Answers only 1

Introduction to the answers

As a student, grammar can be boring. The answers the students write should contain all the elements that are given in these answers. The sequence is not as important as their understanding of the reason each part of the sentence functions. Following directions is also important. You will find that =(is), a missing is, and just is.
An = (is) the determiner and apple the noun. (is missing between apple and the)

This is ok in English. If you repeat a word too often it becomes

redundant. Leaving it out is often normal, as it is understood, and not needed. I hope these answers will help you.

Dr. Paul R. Friesen

Part I Nouns
Unit
Sub.

The Basic Sentence

Pred.

3. He / waved to me. Speaking = He (=) equals the subject and waved to me (=) equals the predicate.
Sub. Pred.

4. A pencil / lay on the desk. Speaking = A pencil (=) equals subject and lay on the desk (=) equals the predicate.
Sub. Pred.

5. John / went to the game. Speaking = John (=) equals the subject and went to the game (=) equals the predicate.
Sub. Pred.

6. The fire / scorched the earth. Speaking = The fire (=) equals the subject and scorched the earth (=) equals the predicate.
Sub. Pred.

7. Each boy / had a pencil. Speaking = Each boy (=) equals the subject and (=) equals the predicate.
Sub. Pred.

8. I / wanted a hat. Speaking = I (=) equals the subject and wanted a hat (=) equals the predicate. 9. Our camp / was in the woods. Speaking = Our camp (=) equals the subject and (=) equals the predicate.
Sub. Pred. Sub. Pred.

10. They / lit the lamp quickly. Speaking = They (=) equals the subject and lit the lamp quickly (=) equals the predicate.

Sub.

Pred.

11. His house / is up the street. Speaking = His house (=) equals the subject and is up the street (=) equals the predicate.
Sub. Pred.

12. Jim / enjoyed the pancakes. Speaking = Jim (=) equals the subject and enjoyed the pancakes (=) equals the predicate.
Sub. Pred.

13. Many friends / met at the concert. Speaking = Many friends (=) equals the subject and met at the concert (=) equals the predicate.
Sub. Pred.

14. Dogs / bark. Speaking = Dogs (=) equals the subject and barked (=) equals the predicate.
Sub. Pred.

15. This house / is very dark. Speaking = This house (=) equals the subject and is very dark (=) equals the predicate.
Sub. Pred.

16. Jerry / has given me his pencil. Speaking = Jerry (=) equals the subject and has given me his pencil (=) equals the predicate.
Sub. Pred.

17. That boy / is my friend. Speaking = That boy (=) equals the subject and is my friend (=) equals the predicate.
Sub. Pred.

18. Some days / seem very long. (to be) Speaking = Some days (=) equals the subject and (to be) very long (=) equals the predicate.

Sub.

Pred.

19. She / cried easily. Speaking = She (=) equals the subject and cries easily (=) equals the predicate. 20. A lamp / stood on the desk. Speaking = A lamp (=) equals the subject and stood on the desk (=) equals the predicate.
Sub. Pred.

Unit 2

Determiners

D N 2. Each girl seemed happy. Speaking = Each = (is) the determiner and girl the noun. D N D N 3. An apple stood on the table. Speaking = An = (is) the determiner and apple the noun. The = (is) the determiner and table the noun. D N D N 4. Your hat is near the door. Speaking = Your = (is) determiner and hat the noun. The = (is) determiner and door the noun. D N 5. Their ideas are good. Speaking = Their = (is) the determiner and ideas the noun. D N 6. These flowers smell good. Speaking = These = (is) the determiner and flowers the noun. D N 7. Our school is new. Speaking = Our = (is) the determiner and school the noun.

D N D N 8. My brother told the story. Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and brother the noun. The = (is) the determiner and story and story the noun. D N D N 9. Your coat is on a hanger. Speaking = Your = (is) the determiner and coat the noun. A = (is) the determiner and hanger the noun. D N D N

10. My car went into the ditch. Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and car the noun. The = (is) the determiner and ditch the noun. D N D N 11. That girl gave me an apple. Speaking = That = (is) the determiner and girl the noun. An = (is) the determiner and apple the noun. D N 12. Either road will do. Speaking = Either is the determiner and road is the noun. D N D N 13. An orchard produced the fruit. Speaking = An is the determiner and orchard the noun. The is the determiner fruit the noun.

and

D N D N 14. Its tail was a stub. Speaking = Its = (is) the determiner and tail the noun. A = (is) the determiner and stub the noun. D N D N 15. Those deer are on the road. Speaking = Those = (is) the determiner and deer the noun. The = (is) the determiner and road the noun.

D N 16. Our plans were very detailed. Speaking = Our = (is) the determiner and plans is the noun. D N 17. Any idea will help. Speaking = Any is the determiner and idea is the noun. D N D N

18. Those girls helped my mother. Speaking = Those = (is) the determiner and girls the noun. My = (is) the determiner and mother the noun. D N D N

19. Each camper took his tent. Speaking = Each is the determiner and camper the noun. His is the determiner and tent the noun. D N D N 20. The men wanted every board. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and men the noun. Every = (is) the determiner and board the noun. D N 21. All men are created equal. Speaking = All = (is) the determiner and men the noun. D N D N 22. Another boy took her book. Speaking = Another = (is) the determiner and boy the noun. Her = (is) the determiner and book the noun. D N D N 23. Their book had many pictures. Speaking = Their = (is) the determiner and book the noun. Many = (is) the determiner and pictures the noun.

D N D N 24. Neither boy wanted any help. Speaking = Neither = (is) the determiner and boy is the noun. Any = (is) the determiner and help is the noun. D N D N 25. Her hat was on a hook. Speaking = Her = (is) the determiner and hat is the noun. A = (is) the determiner and hook the noun.

Unit 3

Identifying Nouns

D N D N 3. My father came to our picnic. Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and father is the noun. Our = (is) is the determiner and picnic is the noun. N D N

4. Trees give us some shade. Speaking = Trees = (is) the noun because of its position as the subject. Some = (is) the determiner and shade the noun. D N 5. Many parks are quite clean. Speaking = Many = (is) the determiner and parks the noun. D N D N 6. The game was a pleasure. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and game the noun. A = (is) the determiner and pleasure the noun. N D N 7. Jim ran down the street. Speaking = Jim = (is) the noun because if its position as the subject. The = (is) the determiner and street is the noun.

D N D N 8. The men did their work. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and men is the noun. There = (is) the determiner and work the noun. N D N 9. Susan hid behind a tree. Speaking = Susan is a noun because of its position as the subject. A is the determiner and tree is the noun. D N D N

10. A rock rolled down the hill. Speaking = A = (is) the determiner and rock the noun. The = (is) the determiner and hill the noun. D N D N 11. Each day gives us some fun. Speaking = Each = (is) the determiner and day the noun. Some = (is) the determiner and fun the noun. N D N 12. Cars sped down the road. Speaking = Cars = (is) a noun because of its position as the subject. The = (is) the determiner and road is the noun. D N D N 13. A weasel crossed the creek. Speaking = A = (is) the determiner and weasel the noun. The = (is) the determiner and creek the noun. D N D N 14. His cat chased the dog. Speaking = His = (is) the determiner and cat the noun. D N D N 15. My ball hit a window. Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and ball the noun. A is the determiner and window the noun.

N D N 16. Tom lay inside our hammock. Speaking = Tom = (is) a noun because of its position as the subject. Our is the determiner and hammock the noun. D N D N 17. Their cabin was among the trees. Speaking = There = (is) the determiner and cabin the noun. The = (is) the determiner and trees the noun. D N D N

18. Your dog ran after the rabbit. Speaking = Your = (is) the determiner and dog the noun. The = (is) the determiner and rabbit the noun. N 19. People stood quietly. Speaking = People = (is) a noun because of its position as the subject. D N D N

20. Every lamp stood on the floor. Speaking = Every = (is) the determiner and lamp the noun. The = (is) the determiner and floor the noun.

Unit 4
N

The Plural Endings of Nouns

N D N

2. Dogs and cats are our pets. Speaking = Dogs and Cats are plural nouns because of the s ending. Pets = (is) a plural noun because of the s ending, and the determiner. D N D N 3. The boxes lay on the floor. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner, and boxes is a plural noun because of the s ending. The = (is) the determiner and floor is a singular noun because of the missing s ending.

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N D N 4. Lilies bloomed in the valleys. Speaking = Lilies = (is) a plural noun because of the s ending. The = (is) the determiner and valleys a plural noun because of the s ending. N D N 5. Cows ate with the calves. Speaking = Cows = (is) a plural noun because of the s ending. The = (is) the determiner and calves a plural noun because of the s ending. D N

6. The nights were long. Speaking = The = (is) a the determiner and nights is a plural noun because of the s ending. D N D N 7. The boys served the food. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and boys is a plural noun because of the s ending. The = (is) is the determiner and food is a singular noun because of the missing s ending. D N D N 8. The women enjoyed the waltzes. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner, and women is a plural noun because of the plural spelling ( woman/women). The = (is) the determiner and waltzes is a plural noun because of the es ending. D N D N 9. Some flies were on the tables. Speaking = Some = (is) the determiner and lies is a plural noun because of the plural determiner and the ies ending. The = (is) a determiner and tables a plural noun because of the s ending. D N D N 10. The axes stood in the corner. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and axes a plural noun because of the es ending. The = (is) the determiner and corner a singular noun because of the missing s ending.

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D N 11. My teeth were clean. Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and teeth is a plural noun because of its form. (teeth/tooth) N D N 12. Mary gave it to the children. Speaking = Mary = (is) a singular noun because of its position as the subject. The (is) the determiner. Children = (is) a plural noun because of the ren ending. N D N

13. Classes passed in the hall. Speaking = Classes = (is) a plural noun because of its position as subject and the es: ending. The = (is) the determiner and hall a singular noun because of the missing s ending. D N D N 14. The sheep are in the pasture. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and sheep = (is) a plural noun because of the plural verb usage (are). The = (is) the determiner and pasture a singular noun because of the missing s ending. N 15. Churches are built yearly. Speaking = Churches = (is) a plural noun because of its position as the subject the es ending.

and

D N D N 16. The men are the bosses. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and men a plural noun because of its form (man/men). The is the determiner and bosses a plural noun because of its es ending. D N 17. His wishes came true. Speaking = His = (is) the determiner and wishes a plural noun because of its position as subject and the es ending.

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D N 18. Some ladies are waiting. Speaking = Some = (is) the determiner and ladies a plural noun because of its position and the ies ending. N D N 19. John surrendered to his enemies. Speaking = John is a noun because of its position as subject. His is the determiner and enemies a plural noun because of the ies ending. D N D N

20. The citizens paid the taxes. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and citizens is a plural noun because of the s ending. The = (is) the determiner and taxes a plural noun because of the s.

Unit 5

The Possessive Endings of Nouns

ending.

