it eaten?

sEE ALSO

6rammar 18: Present perfect and past simple: time expressions

,{0

GRAMMAR T6 PRESENT PERFECT: NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS

Read Nick's list of 'Things to Do'for his holiday. Write questions about it.
Use the words in brackets,

qqqqqquttsss
8<'-k hz't"/ / ch.ek th. t;,1.tal/" / I.nt;te 77m X Earraa a Szzil. loak / L-o( at th" ,nrp / Aay a t;e(.t X Pac( ny 5z1;lc.1se X Choose zty c/athes X

r 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(hotel)

H.q$..he. h p ek ed. kh e.h py QL.?....

(Tim)
(map)
(suitcase)

(timetable)
(guide book)

(ticket)
(clothes)

Read Nick's list. Write statements and negative sentences'

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(hotel)

(Tim)
(map)
(suitcase)

(timetable)
(guide book)

(ticket)
(clothes)

Complete this letter. Use the correct verb form of the words in brackets.
DeaY MwvlL awd >Ad,

we (t) ..........W.V.a.e*Js494.......... (ew1og) our hoLLdag so far' we (wot do) awy sLghtseeLw7. we (2) .................... (spewd) a Lot of tlvwe ow the beach (=) .................... (wot ralw). ivw ewcELLg, Lt (+) ................ (Learw) wLwd-swrf"wg (5) ............. ...... (wot tr!) Lt. t thLwk'Lt's d,awgerowsl (o) ....................
r

V) ....................
Love, NLok

(r4ou reoeLve) vwa otheY ?ostoards?

4t

17
GRAMMAR

*"4
He's left.
He left at 8.00.

Present perfect

and past simple

Contlast

Sorry, he isn't here. He's leftPresent perfect We know that this is recent. We do not know when exactly he left. Past

simple

Sorry, he isn't hete. He left at 8'00.

We know exactly when he left.

Ronaldo has scoreil a goal! We are interested that he has scored! We are not interested in when he did this. Ronaldo scored a goal in the second minute of the match. Past simple We are interested in the time when he scored.

Present perfect

I've broken my pen. Now I can't write. Present perfect This explains why we can't do somethjng now. I broke my pen at school in the maths test. Past simple This explains what happened, where it happened and when it happened. Have you been to China? Present perfect This is a question about our experiences in the Past. When iliil you go to China? Past simple This is a question about exactly when we went to China.
Yes.

I r)ent in

1998.

been and gone

Kate has been to Kate has gone to

school.

(She went there and came back. She's at home now.)

(She's

school

not at home now. She's at school.)

GRAMMAR 17 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE

Choose the best picture (a-f) for each sentence (1-6).

'.

ec

.c

I 2 3 4 5 6 I 2 3 4 5 6 7

I lived there for ten years.

. .

.......e........

I have lived here for ten years.

Pat l.ras gone sl.roppir.rg. Pat has been shopping.

Weve rnissed the bus.

We missed the bus.

Underline the correct verb form in each sentence.

Can I have another book? I've read I read this one. Iir.r not ready. I didn't finish I haven't finished my homework.

I cant find my wallet. I think I'r,e lost I lost it. Did you eat I HaNe you eaten spaghetti last night? Harry left I has left at 1.0.30. Hurry up, Jiml \ou didn't start I haven't startedl Did you see I Have you seen the match on TV last night?

Complete the sentences with the past simple or present perfect form of the verbs in brackets.

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Wl.rere (you go) .......4i4.U 9*.9.?...... for your holidays last year?

I cant play any rrore. I (just

hurt)

.. my 1bot.

lane is a famous u'riter, and (u'rite) ................................. over fifty books. Sorry, I (not finish) .. my letters yet. 'We lrad a great party last weekl 'Who (you, invite) .................................
?'

Where (you,

meet)

.. Sam? Was

it at the sports centre?

a

Peier (not play) ................................. basketball for

month.

18
GRAMMAR

Present perfect and past simple: time expressi

ever, just, yet, already, since, for, ago
Present perfect
We use the present perfect with:

ever,

never

Have you ever seen a

(any time / not any time) lion? I've never seen a lion.

. just a let

(a short time ago)

Is Peter here?

No

he's

just gone out. There he is!

(not finished - with negatives and questions) Have you finished your homework yet? No, I'm still doing it. (finished - with statements) Have a sandwich! No thanks, I've alreaily eaten. I had lunch at 12.00.
(a point in time)

o already a since

I've lived in this town since 2008. (I live here now.)

Present perfect or past simple

Jor

(a period of time)

I'te lfueil in this town for

three years.

(I live here now.)

2005

I liveil in that ftat for

Past simple

two years, but

I don't liye there

now.

ago

I started learning English a year ago.

GRAMMAR 18 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE:TIME EXPRESSIONS

Match each sentence (1-7) with an explanation (a-9).

I 2 3 4 5 6 7
a)

iim

has just

written a book.

........d........

Has jim written a book Yet? Jim has already written a book. Jim wrote a book a year ago.

fim has never written a book. Has Jim ever written a book?
Jim has written two books since 2006.

This is not his first book.

Does Jim write books? He finished his book last Year. He finished a few days ago.

b) c) d)
e)

f) g) 2 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 3

Iim started writing in 2006 and has written two books between then and now' Jim doesnl write books.
Has he finished a book?

Underline the correct word in each sentence.

yol ggl / 7ef visited Slovenia? Tomhas Jor / jrst come back from the USA. I'm not hungry. I've already / since eaten. lane lived in Greece since / for fifteen years. Brian and Claire got married ten years ago / since ten years' I can't come out. I haverit done my homework already / yet' Mark has worked in Turkey ago / s ince 2008.
Have

ComDlete each sentence with a time word from the box' Complete

already ever I 2 3 4 5 6 7

{r

just

never since
it'

yet

Sue has been on the beach ........f.?.(..... an hour,

but she hasnt had a swim yet'

I dont want to see this film I've

.................. seen

Have you .................. been to the Greek islands? Can you wait a moment? I haverit finished
.

Ouch! An insect has .................. bitten me!

George has .................. eaten Chinese food, so this is the first time for him!

Rick has lived in Japan .............'.... 2008.