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,
_
n
i
i i
K C
O y
D Q
65 . 0
2
46 . 3
9 . 20
ln
1
07068 . 0
where:
Q = purge gas rate, SCFH
D = flare stack diameter, in
y = column depth at which the oxygen concentration (O2) is to be predicted, ft
O2 = oxygen concentration, volume percent
Ci = Volume fraction of component i
Ki = Constant for component i.
Typical values for Ki are:
Hydrogen: K = +5.783
Helium: K = +5.078
Methane: K = +2.328
Nitrogen: K = +1.067 (No wind)
Nitrogen: K = +1.707 (Wind 15 to 20 MPH or 6.7 to 8.9 m/s)
Ethane: K = -1.067
Propane: K = -2.651
CO2: K = -2.651
C4+: K = -6.586
In metric units:
1
]
1
,
_
n
i
i i
K C
O y
D Q
65 . 0
2
46 . 3
9 . 20
ln
1
66 . 201
where:
Q = purge gas rate, m
3
/hr
Page 72 of 78
Draft 21 March 2006 GIS 22-201
Guidance on Industry Standard for API 537 Flare Details
D = flare stack diameter, m
y = column depth at which the oxygen concentration (O2) is to be predicted, m
O2 = oxygen concentration, volume percent
Ci = Volume fraction of component i
Ki = Constant for component i (see above)
d. Note that steam or other condensable is not a suitable purge gas.
e. These equations can be simplified using standard criteria of limiting oxygen concentration to
volume % 25 ft (7,6 m) down flare stack (note that lower oxygen concentrations should be
used for certain compounds, such as hydrogen - refer to 10.1.c):
In U.S. customary units:
K
D
0.00 = Q
3.46
35283
where:
Q = purge gas rate, SCFH
D = flare stack diameter, in
K = constant (see above)
In metric units:
K
D
. = Q
3.46
0292 33
where:
Q = purge gas rate, m
3
/hr
D = flare stack diameter, m
K = constant (see above)
g. Values of Ki for gases lighter than air are determined from:
Ki = exp (0.065 (29-MWi))
h. Values of Ki for gases heavier than air are determined from an amended Husa correlation,
where (MWi-29)) is substituted for MWi as follows:
Ki = exp (0.065 (MWi-29))
Where:
MWi = molecular weight of the i
th
component of n components.
Note: It should be recognised that Husa correlation was derived
under calm or no wind conditions and is generally applicable for
wind speeds up to approximately 13,4 m/s (30 mph). Locations
where prevailing winds can often exceed this wind speed may
need somewhat higher purge rates.
Page 73 of 78
Draft 21 March 2006 GIS 22-201
Guidance on Industry Standard for API 537 Flare Details
Add
Annex D
(Normative)
BP purchasing requirements
D.1 Conflict resolution
a. If any conflict occurs as a result of applying these specifications, the more stringent
requirement shall be applied.
b. If level of stringency is undeterminable, discrepancy shall be resolved as follows:
1. Inquiry or purchase order.
2. Specification data sheets.
3. This GIS.
4. API Std 537.
c. Vendor shall however contact BP or its representative in writing before proceeding with
effected work and with proposed resolution for applying discrepancy following order of
precedence.
D.2 Vendor responsibilities
a. Detailed design of flare system shall be total responsibility of Vendor.
b. Vendor shall furnish all labour and equipment and perform all operations in accordance with
attached specifications.
c. Design information enclosed in attached specification defines minimum requirements for
design, materials, fabrication, assembly, testing, and preparation for shipment of proposed
flare system.
d. Drawings and related documents supplied in attached specifications shall be used by Vendor
as a guideline for requirement and for location of flare system components.
e. Vendor shall perform detail analysis and calculations to establish optimum configurations for
system.
f. Review of Vendor submitted bid documents by BP or its representative shall not relieve
Vendor from complete compliance with drawings and specifications. Nothing contained in any
of the specifications or data sheets shall be deemed to relieve Vendor of any warranty,
expressed or implied.
D.3 Exceptions, variances, and substitutions
a. At bid submittal stage, all exceptions taken to this GIS, all variances from this GIS, and all
substitutions of operating capabilities or equipment called for in this GIS shall be listed in
writing and forwarded to BP or its designated representative.
Page 74 of 78
Draft 21 March 2006 GIS 22-201
Guidance on Industry Standard for API 537 Flare Details
b. Any such exceptions, variances, or substitutions that are not listed at time of bid and which
subsequently are identified by BP or its representative in submittal shall be grounds for
immediate disapproval without comment.
c. No fabrication shall begin until approval drawings have been approved and stamped approved
for construction by BP or its designated representative.
D.4 Inspection and testing
D.4.1 General
a. BP or its representative will appoint an inspector to periodically inspect work being done at
Vendor facility, as well as inspect materials being proposed for fabrication.
b. BP shall be notified 7 working days prior to all hydro testing and functional testing.
D.4.2 Welding
a. BP reserves right to require Vendor to remove sections containing completed welds or any of a
finished weld and prepare specimens and deliver such specimens to BP for testing.
b. All costs for this requirement will be borne by BP.
c. Repairs required by test results not meeting specifications shall be to Vendors account.
d. BP reserves right to use destructive testing methods.