Poss.N N 2. John's sister came with us. Speaking = Johns = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s and sister = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive noun Johns. D Poss.N N 3. The men's hats were brown. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner. Mens = (is) a plural possessive noun because of the apostrophe - s and the ending s. Hats = (is) a plural noun signaled by the possessive noun mens and the s ending. Poss.N N

4. Explorers' maps are available. Speaking = Explorers = (is) a possessive plural noun because of the apostrophe and the ending s. Maps = (is) a plural noun signaled by the possessive Explorers and the s ending.

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N D Poss.N N 5. Joe pulled the pony's mane. Speaking = Joe = (is) a noun because of its position as subject. The is the determiner and ponys a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Mane is a noun signaled by the possessive ponys. D N Poss.N N 6. The class read Dickens' prose. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and class the noun. Dickens = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Prose = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive Dickens. D Poss.N N 7. The mothers' tea lasted long. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and mothers a plural possessive noun because of the apostrophe and the s ending. Poss.N N D N 8. Tim's pencil is on the desk. Speaking = Tims = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Pencil is a noun signaled by the possessive noun Tims. The = (is) a determiner and desk a singular noun. D N Poss. N N 9. Each class read the author's book. Speaking = Each= (is) the determiner and class is the noun. Authors = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s, and book = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive authors. D N Poss.N N 10. Some men pushed Jim's car. Speaking = Some = (is) the determiner and men the plural noun because of the plural form. Jims = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Car = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive Jims.

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D N Poss.N N 11. Our home is near Jack's house. Speaking = Our = (is) the determiner and home the noun. Jacks = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. House = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive Jacks. D N Poss.N N 12. Any boy would like Tom's bike. Speaking = Any = (is) the determiner and boy the noun. Tomes = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe. Bike = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive Toms. D N Poss.N N 13. That animal is Joan's cat. Speaking = That = (is) the determiner and animal the noun. Joans = (is) a possessive because of the apostrophe s. Cat = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive Joans. Poss.N N D N 14. Sally's picture is on the wall. Speaking = Sallys = (is) a possessive non because of the apostrophe s. Picture = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive Sallys. The = (is) the determiner and wall a noun signaled by the determiner. D Poss.N N 15. The man's wife is here. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner. Mans is a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Wife = (is) the noun signaled by the possessive mans. D N Poss.N N

16. Some girls rode in Jerry's boat. Speaking = Some = (is) the determiner and girls a plural noun because of the s ending. Jerrys = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Boat = (is) a noun because of the possessive Jerrys.

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D N Poss.N N 17. My father borrowed Tom's ladders. Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and father the noun. Toms = (is) a possessive noun and ladders a plural noun because of the s ending and signaled by the possessive Toms. Poss.N N D N 18. Harry's brother came with the men. Speaking = Harrys = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Brother = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive Harrys. The = (is) the determiner and men is a plural noun because of its form. (man/men) D Poss.N N D N 19. The children's wagons were on the street. Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and childrens a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Wagons = (is) a plural noun because of the s ending, and signaled by the possessive childrens. The = (is) the determiner and street is the noun. D N Poss.N N 20. Our plans are based on Jack's ideas. Speaking = Our = (is) the determiner and plans a plural noun because of the s ending. Jacks = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Ideas = (is) a plural noun because of the s ending, and signaled by the possessive Jacks.

Unit 6

Noun Suffixes

D N 2. The singer pleased nearly everyone. Speaking = Singer is a noun because of the determiner the and the suffix er D N D N 3. The author was a humorist. Speaking = Author is a noun because of the determiner The. Humor is a noun because of the determiner a and the suffix ist.

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D N N 4. The Russians practice Communism. Speaking = Russians is a noun because of the determiner The. Communism is a noun because of the suffix ism. D N 5. His weakness is evident. Speaking = Weakness is a noun because of the suffix ness and its position as the object. D N 6. The preacher was very unhappy. Speaking = Preacher is a noun because of the determiner The and the suffix er. D N 7. Some differences are obvious. Speaking = Differences is a noun because of its position as the subject and the suffix ence. It is signaled by the determiner Some. D N 8. His criticism seems unjust. Speaking = Criticism is a noun because of its position as the subject, the suffix ism, and signaled by the determiner His. D N N 9. The soldiers were terrorists. Speaking = Soldiers is a noun because of its position as subject and the determiner The. Terrorists is a noun because of the suffix ist. D N

10. The argument appeared useless. Speaking = Argument is a noun because of its position as subject, the suffix ment, and the determiner The. D N D N 11. Some people appreciate your kindness. Speaking = People is a noun because of its position as the subject. Kindness is a noun because of the suffix ness.

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D N D N 12. Those officers caught the gangster. Speaking = Officers is a noun because of its position as subject and the determiner Those. Gangster is a noun signaled by the determiner the and the suffix ster. D N 13. My assistant will help you. Speaking = Assistant is a noun because of its position as subject, the determiner My, and the suffix ant. D N D N 14. The man is a pantomimic. Speaking = Man is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner The. Pantomimic is a noun because of the determiner a and the suffix ic. D N D N 15. Some annoyances bother the boys. Speaking = Annoyances is a plural noun because of its position as the subject, he plural determiner Some, the s ending, and the suffix ance. Boys a plural noun signaled by the determiner the and the s ending. D N 16. His neatness was appreciated. Speaking = Neatness is a noun because of its position as the subject, the determiner His, and the suffix ness. D N D N 17. Her sister ate a spoonful. Speaking = Sister is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the determiner Her. Spoonful is a noun because of the determiner a and the suffix ful. D N D N 18. Your judgment will help the plan. Speaking = Judgment is a noun because of its position as the subject, the determiner Your, and the suffix ment. Plan is a noun signaled by the determiner the.

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D N N 19. The girls studied our government. Speaking = Girls is a plural noun because of the s ending, its position as the subject, and signaled by the determiner The. Government is a noun because of the suffix ment. D N 20. One difference seemed clear. Speaking = Difference is a noun because of the suffix ence, its position as the subject, and signaled by the determiner One.

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Summary Noun Signals

1. In basic sentences only, determiners tell us that the word following = a noun. 2. A noun will often occupy the subject position in a basic sentence. 3. Plural endings like s, es, and en often signal nouns, 4. An apostrophe () or apostrophe - s (s) = a signal for a possessive noun. 5. Noun suffixes often signal nouns. 6. Although we have had no unit on this, remember that capitalized words also indicate nouns.
Can you identify the nouns in the following nonsense sentences? 1. His fomps are by the tampster. 2. My libes walked over the turler. 3. Some Moden gave me some roxes. 4. Neither mabes are for either dirgdom. 5. Our dasks seem near the enden. 6. Many moshences are by his stooner. 7. The blibism kept their orgful. 8. Her keepness is a frug. 9. That morko walked by Dirneys. 10. Several koobes told about a drup. 11. A minnikin fell by your scrops. 12. All baktion are in your cares. Fomps / tampster libes / turler Moden / roxes mabes / dirgdom dasks / enden Moshences / stooner blibism / orgful keepness / frug morko / Dirneys koobes / drup minnikin / scrops baktion / cares

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Unit 8

Identifying Subject Pronouns

Pron. D N

IDENTIFYING SUBJECT D N DSUBJECT N PRONOUNS G 2. A girl sat on the swing. PRONOUNS

She sat on the swing. Speaking = Girl is a noun signaled but the determiner A and its position as the subject. Swing is a noun signaled by the determiner the. She is a pronoun replacing girl.

D N Pron. 3. The dog was lazy. It was lazy. Speaking = Dog is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner The. It is a pronoun replacing dog. D N Pron. 4. The boys left early. They left early. Speaking = Boys is a plural noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner The and the sending s. They is the pronoun replacing boys. N D N Pron. DN 5. Sharon is my name. I am a girl. Speaking = Sharon is a noun because of its position as the subject. Name is a noun signaled by the determiner my. I is a pronoun which replaces the noun Sharon. Girl is a singular noun signaled by the determiner a. D N D N Pron. D N 6. A woman sat on the chair. She sat on the chair. Speaking = Woman is a singular noun signaled by the determiner A and its position as the subject. Chair is a noun signaled by the determiner the. She is a pronoun replacing the noun woman. D N DN Pron. D N 7. My father helped the man. He helped the man. Speaking = Father is a noun signaled by the determiner My and its position as the subject. Man is a noun signaled by the determiner the. He is a pronoun replacing the noun father.

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D N Pron. 8. The money is hidden. It is hidden. Speaking = Money is a noun signaled by the determiner The and its position as the subject. IT is a pronoun replacing the noun money. D N D N Pron. D N 9. The items lay on the desk. They lay on the desk. Speaking = Items is a plural noun signaled by the determiner The and its position as the subject and the s ending. They is a plural pronoun replacing the plural noun items. D N D N Pron. D N 10. My teacher came into the room. She came into the room. Speaking = Teacher is a noun signaled by the determiner My and its position as the subject . She is a pronoun replacing the noun teacher. D N D N Pron. D N 11. The water dripped for an hour. It dripped for an hour. Speaking = Water is a noun signaled by the determiner The and its position as the subject . It is a pronoun replacing the noun water. N D N Pron. DN 12. Joyce is my name. I am a girl. Speaking = Joyce is a noun because of its position as the subject. Name is a noun signaled but the determiner my. I is a pronoun replacing the noun Joyce. Girl is a noun signaled by the determiner a. N D N Pron. N 13. Your name is John. You are John. Speaking = Name is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the determiner Your. John is a noun because it is a name. You is a pronoun replacing name. D N D N Pron. D N 14. Some cars ran off the road. They ran off the road. Speaking = Cars is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the determiner Some. They is a noun replacing cars.

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Unit 9

Identifying Object Pronouns

D N Pron. 2. The ball hit him. Speaking = Ball is a noun signaled by the determiner The and its position as the subject. Him is an object pronoun. Pron. Pron. D N 3. We met them at the park. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position. Them is an object pronoun because of its position. Park is a noun signaled by the determiner the. D N Pron. 4. The crowds applauded us. Speaking = Crowds is a plural subject pronoun because of its position as the subject, the s ending, and signaled by the determiner The. Us is an object pronoun because of its position. N Pron. D N 5. Ellen saw me at the movie. Speaking = Ellen is a noun because of its position as the subject. Me is an object pronoun because of its position. Movie is a noun signaled by the determiner the. Pron. Pron. 6. His acts displeased me. Speaking = His is the subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Me is an object pronoun because of its position. N Pron. D N 7. Tom took him to the movie. Speaking = Tom is a noun because of its position as the subject. Him is an object pronoun because of its position. Movie is a noun signaled by the determiner the. Pron. Pron. D N 8. I saw them at the game. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Them is an object pronoun because its position. Game is a noun signaled by the determiner the.

