Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

ABSTRACT The disposal of waste tyres is becoming a major waste management problem in the world at the moment. It is estimated that 1.2 billions of waste tyre rubber produced globally in a year. It is estimated that 11% of postconsumer tyres are exported and 27% are sent to landfill, stockpiled or dumped illegally and only 4% is used for civil engineering projects. Hence efforts have been taken to identify the potential application of waste tyres in civil engineering projects. In this essence, our present study aims to investigate the optimal use of waste tyre rubber crumbs as coarse aggregate in concrete composite. A total of 6 cubes are casted of M25 grade by replacing 20 percent of tyre aggregate with coarse aggregate and compared with regular M25 grade concrete. Fresh and hardened concretesuch as workability, compressive strength were identified.

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

Introdution:
The scarcity and availability at reasonable rates of sand and aggregates lead to invent the new materials with their replacement. The new materials should not be much expensive than what we have now or else it would be somewhat again cannot be replaceable because every cannot use it. The material should be economical and affordably available. So, from number of years the experiments have been going on to replace partially or completely by the solid wastes which cannot harm the construction and gives same strength as the regular aggregate. Discarded rubber tyres, plastic waste, rice husk, fly ash etc, are some of the waste materials can partially replaced by the coarse or fine aggregate. The rubber aggregate from discarded tyre rubber is one of the waste material which can be used to partially replace natural aggregate in sizes 20-10mm, 104.75mm and 4.75 down can be partially replaced. About one crore ten lakhs all types of new vehicles are added each year to the Indian roads. The increase of about three crores discarded tyres. The disposal of which each year pose a potential threat to environment.

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

preview

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

Materials: Rubber aggregate:

Rubber aggregate of 20mm are taken from lorry tyres of MRF make partially replacing the coarse aggregate of concrete with some quantity of small waste tyre material. These materials are cut into 20mm size manually. The research has shown that material improves qualities such as low unit weight, high resistance to abrasion, absorbing the shocks and vibrations and so on to the concrete more over inclusion of rubber in to concrete results in higher durability and elasticity.

Discarded tyres as concrete aggregates:

Earlier studies in the use of worn-out tyres in asphalt mixes were very promising, they showed that rubberized asphalt had better skid resistance, reduced fatigue cracking and achieved longer pavement life than conventional asphalt. So far very little work have been done in the use of rubber from scrap tyres in Portland cement concrete mixture. The work done so far in the use of tyre rubber as aggregate in concrete is given below.

Slump:
It was observed slump decreases with increase rubber content by total aggregates volume, the results show that at rubber content 20% by total aggregates volume. The slump was normal and the concrete was workable. This mix was properly compacted because rubber having low unit weight and low interlocking capacity without proper mixing rubber cannot paired up with the concrete as natural aggregate.

Density:
The general density reduction was to be expected due to the low specific gravity of the rubber aggregates with respect to that of the natural aggregates. The reduction in density can be a desirable feature in a number of application, including architectural application such as nailing concrete, false facades, stone backing and interior construction as well as precast concrete, light weight hollow and solid blocks, slabs etc.

Air content:
The air content increases in rubber concrete mixture with increase amount of ground tyre rubber.

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

Plastic shrinkage:
The addition of rubber shreds to mortar reduced plastic shrinkage cracking compared to a control mortar. Despite their apparently weak bonding to the cement paste, rubber shreds provided sufficient restrain to prevent micro cracks from propagating.

Effect of surface texture of rubber particles:

Various studies show that the rougher the rubber particles used in concrete mixtures the better the bonding they develop with the surrounding matrix and, therefore, the higher the compressive strength of rubber concrete may be obtained by improving the bond between rubber particles and the surrounding cement paste. Pretreatment to improve bond of rubber aggregates vary from merely washing them with water to acid etching. The treatment increase in surface roughness of the rubber, which improves its attachment to the cement paste. Upon loading weak bonding of rubber aggregates to surrounding cement paste is one of the main cause of lower compressive strerngth of rubber concrete. There are various methods by which rubber aggregates bonds may be improved. The waste rubber recycling factories should supply the rubber aggregates in pretreated and specified gradings for their better performance. This will build confidence to users and improve the mass sale of rubber aggregates as a new construction material of cement concrete construction. Quality rubber aggregates should be manufactured and supplied by waste rubber recycling factories in grading 20-10 mm, 10-4.75 mm and 4.75 mm down sizes.

Toughness, impact resistance, heat and sound insulation:

Rubberized concrete has ability to with stand large tensile deformations, the rubber particles act as springs, delaying the widening of cracks and preventing full disintegration of the concrete mass. Rubberized concrete will give better performance than conventional concrete where vibration damping is required, such as in building as an earthquakes shock-wave absorber, in foundation pads for machinery, and in Railway stations. When rubber aggregates were added to the mixture, the impact resistance of concrete is increased, Rubber aggregates in concreter also make the material a better thermal insulator, which could be very useful especially in the wake of energy conservation requirements. From fire test it was observed that flammability of rubber in rubber concrete mixture was much reduced by the presence of cement and aggregates. It is believed that fire resistance of rubber concrete mixture is satisfactory. In this connection more testing is needed.

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

Coarse aggregate:
Coarse aggregate of angular shape 20mm and 10mm sizes are mixed to increase the interlocking capacity. The most desirable fine-aggregate grading depends on the type of work, the richness of the mixture, and the maximum size of coarse aggregate. In leaner mixtures, or when small-size coarse aggregates are used, a grading that approaches the maximum recommended percentage passing each sieve is desirable for workability. In general, if the water-cement ratio is kept constant and the ratio of fine-to-coarse aggregate is chosen correctly, a wide range in grading can be used without measurable effect on strength. However, the best economy will sometimes be achieved by adjusting the concrete mixture to suit the gradation of the local aggregates.