D.4.3 Access
a. BPs inspector shall have full entry at reasonable times to such parts of Vendor facility as may
concern assembly and manufacture of flare facility.
b. Approved office space shall be provided for use by BP inspectors. Such office space shall be
located at Vendor facility where flare facilities are fabricated and assembled.
c. If BP inspectors or representatives are in or about Vendor facility in course of their
employment, they are deemed to be invitee of Vendor.
D.4.4 Materials
a. All materials furnished shall comply with materials requirements, including tolerances, if any
are shown in specification documents.
b. If BP inspector finds materials or finished product in which material are used or work
performed are not in accordance with specifications, work or materials shall be removed or
otherwise corrected by Vendor at its own expense.
D.4.5 Quality assurance
a. Vendor shall be responsible for carrying out provisions of specifications at all times and for
control of quality of materials and workmanship.
b. Vendor shall submit a copy of its quality assurance manual with proposal.
c. Vendor QC program shall have comprehensive documentation, including material
certification, mill tests, purchase specifications, fabrication, and inspection and testing history
for each part, component, assembly, or complete items.
Page 75 of 78
Draft 21 March 2006 GIS 22-201
Guidance on Industry Standard for API 537 Flare Details
d. Inspection or observation of performed work by BP or its representative does not relieve
Vendor of its obligation to meet all specifications requirements for scope of work. Adequate
safety measures shall be provided and maintained at all times during the development and
execution of the project.
D.5 Shipment and storage
D.5.1 General
Throughout duration of work, BP or its representative shall be kept informed of any changes that
may affect equipment delivery.
D.5.2 Preservation and storage
a. Vendor shall be solely responsible for adequacy of equipment preservation provision
employed with respect to materials application.
b. Equipment preservation shall be suitable for minimum of 18 mo of outdoor storage.
D.5.3 Loadout and transport
a. Loadout of equipment from Vendor facility shall be performed under supervision of BP
representative. However responsibility for loadout shall remain with Vendor.
b. Vendor shall load out, tie down, and secure equipment on Vendor furnished transport.
c. Vendor shall be responsible for transport to BPs designated receiving location.
d. Removal from transport upon arrival at designated receiving location shall be by BP and
designated agent.
D.5.4 Identification and tagging
a. Each major component shall be properly identified with item and serial numbers.
b. Material shipped separately shall be properly tagged or marked with item and serial number
for which it is intended.
c. Small, easily damaged parts shall be removed from shipping. Part removed and location from
which part was removed shall both be identified with securely attached 316 SS metal tags,
with 316 SS wire indicating instrument and tag number.
d. Items that can be damaged by water shall be securely wrapped in waterproof paper before
placed in wooden crates.
D.5.5 Skid packages
Assembled equipment skid packages, ready for interconnection, startup, and commissioning, shall
be provided.
Page 76 of 78
Draft 21 March 2006 GIS 22-201
Guidance on Industry Standard for API 537 Flare Details
Add
Annex E
(Normative)
Documentation
a. Detailed operating procedure and maintenance manuals shall be developed for each flare
system.
Typical Vendor supplied procedures and manuals are not usually sufficient because
they tend to be of a generic nature and, in many cases, lack plant and system
specifics for the particular application.
b. The operating procedure should include the following major topics:
1. Detailed system description.
2. Operating range and operating limits.
3. Operating logs that may include data on flow to flare measurements, assisting media flow
measurements, purge gas flow measurements, and pilot operational status.
4. Flame observation permit requirements (opacity requirements, remote camera operation,
visual observation, aviation lights status, etc.).
5. Flare operational data required by permit (smoking severity and duration of smoking
event, venting volumes, pilot operational status report, etc.).
6. Operator training requirements and training frequency.
c. The following shall be included in great detail for each flare system:
1. Pilot operation aspects.
2. Pilot ignition aspects.
API Std 537 provides comprehensive operating instructions for various types of ignition
systems. These instructions could be included in Operating Manuals and Training
Manuals for particular type of flare ignition used in facility flare system.
3. Blowers and drivers.
4. Blower staging and control equipment.
5. Pressure staging equipment.
6. Multi burner staged flare.
7. Enclosed flame flares.
d. The following API Std 537 tables should be included in whole or in parts that are applicable
for particular installation:
1. Table 3, Troubleshooting Pilots.
2. Table 4, Troubleshooting Ignition Systems.
3. Table 5, Troubleshooting Flame Detection Systems.
4. Table 6, Troubleshooting Purge Gas Conservation Seals.
5. Table 7, Troubleshooting Blower Systems.
Page 77 of 78
Draft 21 March 2006 GIS 22-201
Guidance on Industry Standard for API 537 Flare Details
6. Table 8, Troubleshooting Blower Staging and Control Equipment.
7. Table 9, Troubleshooting Pressure Staging Equipment.
8. Table 10, Troubleshooting Enclosed Flame Flare Systems.
e. Complete documentation/information, including flare drawings provided by Vendor, shall be
accessible to personnel who will conduct inspection and maintenance work on the following:
1. Pilots and pilot system.
2. Flare ignition components.
3. Flare blowers and drivers.
4. Flare blower staging and control equipment.
5. Flare pressure staging equipment.
6. Multi burner staged flare.
7. Enclosed flame flares.
Page 78 of 78