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N Pron. D N 9. John sold us a ticket. Speaking = John is a noun because of its position as the subject. Us is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Ticket is a noun signaled by the determiner a. Pron. Pron. D N 10. She gave me some paper. Speaking = She is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Me is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Paper is a noun signaled by the determiner some. Pron. Pron. 11. It flew under him. Speaking = It is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Him is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Pron. Pron. 12. They laughed at her. Speaking = They is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Her is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Pron. Pron. D N 13. You showed me your book. Speaking = You is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Me is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Book is a noun signaled by the determiner your. N Pron. D N 14. The grocer sold me a steak. Speaking = Grocer is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the determiner The . Me is an object pronoun because of its po sition as the object. Steak is a noun signaled by the determiner a. Pron. Pron. 15. He sat by me. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Me is an object pronoun because of its position as the object.

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Pron. Pron. 16. She pushed us. Speaking = She is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Us is an o object pronoun because of its position as the object. Pron. Pron. 17. It is for him. Speaking = It is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Him is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Pron. Pron. 18. We ran after them. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Them is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Pron. Pron. 19. I told him about it. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. It is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. D N Pron. 20. The picture looks like her. Speaking = Picture is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the determiner The . Her is an object pronoun because of its position as the object.

Unit 10

Determiner OR Indefinite Pronoun

D N D N IP D N 3. Many children like a circus. Many like a circus. Speaking = Children is a plural noun because of its position and form (child/children), and signaled by the determiner Many. Circus is a noun signaled by the determiner a. Many is an indefinite subject pronoun because it is used alone and its position as the subject.

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D N IP 4. Any day is satisfactory. Any will do. Speaking = Day is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner any. Any is an indefinite subject pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone. D N D N IP D N 5. One person lay on the floor. One lay on the floor. Speaking = Person is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner One. One is an indefinite subject pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone. D N Pron. IP Pron. 6. Some boys helped us. Some helped us. Speaking = Boys is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner Some. Us is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Some is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone. D N N IP D N 7. Few people attended the game. Few attended the game. Speaking = People is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the determiner Few. Game is a noun signaled by the determiner the. Few is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone. D N IP 8. Both bats were broken. Both were broken. Speaking = Bats is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner Both. Both is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone. D N IP 9. Some houses were painted. Some were painted. Speaking = Houses is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner Some. Some is an indefinite subject pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

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D N D N IP D N 10. Two balls floated on the water. Two floated on the water. Speaking = Balls is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner Two. Two is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone. D N IP 11. Each child walked in line. Each walked in line. Speaking = Child is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner Each. Each is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone. D N D N IP D N 12. Many fans were at the game. Many were at the game. Speaking = Fans is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner Many. Game is a noun signaled by the determiner the. Many is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone. D N D N IP D N 13. Some birds were on the lawn. Some were on the lawn. Speaking = Birds is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner Some. Some is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone. D N IP 14. Any reading appears satisfactory. Any appears satisfactory. Speaking = Reading is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner Any. Any is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone. D N IP 15. Neither boy tried hard. Neither tried hard. Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner Neither. Neither is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

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D N IP 16. Another plane crashed. Another crashed. Speaking = Plane is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner Another. Another is an indefinite subject pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone. D N N IP N 17. All cats are animals. All are animals. Speaking = Cats is a plural noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner All, and the s ending. Animals is a plural noun because of its position as the object and the s ending. All is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

Unit 11

Determiner or Demonstrative Pronoun

D N DP 3. These pencils are sharp. These are sharp. Speaking = Pencils is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner These and the s ending. These is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone. D N D N DP 4. That road has many bumps. That is very true. Speaking = Road is a noun signaled by the determiner That. Bumps is a p lural noun, because of the plural determiner many and the s ending. Th at is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone. D N Pron. DP Pron. 5. This coat is mine. This is mine. Speaking = Coat is a noun signaled by the determiner This and the. Mine is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. This is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone. D N DP 6. Those apples appear spoiled. Those appear spoiled. Speaking = Apples is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner Those and the s ending. Those is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone.

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D N D N DP D N 7. This lake has many fish. This is my ball. Speaking = Lake is a noun signaled by the determiner This. Fish is a plural noun signaled by the determiner many. This is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone. Ball is a noun signaled by the determiner my. D N DP 8. Those buildings are tall. Those are really tall. Speaking = Buildings is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner Those and the s ending. Those is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone. D N DP 9. That picture is unusual. That is unusual. Speaking = Picture is a noun signaled by the determiner That. That is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone. D N DP 10. These books are dusty. These are dusty. Speaking = Books is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner These and the s ending. These is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone. D N DP 11. Those dresses are too large. Those are too large. Speaking = Dresses is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner Those and the s ending. Those is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone. D N DP D N 12. That movie was good. That is my house. Speaking = Move is a noun signaled by the determiner That. That is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone. House is a noun because of the determiner my. D N DP 13. This page is torn. This is torn. Speaking = Page is a noun signaled by the determiner This ending. This is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone.

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Part II Verbs
Unit 1
Pron.V

Identifying Verbs (1)

Pron. N

2. I go with him on Monday. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position. Go is the verb. Him is an objective pronoun. Monday is a noun because of its position is the object. D N V 3. The boy throws well. Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner The. Throws is the verb. N V N D N 4. Jane buys candy at the store. Speaking = Jane is a noun because of its position. Buys is the verb. Candy is a noun because of its position as object. Store is a noun signaled by the determiner the. Pron.V Pron. N 5. I do my work carefully. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun. Do is the verb. My is an object pronoun signaling work which is the noun. N V Pron. 6. Jerry does his work well. Speaking = Jerry is a noun because of its position as the subject. Does is the verb. His is an object pronoun signaling the noun work. Pron. V Pron. D N 7. You give me that book. Speaking = You is a subject pronoun. Give is the verb. Me is an object pronoun. Book is a noun signaled by the determiner that.

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N V N Pron. N 8. Tom grows apples on his farm. Speaking = Tom is a noun because of its position as the subject. Grows is the verb. Apples is a noun because of its position as the object. His is an object pronoun signaling farm the noun. D N V D N 9. The sun rises each morning. Speaking = Sun is a noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the determiner The. Rises is the verb. Morning is a noun because of its position as the object signaled by the determiner each. Pron. V Pron. N 10. We write to them on Tuesday. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position. Write is the verb. Them is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Tuesday is noun because of its position as object. Pron.V Pron.N D N 11. I see your ball on the field. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. See is the verb. Ball is an object signaled by the determiner your. Field is a noun signaled by the determiner the. DN V D N 12 A deer walks near the fence. Speaking = Deer is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner A. Walks is the verb. Fence is a noun because of its position as the object and signaled by the determiner the. D N V 13. Each boy sings well. Speaking = Boy is a noun position as the subject signaled by the determiner Each. Sings is the verb.

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Pron. N V D N 14. Her brother walks by the church. Speaking = Brother is a noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the pronoun Her. Walks is the verb. Church is a noun because of its position as the object signaled by the determiner the. Pron. N V 15. My dog barks loudly. Speaking = Dog is a noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the pronoun My. Barks is the verb. Pron. V D N 16. She tells that story. Speaking = She is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Tells is the verb. Story is a noun because of its position as the object signaled by the determiner that. D N V 17. That man plays hard. Speaking = Man is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the determiner That. Plays is the verb. Pron.V N 18. I like pop. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Like is the verb. Pop is a noun because of its position as the object. Pron. V D N 19. We enjoy each meal. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Enjoy is the verb. Meal is a noun signaled by the determiner each and its position as the object. D N V 20. Most children eat slowly. Speaking = Children is a noun signaled by the determiner Most, and because of its position as the subject. Eat is the verb.

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Directions
See if you can find six verbs to fill the position of the blank in this sentence. I __eat________ candy. I __make________ candy. I __buy________ candy. I __love________ candy. I __form________ candy. I __throw________ candy.

Unit 2

Identifying Verbs (2)

Pron.V-ed D N 2. He broke the window. Speaking = He = a subject pronoun, broke a past tense verb, window a noun signaled by the determiner the. D N V-ed D N 3. A bee stung the man. Speaking = A = a determiner, bee a noun, stung a past tense verb, man a noun signaled by the determiner the. N V-ed D N 4. Father bought a tire. Speaking = Father = a noun because of its position as the subject, bought a past tense verb, and tire is a noun signaled by the determiner a. D N V-ed D N 5. The fielder caught the ball. Speaking = The = a determiner, fielder a noun, caught is a past tense verb, ball a noun because of the determiner the.

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D N V-edD N 6. Each child drew a picture. Speaking = Each = a determiner, child a noun, drew is a past tense verb, picture is a noun because of the determiner a. Pron.V-edDN 7. I ate the cake. Speaking = I = a subject pronoun, ate a past tense verb, cake is a noun signaled by the determiner the. N V-ed D N 8. Jerry fell into the puddle. Speaking = Jerry = a noun because of its position, fell is a past tense verb, and puddle is a noun signaled by the determiner the. D N V-ed 9. Some players fought hard. Speaking = Some = a determiner, players a plural noun because of its position and the ending s, fought is a past tense verb. D N V-edDN 10. Most people gave a lot. Speaking = Most = a determiner, people a noun, gave a past tense verb, lot is a noun signaled by the determiner a. D N V-ed D N 11. A ship went by the pier. Speaking = A = a determiner, ship a noun, went a past tense verb, pier a noun signaled by the determiner the. D N V-ed 12. Many flowers grew slowly. Speaking = Many = is a determiner, flowers a noun, grew is a past tense verb. Pron. V-ed D N 13. We hopped up the steps. Speaking = We = is a subject pronoun, hopped a past tense verb, step sis a noun signaled by the determiner the.

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Pron.V-edD N 14. I knew the poem well. Speaking = I = a subject pronoun, knew a past tense verb, poem a noun signaled by the determiner the. N V-ed D N 15. John lay there an hour. Speaking = John = ship a noun because of its position as subject, lay a past tense verb, hour a noun signaled by the determiner an. Pron. V-ed D N 16. She rose from the bed. Speaking = She = a subject pronoun, rose a past tense verb, bed a noun signaled by the determiner the. D N V-ed D N 17. Several students knew about it. Speaking = Several = a determiner, students a noun, knew a past tense verb, it a noun signaled by the determiner about. Pron. V-ed Pron.D N 18. They showed us the pictures. Speaking = They = a subject pronoun, showed a past tense verb, us an object pronoun, pictures a noun signaled by the determiner the. D N V-ed D N 19. The boys swam to the dock. Speaking = The= a determiner, boys a noun, swam a past tense verb, dock a noun signaled by the determiner the. Pron. V-ed D N 20. They bought the house. Speaking = They = a subject pronoun, bought a past tense verb, house a noun signaled by the determiner the.

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Can you now tell the difference between a past tense verb and the

present tense
V-ed 2. Grace wore a hat. V 3. Grace wears a hat. V 4. I get up early. V-ed 5. I got up early. V 6. She springs to the saddle. V-ed 7. She sprang to the saddle. V 8. Most parents pay taxes. V-ed 9. Most parents paid taxes V 10. Each boy wants the bicycle. V-ed 11. Each boy wanted the bicycle. V-ed 12. A thief stole the money. V 13. He tries hard.