Type of material: 20mm c.a Wt. of sample taken for testing: 2kg

IS sieve

wt.of aggregate retained pecentage retained cumulative % retained

% passing observed 100 89 7.5 0 As per IS-383 100 85-100 0-20 0-5

40mm 20mm 10mm 4.75mm

0 0.22 1.63 0.15

0 11 81.5 7.5

0 11 92.5 100

Type of material: 10mm c.a Wt. of sample taken for testing: 1kg

IS sieve

wt.of aggregate retained pecentage retained cumulative % retained

% passing observed 100 90 10 0 As per IS-383 100 85-100 0-20 0-5

12.5mm 10mm 4.75mm 2.36mm

0 0.1 0.8 0.1

0 10 80 10

0 10 90 100

Fine aggregate:

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

The shape surface texture, angularity and grading of the fine aggregate used in Portland cement concrete mixtures significantly effect the workability, strength and performance of the concrete mixtures in service. Shape,surface texture, angularity are the results of the interaction of the nature, structure, and texture of the rock of which the particles consist and the forces to which they were subjected during and after formation of the particles. 1.when rock is crushed it generally breaks along the inter faces between the mineral crystals making up the rock.this is where the binding is weakest. 2.it is difficult to produce particles having a cubical shape from astrong homogeneous rock such as fine graned trap rock (or) basalt. Homogeneous rock trends to disintegrate into flakes. Sedimentary rocks commonly are laminated and the strength of the material is lower in one direction than in others. 3.the rock tends to form slabby particles. Rock having closely spaced partings (or) cleavages in one of two directions produce flat or elongated particles. Type of material: sand fine aggregate wt. of sample taken for testing: 0.5kg

IS sieve

wt.of aggregate retained pecentage retained cumulative % retained

% passing observed As per IS-383 100 100 96.6 90-100 92.4 75-100 79.2 55-90 39 35-59 18.2 80-30 0 0-10

10mm 4.75mm 2.36mm 1.18mm 600micron 300micron 150micron

0 0.017 0.021 0.066 0.201 0.104 0.091

0 3.4 4.2 13.2 40.2 20.8 18.2

0 3.4 7.6 20.8 61 81.8 100

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

Portland pozolana cement(ppc of 43 grade)

The Portland Pozzolana Cement is a kind of Blended Cement which is produced by either intergrinding of OPC clinker along with gypsum and pozzolanic materials in certain proportions or grinding the OPC clinker, gypsum and Pozzolanic materials separately and thoroughly blending them in certain proportions. Pozzolana is a natural or artificial material containing silica in a reactive form. It may be further discussed as siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which in itself possesses little, or no cementitious properties but will in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature.

M25 concrete mix design with partial replacement of rubber

Stipulations for proportioning:

Grade designation m25 Type of cement pcc 43grade Maxmimum nominal aggregate size 20mm Minimum cement concrete 280kg/m3 Maximum water cement ratio 0.5 Workability 25mm to 50mm
8

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

Exposure condition extreme Type of aggregate crushed angular aggregate Maximum cement content -445.58kg/m3 Replacement of rubber aggregate crushed square aggregate

Test data for materials:

Cement used - ppc 43grade Specific gravity of cement 3.15 Specific gravity of water 1.00 Specific gravity of 20mm aggregate 2.6 Specific gravity of 20mm rubber aggregate 1.14 Specific gravity of a sand 2.6

Target strength for mix proportions:

Target mean strength = fck + 1.65*standard deviation Where fck characteristics strength at 28days = 25n/mm2 Fck = fck + 1.65* standard deviation =24+1.65*4 =31.6n/mm2

Selection of water cement concrete:

From graph of relation between free water cement ratio and concrete strength for different cement strength. The water cement ratio required for target mean strength of 31.6n/mm2 is 0.5. Adopt water content is 0.50

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

Selection of water content: selection of w/c from curves

For 20mm maximum size aggregate sand conforming to grading zone 11 water content per cubic metre of concrete = 186kg
10

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

sand content as percentage of total aggregate by obsolute volume = 35% adjustment is regular.

change in condition percent adjustment water content required sand in total aggregate for decrease in water cement ratio by (0.60-0.50) 0 -1 (0.60-0.50) that is 0.10 for increase in compacting factor 3 0 (0.9-0.8) i.e, 0.1 for sand conforming to zone 3 of 0 -1.5 table 4, IS 383 - 1970 TOTAL 3 -2.5

Therefore required sand content as percentage of total aggregate by absolute volume = 35 4.9 = 30.1% Required water content = 186 + 5.58 =191.6 l/m3

Determination of cement content:

Water cement ratio = 0.45 Water Cement = 191.6 = 191.6/0.45 = 445.58 kg/m3

11

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

Determination of coarse and fine aggregate contents:

0.98 = [191.6 + 445.58/3.15 + 1/0.301 * fa/2.6] *1/1000 0.98 = [191.6 + 141.45 + 1.277fa] * 1/1000 980 = 333.05 + 1.277fa

fa = 506.61 kg/m3 ca = (1-0.301/0.301) * 506.61 * (2.6/2.6) ca = 1101.67 kg/m3

The mix proportions has become:

cement

fine aggregate coarse aggregate 445.58 506.61 1101.67 1 1.13 2.47

For one cube of size 150mm*150mm*150mm

Fine aggregate=1.709kg Coarse aggregate=3.718kg Cement=1.5kg Rubber aggregate=0.32kg Coarse aggregate=2.96kg

12

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

13

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

14

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

15

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

16

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

17

Partial replacement of discarded rubber tyres with coarse aggregate

18