?
= past

= present = present

= past

= present

= past

= present

= past

= present

= past

= past

= past

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V-ed 14. Judy took the bus this morning. V 15. We dive with glee. V-ed 16. We dived with glee. V-ed 17. Tom took the car that night. V 18. Tom takes it each day. V-ed 19. Tom took it each day. V 20. A thief steals the money.

= past

= present

= past

= past

= present

= past

= past

Unit 3

Identifying Verbs (3)

Pron. Aux.V V 2. She can sing very well. Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, and can sing is a verb phrase. N Aux.V V-ed D N 3. Mother has bought the hat. Speaking = Mother is a noun because of its position as the subject. has bought is a verb phrase, and hat a noun signaled by the determiner the.

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D N Aux.V V Pron. 4. The boy might catch us. Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the determiner The. might catch is a verb phrase, and us an object pronoun. D N Aux.V V 5. Each boy does try hard. Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the determiner Each. does try is a verb phrase. D N Aux.V V D N 6. The boys should draw the pictures. Speaking = Boys is a plural noun because of its position as the subject, signaled by the determiner The, and the s ending. should draw is a verb phrase, and pictures a plural noun signaled by the determiner the and the s ending. Pron.Aux.VVD N 7. He will eat the salad. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. will eat is a verb phrase, and salad a noun signaled by the determiner the. D N Aux.V VPron. 8. The men will hear us. Speaking = Men is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the determiner the. will heart is a verb phrase, and us an object pronoun because if its position. N. Aux. V V D N 9. Sandy may know about the plans. Speaking = Sandy is a noun because of its position as the subject. may know is a verb phrase, and plans a plural noun signaled by the s ending and determiner the. Pron. Aux. V V D N 10. I can prove that story. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. can prove is a verb phrase, and story a noun signaled by the determiner that.

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D N. Aux.V V 11. Most children must rise early. Speaking = Children is a plural noun because of its position as the subject and its form (child/children).must rise is a verb phrase. Pron. Aux.VV D N 12. We shall tear the paper. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. shall tear is a verb phrase. Paper is a noun signaled by the determiner the. N Aux. V V D N 13. Joe might write the letter. Speaking = Joe is a noun because of its position as the subject. might write is a verb phrase, and letter a noun signaled by the determiner the. N Aux.VV D N 14. Chris did write the letter. Speaking = Chris is a noun because of its position as the subject. did write is a verb phrase, and letter a noun signaled by the determiner the. Pron. Aux.VV D N 15. We shall eat our lunch. Speaking = We is a noun because of its position as the subject. shall eat is a verb phrase, and lunch a noun signaled by the determiner our. N Aux.VV D N 16. Tom will sing for us. Speaking = Tom is a noun because of its position as the subject. will sing is a verb phrase, and us an object pronoun. Pron. Aux.VV-ed D N 17. They have played all morning. Speaking = They is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. have played is a past tense verb phrase signaled by the ed ending. Morning is a noun because of its position as the object.

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D N Aux. VV 18. The skies could clear soon. Speaking = Skies is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the determiner The. could clear is a verb phrase. D N Aux.V V Pron. 19. Our parents would want it. Speaking = Parents is a plural noun because of its position as the subject, the s ending, and signaled by the determiner Our. would want is a verb phrase, and it an object pronoun. Pron. Aux.V V D N 20. We shall avoid the problem. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. shall avoid is a verb phrase, and problem a noun signaled by the determiner the.

Unit 4

Identifying Verbs (4)

D N V-en D N 2. The men have taken their cars. Speaking = Men is a noun indicated by the determiner The, its form (man/men) and its position as subject, have taken is a past participle. Cars is a plural noun indicated by the determiner their and the s ending. Pron. V D N 3. He has the pencil. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun indicated by its position, has is a present tense verb. Pencil is a noun indicated by the determiner the. Pron. V-en D N 4. He has taken the pencil. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun indicated by its position, has taken is a past participle. Pencil is a noun indicated by the determiner the.

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N V D N 5. Jim has the letter. Speaking = Jim is a noun indicated by its position, has is a present tense verb. Letter is a noun indicated by the determiner the. N V-en D N 6. Jim has written the letter. Speaking = Jim is a noun indicated by its position, has written is a past participle. Letter is a noun indicated by the determiner the. D N V D N 7. Some boys have the prize. Speaking = Boys is noun indicated by its position signaled by the determiner Some. Has is a present tense verb. Prize is a noun indicated by the determiner the. D N V-en D N 8. Some boys have taken the prize. Speaking = Boys is noun indicated by its position signaled by the determiner Some. Has taken is a past participle. Prize is a noun indicated by the determiner the. D N V D N 9. Each child has a book. Speaking = Child is a noun indicated by its position and signaled by the determiner Each, has is a present tense verb. Book is a noun indicated by the determiner a. D N V-en D N 10. Each child has read a book. Speaking = Child is a noun indicated by its position and signaled by the determiner Each, has read is a past participle. Book is a noun indicated by the determiner a. DN V D N 11. A man has the key. Speaking = Man is a noun indicated by its position and signaled by the determiner A, has is a present tense verb. Key is a noun indicated by the determiner the.

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D N V-en D N 12. A man has taken the key. Speaking = Man is a noun indicated by its position and signaled by the determiner A, has is a past participle. Key is a noun indicated by the determiner the.

A Little Change --- Dont get confused

N V 2. Joy does try hard. Speaking = Joy is a noun because of its position as the subject. Does is a present tense verb. D N V D N 3. The men do the chores well. Speaking = Men is a plural noun because of the s ending, its position, and the determiner The. Do is a present tense verb. Chores is a noun signaled by the determiner the. D N N-Aux V 4. The men do leave early. Speaking = Men is a plural noun because of the s ending, its position, and the determiner The. Do is a noun-auxiliary. Leave is the present tense verb. Pron.V-ed D N 5. I did the lesson easily. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position. Did is a past tense verb. Lesson is a noun signaled by the determiner the. Pron. V-ed D N 6. I did learn the lesson. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position. Did is a past tense verb. Lesson is a noun signaled by the determiner the. N V D N 7. June does the laundry. Speaking = June is a noun because of its position. Does is a present tense verb. Laundry is a noun signaled by the determiner the.

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N N-Aux V D N 8. June does rinse the clothes. Speaking = June is a noun because of its position. Does is a noun auxiliary and rinse a present tense verb. Clothes is a plural noun signaled by the determiner the and the s ending. D N V D N 9. Several boys do the work. Speaking = Boys is a plural noun because of its position and the s ending. Do is a present tense verb. Work is a noun signaled by the determiner the. D N N-AuxV D N 10. Several boys do loaf in the hall. Speaking = Boys is a plural noun because of its position, signaled by the determiner Several, and the s ending. Do is a noun auxiliary, and loaf a present tense verb. Hall is a noun signaled by the determiner the. D N N-AuxV D N 11. Many birds did fly over the house. Speaking = Birds is a plural noun because of its position, signaled by the determiner Many, and the s ending. Did is a noun auxiliary in the past tense, and fly a present tense verb. House is a noun signaled by the determiner the. Pron. N-Aux V D N 12. We do go in the afternoon. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position. Do is a noun auxiliary, and go a present tense verb. Afternoon is a noun signaled by the determiner the.

Unit 5

Identifying Verbs (5)

D N Be N 3. The boy is Tom. Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner The. Tom is a noun because of its position as the subject.

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D N Be+V+ing D N 4. The boy is walking by the house Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner The. is walking is a present participle verb phrase. Tom is a noun because of its position as the subject. Pron. Be D N 5. You are in my seat. Speaking = You is a subject pronoun. Are is a present tense of the verb to be. Seat is a noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the determiner my. Pron. Be+V+ing D N 6. You are sitting in my seat. Speaking = You is a subject pronoun. are sitting is a present tense verb phrase. Seat is a noun because of its position as the object signaled by the determiner my. Pron. Be 7. He was cold. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun. Was is the past tense of the verb to be. Pron.Be+V+ingD N 8. He was buying a hat. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun. was buying is a past tense verb phrase. Hat is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the determiner a. D N Be D N 9. The men were in the garage. Speaking = Men is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner The. Were is the past tense of the verb to be. Garage is a noun signaled by the determiner the. D N Be+V+ing D N 10. The men were going into the house. Speaking = Men is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner The. were going is a past tense verb phrase. House is a noun sign aled by the determiner the.

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Pron. Be D N 11. I am a teacher. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun. Am is the present tense of the verb to be. Teacher is a noun signaled by the determiner a. Pron.Be+V+ing Pron. 12. I am teaching you English. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun. am teaching is the present tense verb phrase. English is an object pronoun. Pron.Be D N 13. He is my friend. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position. is a present verb tense, of the verb to be. Friend is a noun signaled by the determiner my and its position as the object. Pron.Be+V+ing Pron. 14. He is helping me. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position. is helping a present tense verb phrase, of the verb to be. Me is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Pron. Be D N 15. We are in the house. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position. Are is a present tense verb. House is a noun because of its position signaled by the determiner the.

Sometimes we use other helpers with be.

D N Have+Be+V+ing D N 2. The men have been going each day. N Have+Be+V+ing 3. Jim has been sleeping late. D N Have-ed+Be+V+ing D N 4. Some boys had been trying for an hour.

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Pron. N.aux Have+Be+V+ing 5. They could have been trying too hard. N Have+Be+V+ing Pron.D N 6. John has been giving me some help. D N Have+Be+V+ing 7. The divers will be leaving now. D N Have+Be+V+ing 8. Some pupils have been talking. D N Have-ed+Be+V+ing D N 9. Several girls had been drawing all period. Pron. Have+Be+V+ingPron. D N 10. She has been telling us about it. Pron. N-aux Have+Be+V+ing 11. You might have been going by now. Pron. Have-ed+Be+V+ing D N 12. They had been singing the song. D N Have-ed+Be+V+ing D N 13. Our dogs had been taking the meat. Pron. N-aux Have+Be+V+ing Pron. D N 14. I could have been telling you a lie. Pron. Have+Be+V+ing D N 15. He has been laying the bricks. N Have+Be+V+ing D N 16. Jim has been stopping near the door.

46

Try to identify the verb forms in the sentences below. Draw a line to the correct form to match the symbol. .

1. Jim sings well. 2. Jim sang well 3. Jim can sing well. 4. Jim has sung well 5. Jim does sing well. 6. Jim is singing well. 7. Jim has been singing well.
DN V-ed D N 8. The boys played for an hour. Pron. V 9. He bowls frequently. Pron. V-aux V 10. We shall walk rapidly. N Be+V+ing D N 11. Jean is trying the problem. Pron. V-auxV D N 12. He did want the present. N V-aux+V-ed D N 13. Harry has drowned the ants. Pron. V-aux +V 14. You may go now.

V-ed Aux.V Have+en V Be+V+ing Have+Be+V+ing Aux.V

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D N V-ed N Pron. 15. Our parents gave it to us. Pron. V D N 16. I write every day Pron. V 17. She smiles often. Pron.Be+V+ing D N 18. I am writing the paper now. N Have+Be+V+ing 19. Jerry has been going too. Pron. V-aux. 20. You do talk quite loud. Pron. V D N 21. He was my friend. Pron. V D N 22. We have the supplies. Pron. Have+V-en D N 23. They have ridden the horse. D N Be+V+ing 24. Our helpers are stopping now.

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Part III
Unit 1

Prepositions

Identifying Prepositions

sub. V-ed 2. He jumped over the log. Speaking = He is a simple subject pronoun, jumped is a past tense verb, and over the log is a prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed 3. The book dropped on the floor. Speaking = Book is the simple subject signaled by The, dropped is a past tense verb, and on the floor a prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed 4. He sang for me. Speaking = He is a simple subject pronoun, sang is a past tense verb, and for me is a prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed 5. Harry drove into the garage. Speaking = Harry is a simple subject, drove is a past tense verb, and into the garage is a prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed 6. Judy sat near us. Speaking = Judy is a simple subject, sat is a past tense verb, and near us is a prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed 7. We dove off the board. Speaking = We is a simple subject pronoun, jumped is a past tense verb, and off the board a prepositional phrase.

49

sub. V-ed 8. They fought for their liberty. Speaking = He is a simple subject pronoun, jumped is a past tense verb, and for their liberty a prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed 9. She smiled at him. Speaking = She is a simple subject pronoun, smiled is a past tense verb, and at him is a prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed 10. The men walked for hours. Speaking = Men is a simple subject, walked is a past tense verb, and for hours a prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed 11. The boy with the candy was happy. Speaking = Boy is a simple subject, was is a past tense verb, and with the candy is a prepositional phrase. sub. V 12. The house near us is old. Speaking = House is a simple subject, is a present tense verb, and near us a prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed 13. The facts of the matter were obvious. Speaking = Facts is a simple subject, were is a past tense verb, and of the matter prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed 14. A deer stood amid the trees. Speaking = Deer is a simple subject signaled by A, stood is a past tense verb, and amid the trees a prepositional phrase.

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sub. V 15. That road beyond us is long. Speaking = Road is a simple subject signaled by That, beyond us a prepositional phrase, is a present tense verb. sub. Be +V-ed+ ing 16. Several boys were missing from school. Speaking = Boys is a simple plural subject signaled by Several, were missing is a to be past tense verb plus ing, and from school is a prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed 17. The robin in the nest flew away. Speaking = Robin is a simple subject signaled by The, in the nest a prepositional phrase, and flew is a past tense verb. . sub. V-ed 18. The cover of the book was attractive. Speaking = Cover is a simple subject, of the book a prepositional phrase, and was a past tense verb. .

Unit 2

More about Prepositions

sub. V-ed P OP 2. They talked (to him). Speaking = They is the simple subject pronoun, talked the past tense verb, and to him a prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed P OP 3. The boys left with Gary. Speaking = Boys is the simple plural subject, left the past tense verb, and with Gary a prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed P OP 4. Some men laughed (at her). Speaking = Men is the simple plural subject, laughed the past tense verb, and at her a prepositional phrase.

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sub. V-ed P OP 5. Each pole stood (near a house). Speaking = Pole is the simple subject pronoun, stood the past tense verb, and near a house a prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed P OP 6. Scott played (with Tom). Speaking = Scott is the simple subject pronoun, played the past tense verb, and with Tom him a prepositional phrase.
sub. V-ed P OP

7. She walked (through the house). Speaking = She is the simple subject pronoun, walked the past tense verb, and through the house a prepositional phrase. sub. V-ed P OP 8. Ted ran through the store. Speaking = They is the simple subject pronoun, talked the past tense verb, and to him a prepositional phrase.

There may be more than one prepositional phrase in a sentence.

sub. V-ed P OP P OP 2. They walked (over the hill) (to the mill). sub.V-ed P OP P OP 3. She sat (by me) (near the door). sub. V-ed P OP P OP P OP 4. Jim talked (to us) (from the front) (of the room). sub.V-edP OP P OP 5. I left (for the game) (at dawn).

Now look for compound objects of the preposition.

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sub. V P OP OP 2. Jack went (with him and me). sub. V P OP OP 3. Mother looked (for shoes and a dress). sub. V P OP OP 4. He read (about cowboys and cattle). sub. V P OP OP 5. It depends (upon him and me). sub. V P OP OP 6. It looked (like rain or snow). sub. V P OP OP 7. We played against Tom and Bill. sub. V P OP OP 8. I sat behind Sue and Jane. In these sentences, watch for phrasal prepositions. sub.V-ed P OP 2. I did it in spite of her. sub. V-ed P OP 3. It happened because of him. sub. V-ed P OP 4. He went by means of a car. sub. V-ed P OP 5. They sat ahead of us. sub. V-ed P OP 6. We left in spite of the weather.

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Part IV Adjectives and Sentence Patterns

Unit 1 Identifying the Adjective

D N LV Adj. 2. The clouds (in the sky) are pretty. Speaking = Clouds is the plural subject signaled by The, are is the verb, in the sky a prepositional phrase. Are is in our list followed by pretty, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject clouds. Pron. LV Be+en Adj. 3. She has been quiet (for a minute). Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, has been is the verb, and for a minute a prepositional phrase. has been is in our list followed by quiet, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject She. Pron. V LV Adj. 4. It does smell good (to me). Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, does smell is the verb phrase, and to me a prepositional phrase. Does smell is in our list followed by good, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject It. D N LV Adj. 5. The dress looks lovely (on you). Speaking = Dress is the subject signaled by the, looks is the verb, and on you a prepositional phrase. Looks is in our list followed by pretty, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject dress.

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D N LV Adj. 6. That horn sounds awful (to us). Speaking = Horn is the subject signaled by That, sounds is the verb, and to us a prepositional phrase. Sounds is in our list followed by awful, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject That. Pron. Be Adj. 7. He will be good (for an hour). Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, will be is the verb, and for an hour a prepositional phrase. will be is in our list followed by good, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject clouds. D N LV Adj. 8. The children are noisy. Speaking = Children is the plural subject signaled by The, are is the verb. Are is in our list followed by pretty, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject children. There is no prepositional phrase. Note: Every sentence does not have a prepositional phrase method to the sentences below. D N V-ed Adj. 9. The food (on the table) was delicious. Speaking = Food is the subject signaled by The, was is the past tense verb, and on the table a prepositional phrase. Was is in our list followed by delicious, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject food. N LV Adj. 10. Tom is handsome. Speaking = Tom is the subject, is the verb, Is is in our list followed by handsome, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject Tom. There is no prepositional phrase. D N LV Adj. 11. The picture (on the wall) is pretty. Speaking = Picture is the subject signaled by The, is the verb, and on the wall a prepositional phrase. is is in our list followed by pretty, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject picture.

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D N LV Adj. 12. The problems seem hard. Speaking = Problems is the plural subject signaled by The, seem is the verb. Seem is in our list followed by hard, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject problems. There is no prepositional phrase. N Be + en Adj. 13. Tommy has been ill (for a week). Speaking = Tommy is the subject, has been is the verb, and for a week a prepositional phrase. has been is in our list followed by ill, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject Tommy. Pron. LV-ed Adj. 14. She remained quiet (during the class). Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, remained is the past tense verb, during the class a prepositional phrase. Remained is in our list followed by quiet, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject She. Pron. LV Adj. 15. I feel good (in the morning). Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, feel is the verb, and in the morning a prepositional phrase. Feel is in our list followed by good, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject I. D N LV Adj. 16. Some men look old (at thirty). Speaking = Men is the plural subject signaled by Some, look is the verb, and at thirty a prepositional phrase. Look is in our list followed by old, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject men. D N LV Adj. 17. The problems could be hard (for us). Speaking = Problems is the plural subject signaled by The, be is the verb, for us a prepositional phrase. Be is in our list followed by hard, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject problems.

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N Be-ed+en Adj. 18. Joe had been noisy (in the room). Speaking = Joe is the subject, had been is the past tense verb, in the room a prepositional phrase. Had been is in our list followed by noisy, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject Joe. D N LV Adj. 19. Some girls appear selfish. Speaking = Girls is the plural subject signaled by Some, appear is the verb. Appear is in our list followed by selfish, which is a predicate adjective which, helps us understand the subject girls. There is no prepositional phrase. D N LV-ed Adj. 20. The boys continued confident. Speaking = Boys is the plural subject signaled by The, continued is the past tense verb. Continued is in our list followed by confident, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject boys.

Unit 2

The Predicate Noun Pattern

sub. LV PN 2. The boy (on the raft) is Jerry. Speaking = Boy is the subject, is the verb, and on the raft a prepositional phrase. Is is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Jerry, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject boy. sub. LV-ed PN 3. It was Judy (with me). Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, was the verb, and with me a prepositional phrase. was is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Judy, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject boy. sub. LV PN 4. Helen is the mother (in the play). Speaking = Helen is the subject, is the verb, and in the play a prepositional phrase. Is is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by mother, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject Helen.

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sub. LV PN 5. That is Shirley (at the door). Speaking = That is the subject, is the verb, and at the door a prepositional phrase. Is is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Shirley, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject That. sub. LV+be PN 6. He will be the hero (of the hour). Speaking = He is the subject, will be the verb, and of the hour a prepositional phrase. Is is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by hero, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject He. sub. LV PN 7. I am a player (on the team). Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, am the verb, and on the team a prepositional phrase. Is is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by player, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject I. sub. LV PN 8. Those men are friends (of mine). Speaking = Men is the plural subject, are the verb, and of mine a prepositional phrase. Are is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by friends, a predicate noun that tells us about or refers to the subject men. sub. LV PN 9. The boy continued (to be) my helper. (to be is understood) Speaking = Boy is the subject, continued the verb. Continued is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by helper, a predicate noun that tells us about or refers to the subject boy. sub. LV PN 10. Harold seemed a stranger (to us). Speaking = Harold is the subject, seemed the verb, and to us a prepositional phrase. Is is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by stranger, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject Harold.

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sub. LV-ed PN 11. I remained his friend (for years). Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, remained the past tense verb, and for years a prepositional phrase. Remained is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by friend, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject I. sub. LV-ed PN 12. The car looked a wreck (to him). Speaking = Car is the subject, looked the verb, and to him a prepositional phrase. Looked is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by wreck, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject car. sub. LV-ed PN 13. That was Jane (in the hall). Speaking = That is the subject, was a past tense verb, and in the hall a prepositional phrase. was is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Jane, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject That. sub. LV+Be PN 14. Joe will be a friend (of mine). Speaking = Joe is the subject, will be the verb, and of mine a prepositional phrase. will be is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by friend, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject Joe. sub. LV-ed PN 15. Jim appeared a liar (to the man). Speaking = Jim is the subject, appeared a past tense verb, and to the man a prepositional phrase. Appeared is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by liar, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject Jim. sub. LV PN 16. That man became a beggar. Speaking = Man is the subject, became the verb. Became is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Jerry, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject man. There is no prepositional phrase.

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sub. LV PN 17. She became the hostess (for the day). Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, became the verb, and for the day a prepositional phrase. Became is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by hostess, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject She. sub. LV-ed PN 18. The cat (on the fence) was Tammy. Speaking = Cat is the subject, was a past tense verb, and on the fence a prepositional phrase. Was is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Tammy, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject cat. sub. LV-ed PN 19. Joe seemed a stranger (to them). Speaking = Joe is the subject, seemed a past tense verb, and to them a prepositional phrase. Seemed is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by stranger, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject Joe. sub. LV-ed PN 20. The building appeared a success. Speaking = Building is the subject, appeared a past tense verb. Appeared is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by success, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject building. There is no prepositional phrase. sub. LV PN 21. The dog became my pal (for the day). Speaking = Dog is the subject, became the verb, and for the day a prepositional phrase. Became is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by pal, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject dog. sub. LV+en PN 22. The boy has been a neighbor (to me). Speaking = Boy is the subject, has been the verb, and to me a prepositional phrase. Has been is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by neighbor, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject boy.

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Section 2
sub. LV Pron. 2. That was they (by the house). sub. LV Pron. 3. The man was he by the car. sub. LV Pron. 4. The man by the car was he. sub. LV Pron. 5. That is he with my father. sub.LV Pron. 6. It is they near the school. sub. LV-ed Pron. 7. It was she on the stage. sub. V Pron. 8. This is I. sub. LV Pron. 9. It was they beyond the hill. sub. V Pron. 10. This is he. sub. LV Pron. 11. That was she in the kitchen. sub. LV Pron. 12. It is they behind us.

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Unit 3

The Direct Object Pattern

sub. V-t DO 2. An accident caused the trouble for us. Speaking = Accident is the subject, caused is verb, and for us is a prepositional phrase. Caused is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object trouble. sub. V-t DO 3. Jack threw a curve at me. Speaking = Jack is the subject, threw is the verb, and at me is a prepositional phrase. Threw is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object curve. sub.V-t DO 4. He hit the ball across the field. Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, hit is the verb, and across the field is a prepositional phrase. Hit is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object ball. sub. V-t DO 5. The fielder caught the fly. Speaking = Fielder is the subject, caught is the verb. Caught is not a linking verb because there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object fly. sub. V-t DO 6. Jim recited his piece at home. Speaking = Jim is the subject, recited is the verb, and at home is a prepositional phrase. Recited is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object piece. sub. V-t DO 7. She studied her lesson at noon. Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, studied is the verb, and at noon is a prepositional phrase. Studied is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object lesson.

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sub. V-t DO 8. Father burned the papers. Speaking = Father is the subject, burned is the verb. Burned is not a linking verb because there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object papers. sub. V-t DO 9. Tom sold his bicycle to him. Speaking = Tom is the subject, sold is the verb, and to him is a prepositional phrase. Sold is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object bicycle. sub. V-t DO 10. The boys built a dam across the pond. Speaking = Boys is the subject, built is the verb, and across the pond is a prepositional phrase. Built is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object dam. sub. V-t DO 11. Some girls picked the daisies. Speaking = Girls is the subject, picked is the verb. Picked is not a linking verb because there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object daisies. sub. V-t DO 12. The men grabbed their axes. Speaking = Men is the plural subject, grabbed is the verb. Grabbed is not a linking verb because there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object axes. sub. V-t DO 13. He shot a deer in the woods. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, shot is the verb, and in the woods is a prepositional phrase. Shot is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object deer.

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sub. V-t DO 14. The child found his mother. Speaking = Child is the subject, found is the verb. Found is not a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object mother. sub. V-t DO 15. Fred drove the nails. Speaking = Fred is the subject, drove is the verb. Drove is not a linking verb because there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object nails. sub. V-t DO 16. The maid served tea at night. Speaking = Maid is the subject, served is the verb, and at night is a prepositional phrase. Served is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object tea. sub. V-t DO 17. She lost a dime at the store. Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, lost is the verb, and at the store is a prepositional phrase. Lost is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object dime. sub. V-t DO 18. Tom tore his paper into shreds. Speaking = Tom is the subject, tore is the verb, and into shreds is a prepositional phrase. Tore is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object paper. sub. V-t DO 19. Sue baked a cake for me. Speaking = Sue is the subject, baked is the verb, and for me is a prepositional phrase. Baked is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object cake.

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sub. V-t DO 20. He threw the eraser to me. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, threw is the verb, and to me is a prepositional phrase. Threw is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object eraser. Because pronouns can substitute for nouns, pronouns can substitute for nouns in the direct object position.

sub. V-t DO 2. A bee stung me (on my arm). sub. V-t DO 3. He pushed us (into the water). sub. V-t DO 4. Sue told them (about it). sub. V-t DO 5. Joe grabbed him (by the collar). sub. V-t DO 6. Mother told her (about it). sub.V-tDO 7. I saw it (in the woods).

Notice that the verbs are most often past tense, when using the Direct Object.
Unit 4 The Indirect Object Pattern

sub. V-g I0 DO 2. She gave me an apple (at noon). Speaking = She is the subject, gave the verb, at noon is a prepositional phrase. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with apple the direct object and me the indirect object.

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sub. V-g I0 DO 3. The man (at the dock) showed us a boat. Speaking = Man is the subject, showed the verb, at the dock is a prepositional phrase. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with boat the direct object and us the indirect object. sub. V-g I0 DO 4. Father carved John a whistle. Speaking = Father is the subject, carved the verb. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with whistle the direct object, and John the indirect object. There is no prepositional phrase. Sub. V-g I0 DO 5. He told them the lesson (for the day). Speaking = He is the subject, told the verb, for the day is a prepositional phrase. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with lesson the direct object and them the indirect object. sub. V-g I0 DO 6. Mary wrote Jane a letter (about home). Speaking = Mary is the subject, wrote the verb, about home is a prepositional phrase. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with letter the direct object and Jane the indirect object. sub. V-g I0 DO 7. The usher found us a seat (in front). Speaking = Usher is the subject, found the verb, in front is a prepositional phrase. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with apple the direct object and us the indirect object. sub. V-g I0 DO 8. The girl (near us) gave me the book. Speaking = Girl is the subject, gave the verb, near us is a prepositional phrase. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with book the direct object and me the indirect object.

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sub. V-g I0 DO 9. Father bought Tom a suit. Speaking = Father is the subject, bought the verb. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with apple the direct object and Tom the indirect object. sub. V-g I0 DO 10. June gave her sister a dime (for pop). Speaking = June is the subject, gave the verb, for pop is a prepositional phrase. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with dime the direct object and sister the indirect object. sub. V-g I0 DO 11. We sent Sue a note (about the meeting). Speaking = We is the subject, sent the verb, about the meeting is a prepositional phrase. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with note the direct object and Sue the indirect object. sub. V-g I0 DO 12. The boy (near us) gave me a ball. Speaking = Boy is the subject, gave the verb, near us is a prepositional phrase. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with ball the direct object and me the indirect object. sub. V-g I0 DO 13. Harry gave Jim a push (into the water). Speaking = Harry is the subject, gave the verb, into the water is a prepositional phrase. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with push the direct object and me the indirect object. sub. V-g I0 DO 4. Hazel typed me a letter (of thanks). Speaking = Hazel is the subject, typed the verb, of thanks is a prepositional phrase. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with letter the direct object and me the indirect object.

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sub. V-g I0 DO 15. I told her the story (at night). Speaking = I is the subject, told the verb, at night is a prepositional phrase. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with story the direct object and her the indirect object. sub. V-g I0 DO 16. My father found me the job. Speaking = Father is the subject, found the verb. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with job the direct object and me the indirect object. There is no prepositional phrase. sub. V-g I0 DO 17. I have given him a picture (of me). Speaking = I is the subject, have given the verb, of me is a prepositional phrase. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with picture the direct object and him the indirect object. sub. V-g I0 DO 18. He owes me the money (for it). Speaking = He is the subject, owes the verb, for it is a prepositional phrase. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with money the direct object and me the indirect object. sub. V-g I0 DO 19. He gave me the painting. Speaking = He is the subject, gave the verb. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with painting the direct object and me the indirect object. sub. V-g I0 DO 20. The baker sold us a cake. Speaking = Baker is the subject, sold the verb. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with cake the direct object and us the indirect object.

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Unit 5

The Adverb Pattern

sub. VI Adv. 2. The chipmunk chattered (loudly). Speaking = Chipmunk is the subject, chattered is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb loudly. sub. VI Adv. 3. Harry walked (in). Speaking = Harry is the subject, walked is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb in. sub. VI Adv. 4. We traveled (slowly). Speaking = We is the subject, traveled is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb slowly. sub. VI Adv. 5. Tom ran (quickly). Speaking = Tom is the subject, ran is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb quickly. sub. VI Adv. 6. Tom ran (fast). Speaking = Tom is the subject, ran is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb fast. sub. VI Adv. 7. The students danced (merrily). Speaking = Students is the subject, stayed is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb merrily.

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sub. VI Adv. 8. They will leave (soon). Speaking = They is the subject pronoun, will leave is the verb phrase. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb soon. sub. VI Adv. 9. She laughed (quietly). Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, laughed is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb quietly. sub. VI Adv. 10. The boy stumbled (onward). Speaking = Boy is the subject, stumbled is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb onward. sub. VI Adv. 11. Many boys waited (patiently). Speaking = Boys is the plural subject, waited is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb patiently. sub. VI Adv. 12. The sun rises (slowly). Speaking = Sun is the subject, rises is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb slowly.

Note: Remember that the word lists in this book are only examples and
that usually there are many more words like them.

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Now see how many adverbs you can write to fit in the blank below. The boy ran slowly quickly sweetly now soon always here out not too almost The boy ran quietly fast merrily then never often there in quite very partly

Summary Pattern #6
D sub. LV D N P OP 2. My father was the president (of the club). (predicate noun pattern) Speaking = Father is the subject signaled by My, was is the verb, of the club is a prepositional phrase. was is in our list of linking verbs followed by president, a noun signaled by the. D sub. P OP V-t D DO 3. The ship (at the dock) bumped our boat. (direct object pattern) Speaking = Ship is the subject, bumped is a past tense verb, at the dock is a prepositional phrase. bumped is a transitive verb followed by boat, and signaled by the determiner our. D sub. LV IO D DO P OP 4. A man told Tom the story (of the event). (indirect object pattern) Speaking = Man is the subject, told is the verb, of the event is a prepositional phrase. Told is in our list of linking verbs followed by story, a predicate adjective.

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D sub. VI Adv. 5. The pencil lay there. (adverb pattern) Speaking = Pencil is the subject signaled by The, lay is a linking verb, followed by there, an adverb. D sub. VI Adv. P D OP 6. His dog trotted quietly (down the street). (adverb pattern) Speaking = Dog is the subject signaled by the determiner His, trotted is a linking verb, followed by quietly an adverb. Down the road is a prepositional phrase. sub. V-g IO D DO P OP 7. He gave us a lecture (about safety). (indirect object pattern) Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, gave is the verb, about safety is a prepositional phrase. gave is a non- transitive verbs followed by us the indirect object. Lecture is the direct object. sub. LV Adj. P D OP 8. Jean appeared happy (about our plans). (predicate adjective pattern) Speaking = Jean is the subject, appeared is the verb, about our plans is a prepositional phrase. appeared is in our list of linking verbs followed by happy, an predicate adjective. D sub. V-t D DO 9. Each boy took his book (to the library). (direct object pattern) Speaking = Boy is the subject signaled by the determiner Each, took is a transitive verb, to the library is a prepositional phrase. Book is a direct object adjective. sub. LV D N 10. Jim was the leader (of the group). (predicate noun pattern) Speaking = Jim is the subject, was is the verb, of the group is a prepositional phrase. Was is in our list of linking verbs followed by leader, a noun. Pron. VI Adv. P OP 11. She walked gracefully (to him). (adverb pattern) Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, walked is a linking verb, to him is a prepositional phrase. Gracefully is an adverb.

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D sub. LV PAdj.P D OP 12. The bread tastes good (to the boys). (predicate noun pattern) Speaking = Bread is the subject, tastes is the verb, to the boys is a prepositional phrase. tastes is in our list of linking verbs followed by good, a predicate adjective. Pron. V-t D DO P OP 13. We wanted the paper (by noon). (direct object pattern) Speaking = We is the subject, wanted is a past tense transitive verb, by noon is a prepositional phrase. Paper is a direct object. sub. P OP LV P.Adj. 14. The girl (near me) is Susan. (predicate adjective pattern) Speaking = Girl is the subject, is a present tense verb, near me is a prepositional phrase. is is in our list of linking verbs followed by Susan an adjective. Pron. VI Adv. P D OP 15. We left early (for the fair). (adverb pattern) Speaking = We is the subject, left is a linking verb, for the fair is a prepositional phrase. Early is an adverb. sub. V-t D DO P OP 16. Grace drove the car (to church). (direct object pattern) Speaking = Grace is the subject. Drove is an intransitive verb, to the church is a prepositional phrase. Car is a direct object. sub. V-t DO P OP 17. Mother told Harold (about it). (direct object pattern) Speaking = Mother is the subject, told a transitive verb, about it is a prepositional phrase. Harold is a direct object. Pron. LV P.Adj. 18. You look unhappy. (predicate adjective pattern) Speaking = You is the subject, look is the verb. look is in our list of linking verbs followed by unhappy, a predicate adjective. There is no prepositional phrase.

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Pron. LV D N P D OP 19. He became the leader (of the boys). (predicate noun pattern) Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, became a linking verb, of the boys is a prepositional phrase. became is in our list of linking verbs followed by leader, a noun signaled by the, a determiner. sub. VI Adv. 20. June talked happily. (adverb pattern) Speaking = June is the subject, talked a linking verb. Happily is an adverb. There is no prepositional phrase. sub. V 21. Birds fly. (This can end up as any of the listed) Speaking = Birds is a plural subject, fly is a verb. The object is assumed, but not stated or written. sub. V-g IO D DO 22. Sue gave me the information. (indirect object pattern) Speaking = Sue is the subject, gave is the verb. Me is an indirect object. Information is the direct object. There is no prepositional phrase. Pron. LV D N P OP 23. He remained my friend (for years). (predicate noun pattern) Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, remained is a linking verb followed by friend. For years is a prepositional phrase. Pron. V-t DO P D OP 24. I pushed him (into the lake). (direct object pattern) Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, pushed is a transitive verb, into the lake is a prepositional phrase. Him is a direct object pronoun. D sub. LV P.Adj. 25. Some trees seem tall. (predicate adjective pattern) Speaking = Tress is a plural subject signaled by Some, seem is the verb. Seem is in our list of linking verbs followed by tall, a predicate adjective. There is no prepositional phrase.

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D sub. VI Adv. 26. Some trees fell down. (adverb pattern) Speaking = Trees is the plural subject signaled by Some. Fell is a linking verb, and down an adverb. There is no prepositional phrase. D sub. V-t D DO 27. The trees hit the ground. (direct object pattern) Speaking = Trees is the subject signaled by The. Hit is the verb. Ground is a direct object. There is no prepositional phrase. D sub. LV Adj. 28. The bread smells good (to us). (predicate adjective pattern) Speaking = Bread is the subject signaled by The. Smells is a linking verb, to us is a prepositional phrase. Smells is in our list of linking verbs followed by good, an adjective. D sub. LV D N P OP 29. Each boy took his pen (with him). (predicate noun pattern) Speaking = Boy is the subject signaled by Each, took is a linking verb followed by a noun pen, with him is a prepositional phrase.

Unit 6

When LINKing Verbs Dont Link

Pron.LV P.Adj 3. She is lovely. Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, is the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Is is in the list of linking verbs followed by lovely, which describes the subject. Is is therefore a linking verb in this sentence. Pron. VI 4. She is (in the pool). Speaking = Man is the subject, is the verb. in the pool is a prepositional phrase. Is is in the list of linking verbs but there is no predicate word after it, which describes or refers to the subject. Is therefore is not linking in this sentence.

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D N LV P.Adj 5. The candy tastes good. Speaking = Candy is the subject, tastes the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Tastes is in the list of linking verbs followed by good, which describes the subject. Tastes is therefore a linking verb in this sentence. D N VI D N 6. The boys tasted the candy. Speaking = Boys is the subject, tasted the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. Tasted is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it, which describes or refers to the subject. Is therefore is not linking in this sentence. N LV D P.Adj. 7. Jim has been our chairman. Speaking = Jim is the subject, has been the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Has been is in the list of linking verbs followed by chairman, which describes the subject. Has been is therefore a linking verb in this sentence. N VI 8. Jim has been (with me). Speaking = Jim is the subject, has been the verb, and with me a prepositional phrase. Has been is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Has been therefore is not linking in this sentence. Pron. VI 9. They are young. Speaking = They is the subject pronoun, are the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Are is in the list of linking verbs followed by young, which describes the subject. Is is therefore a linking verb in this sentence. Pron. LV 10. They are (in the kitchen). Speaking = They is the subject pronoun, are the verb, and in the kitchen is a prepositional phrase. Are is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Are therefore is not linking in this sentence.

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D N LV P.Adj. 11. The clock (on the wall) was large. Speaking = Clock is the subject, was the verb, and on the wall is a prepositional phrase. Was is in the list of linking verbs followed by large, which describes the subject. Has been is therefore a linking verb in this sentence. D N VI 12. The clock was (on the wall). Speaking = Clock is the subject, was the verb, and on the wall is a prepositional phrase. Was is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Was therefore is not linking in this sentence. D N LV P.Adj 13. The boys feel happy. Speaking = Boys is the subject, feel the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Feel is in the list of linking verbs followed by happy, which describes the subject. Feel is therefore a linking verb in this sentence. D N VI D N 14. The salesman felt the cloth. Speaking = Salesman is the subject, felt the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Felt is in the list of linking verbs but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Felt therefore is not linking in this sentence. Pron. VI 15. It sounds good (to me). Speaking = Man is the subject, sounds the verb, and to me a prepositional phrase. Sounds is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Sounds therefore is not linking in this sentence.

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N VI D N 16. John sounded the horn. Speaking = John is the subject, sounded the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Sounded is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Sounded therefore is not linking in this sentence. D N LV P.Adj. 17. The perfume smells good. Speaking = Perfume is the subject, smells the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Smells is in the list of linking verbs, followed by good, which describes the subject. Smells is therefore a linking verb in this sentence. Pron. VI D N 18. He smelled the perfume. Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, smelled the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Smelled is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Smelled is therefore is not linking in this sentence. D N LV P.Adj 19. His father grew old. Speaking = Father is the subject, grew the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Grew is in the list of linking verbs followed by old, which describes the subject. Grew is therefore a linking verb in this sentence. D N VI D N 20. His father grew some tomatoes. Speaking = Father is the subject, grew the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Grew is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Grew is therefore is not linking in this sentence. D N LV P.Adj 21. The weather continued cold. Speaking = Weather is the subject, continued the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Continued is in the list of linking verbs followed by cold, which describes the subject. Continued is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

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D N VI D N 22. The students continued the lesson. Speaking = Students is the subject, continued the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. continued is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Continued is therefore is not linking in this sentence. Pron. VI D N 23. She turned the switch (on the stove). Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, turned the verb, and on the stove is a prepositional phrase. Turned is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Are therefore is not linking in this sentence. D N LV P.Adj 24. The weather turned cold. Speaking = Weather is the subject, turned the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Turned is in the list of linking verbs followed by cold, which describes the subject. Turned is therefore a linking verb in this sentence. Pron. LV D P.Adj. 25. It could be the man. Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, be the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Be is in the list of linking verbs, followed by man, which describes the subject. Be is therefore a linking verb in this sentence. N VI 26. Jerry could be outside. Speaking = Jerry is the subject, be the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Be is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Be therefore is not linking in this sentence. Pron. VI 27. He could be (in the house). Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, be the verb, and in the house a prepositional phrases. Be is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Be therefore is not linking in this sentence.

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Pron.VI P.Adj. 28. It was he (near us). Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, was the verb, and near us is a prepositional phrase. Was is in the list of linking verbs, followed by he, which describes the subject. Was is therefore a linking verb in this sentence. D N VI 29. The men were (near us). Speaking = Men is the subject, were the verb, and near us is a prepositional phrase. Were is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Be therefore is not linking in this sentence. D N LV P.Adj. 30. The dog appeared hungry. Speaking = Dog is the subject, appeared the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. Appeared is in the list of linking verbs followed by hungry, which describes the subject. Is is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

Unit 7

Adverbs Modifying Verbs

D sub. VI D N Adv. 3. The boys left the house early. (modifies left) Speaking = Boys is the subject, left the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Early modifies the verb left. sub. VI Adv. 4. John fell down (by the steps). (modifies fell) Speaking = John is the subject, fell the verb, by the steps a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Down modifies the verb fell. Adv. sub. VI 5. Quickly he ran (up the hill). (modifies ran) Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, fell the verb, and up the hill a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quickly modifies the verb ran.

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sub. VI Adv. 6. Mary worked rapidly (for her mother). (modifies rapidly) Speaking = Mary is a subject, worked the verb, and for her mother a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Rapidly modifies the verb worked. sub. VI Adv. 7. They talked (to each girl) quietly. (modifies talked) Speaking = They is a subject pronoun, talked the verb, and to each girl a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quietly modifies the verb talked. Adv. D sub. VI DN 8. Slowly the dog scratched his ear. (modifies scratched) Speaking = Dog is a subject, scratched the verb. There is no a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Slowly modifies the verb scratched. D sub. VI Adv. 9. Our baby cried loudly (for an hour). (modifies cried) Speaking = Baby is the subject, left the verb, and for an hour a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Loudly modifies the verb cried. sub. Be+ing N Adv. 10. She is playing ball now. (modifies is playing) Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, is playing a verb phrase. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Now modifies the verb phrase is playing. sub. VI Adv. 11. He laughed merrily (at the kitten). (modifies laughed) Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, laughed the verb. and at the kitten a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Merrily modifies the verb laughed.

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Adv. sub. V-g Pron.D N 12. Then she gave them the ball. (modifies gave) Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, gave the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Then modifies the verb gave. sub. VI Adv. 13. I shall walk (down the hall) slowly. (modifies walk) Speaking = I is a subject pronoun, walk the verb. and down the hall a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Slowly modifies the verb walk. Adv. sub. V-g Pron. D P.Adj. 14. Quietly Jean gave them the candy. (modifies gave) Speaking = Jean is the subject, gave the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. Them is an object pronoun and candy a predicate adjective. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quietly modifies the verb gave. Adv. D sub. VI 15. Gracefully the deer loped (up the hill). (modifies loped) Speaking = Deer is the subject, loped the verb, and up the hill a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Slowly modifies the verb walk. sub. Adv. VI 16. Joe now seems hungry. (modifies seems) Speaking = Joe is the subject, seems the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Now modifies the verb seems. D sub. VI Adv. 17. The rabbits ran fast (by me). (modifies ran) Speaking = Rabbits is the subject, ran the verb, and by me a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Fast modifies the verb ran. sub. VI Adv. 18. Sharon went leisurely (on her way). (modifies went) Speaking = Sharon is the subject, went the verb, and on her way a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Leisurely modifies the verb went.

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D sub.Adv.VID N 19. Soon he will be a man. (modifies be) Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, be the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Will modifies the verb be. D sub. VI Adv. 20. The bird fell there (by the tree). (modifies fell) Speaking = Bird is the subject, fell the verb, and on her way a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. There modifies the verb fell. Adv. sub. VI Pron. D P.Adj. 21. Quickly he gave him the pencil. (modifies gave) Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, gave the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quickly modifies the verb gave. D sub. VI Adv. 22. The plane flew (over us) swiftly. (modifies flew) Speaking = Plane is the subject, flew the verb, and over us a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Swiftly modifies the verb flew. sub. VI Adv. 23. I jumped down (on the ground). (modifies jumped) Speaking = I is a subject pronoun, jumped the verb, and on the ground a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Down modifies the verb jumped. Adv. sub.VI Pron. 24. Immediately she left us. (modifies left) Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, left the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Immediately modifies the verb left. sub. VI Adv. D N 25. Mary was often the chairman. (modifies was) Speaking = Mary is a subject, was the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Often modifies the verb was.

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D sub. VI D N Adv. 26. The boxer hit his opponent hard. (modifies hit) Speaking = Boxer is the subject, hit the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking or transitive. Hard modifies the verb hit. sub. VI D N Adv. 27. He walked past the house rapidly. (modifies walked) Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, walked the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Rapidly modifies the verb walked. Adv. D sub. VI Adv. 28. Suddenly the dog became friendly. (modifies became) Speaking = Dog is the subject, became the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Suddenly and friendly both modify the verb left. Adv. sub. VI D N 29. Laboriously he copied the letter. (modifies copied) Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, copied the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Laboriously modifies the verb copied. sub. Adv. VI D N 30. Bill gracefully rode the horse. (modifies rode) Speaking = Bill is the subject, rode the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking or transitive. Gracefully modifies the verb rode. Adv. sub. VI 31. Now he seems quiet. (modifies seems) Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, seems the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Now modifies the verb seems.

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Unit 8
sub.

Adverbs Modifying Adjectives

LV Int. PA.

2. It was too thin. Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, was the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. Was in our list of linking verbs followed by thin, a predicate adjective. Too is an intensifier modifying thin, an adjective. sub. LV Int. PA 3. Bob is quite handsome. Speaking = Bob is the subject, is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. Is is In our list of linking verbs followed by handsome, a predicate adjective. Quite is an intensifier modifying handsome, an adjective. sub. LV Int. PA 4. We shall be very happy (with it). Speaking = We is the subject pronoun, shall be a verb phrase. With it is a prepositional phrase. Shall be is in our list of linking verbs followed by happy, a predicate adjective. Very is an intensifier modifying happy, an adjective. sub. LV Int. PA 5. She is too proud (for us). Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, is a verb. For us is a prepositional phrase. Is is in our list of linking verbs followed by proud, a predicate adjective. Too is an intensifier modifying proud, an adjective. sub. LV Int. PA 6. The cake was very delicious. Speaking = Cake is the subject, was the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. Was is in our list of linking verbs followed by delicious, a predicate adjective. Very is an intensifier modifying delicious, an adjective. sub. VI Int. Adv. 7. Sue felt very good (about it). Speaking = Sue is the subject, felt the verb. About it is a prepositional phrase. Felt is in our list of linking verbs followed by good, an adverb. Very is an intensifier modifying felt, an adverb.

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sub. LV Int. PA 8. Tom was quite healthy (for a boy). Speaking = Tom is the subject, was a verb. For a boy is a prepositional phrase. Was is in our list of linking verbs followed by healthy, a predicate adjective. Quite is an intensifier modifying healthy, an adjective. sub. LV Int. PA 9. Darlene is very pretty. Speaking = Darlene is the subject, is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. Is is in our list of linking verbs followed by pretty, a predicate adjective. Very is an intensifier modifying pretty, an adjective. sub. LV Int. PA 10. We were unusually glad (about it). Speaking = We is the subject pronoun, were a verb. About it is a prepositional phrase. Were is in our list of linking verbs followed by glad, a predicate adjective. Unusually is an intensifier modifying glad, an adjective. Sub. LV Int. PA 11. He is not cheerful (around us). Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, is a verb. around us is a prepositional phrase. Is is in our list of linking verbs followed by cheerful, a predicate adjective. Not is an intensifier modifying cheerful, an adjective. sub. LV Int. PA 12. The water looked quite clear (to me). Speaking = Water is the subject, looked a verb. To me is a prepositional phrase. Looked is in our list of linking verbs followed by clear, a predicate adjective. Quite is an intensifier modifying clear, an adjective. sub. LV Int. PA 13. It is too cold (in the room). Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, is the verb. In the room is a prepositional phrase. Was s in our list of linking verbs followed by cold, a predicate adjective. Too is an intensifier modifying thin, an adjective.

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sub. LV Int. PA 14. Jane has been unusually sad (about it). Speaking = Jane is the subject, has been a verb phrase. About it is a prepositional phrase. Has been is in our list of linking verbs followed by sad, a predicate adjective. Unusually is an intensifier modifying sad, an adjective. sub. LV Int. PA 15. His clothes looked quite dirty. Speaking = Clothes is the subject, looked the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. Looked is in our list of linking verbs followed by dirty, a predicate adjective. Quite is an intensifier modifying dirty, an adjective. sub. LV Int. PA 16. He seems extremely angry (with us). Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, seems the verb. With us is a prepositional phrase. Seems is in our list of linking verbs followed by angry, a predicate adjective. Extremely is an intensifier modifying angry, an adjective. sub. LV Int. PA 17. The boy became really happy. Speaking = Boy is the subject, became the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. Became is in our list of linking verbs followed by happy, a predicate adjective. Really is an intensifier modifying happy, an adjective.

Unit 8

Adverbs Modifying Adjectives

sub. VI Int. Adv. 2. Jim works quite fast. Speaking = Jim is the subject, works the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Fast is a how adverb modifying the verb works. Quite is an intensifier modifying the adverb fast. sub. VI Int. Adv. 3. She skates unusually well. Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, skates the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Well is a how adverb modifying the verb skates. Unusually is an intensifier modifying the adverb well.

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sub. VI Int. Adv. 4. He sang very well (in the play). Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, sang the verb. In the play is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Well is a how adverb modifying the verb sang. Very is an intensifier modifying the adverb well. sub. VI Int. Adv. 5. Pat jumped almost perfectly (over it). Speaking = Pat is the subject, jumped the verb. Over it is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. perfectly is a how adverb modifying the verb jumped. Almost is an intensifier modifying the adverb perfectly. sub. VI Int. Adv. 6. The boy (in front) reads too slowly. Speaking = Boy is the subject, reads the verb. In front is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Slowly is a how adverb modifying the verb read. Too is an intensifier modifying the adverb slowly. sub. VI Int. Adv. 7. Some girls dance quite well. Speaking = Girls is the subject, dance the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Well is a how adverb modifying the verb dance. Quite is an intensifier modifying the adverb well. sub. VI Int. Adv. 8. Tim talked almost constantly. Speaking = Tim is the subject, talked the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Constantly is a how adverb modifying the verb talked. Almost is an intensifier modifying the adverb constantly. sub. VI Int. Adv. 9. A car sped very quickly (by us). Speaking = Car is the subject, sped the verb. By us is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quickly is a how adverb modifying the verb sped. Very is an intensifier modifying the adverb quickly.

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sub. VI Int. Adv. 10. He listened (to me) very eagerly. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, listened the verb. To me is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Eagerly is a how adverb modifying the verb listened. Very is an intensifier modifying the adverb eagerly. sub. VI Int. Adv. 11. Jim has eaten too quickly. Speaking = Jim is the subject, has eaten a verb phrase. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quickly is a how adverb modifying the verb has eaten. Too is an intensifier modifying the adverb quickly. sub. VI Int. Adv. 12. A squirrel dashed very fast (by us). Speaking = Squirrel is the subject, dashed the verb. By us is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Fast is a how adverb modifying the verb dashed. Very is an intensifier modifying the adverb fast. sub. VI Int. Adv. 13. The tenor sang unusually well. Speaking = Tenor is the subject, sang the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Well is a how adverb modifying the verb sang. Unusually is an intensifier modifying the adverb well. sub. VI Int. Adv. 14. She read too slowly (for the part). Speaking = She is the subject, read the verb. For the part us is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Slowly is a how adverb modifying the verb read. Too is an intensifier modifying the adverb slowly. sub. VI Int. Adv. 15. He proved the problem very easily. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, proved the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Easily is a how adverb modifying the verb proved. Very is an intensifier modifying the adverb easily.

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sub. VI Int. Adv. 16. We went (to town) very unwillingly. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, went the verb. To town is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Unwillingly is a how adverb modifying the verb went. Very is an intensifier modifying the adverb unwillingly.

Unit 9

Adverbs Modifying Adjectives

sub. VI Adv. N. 2. He jumped ten feet (over the brook). Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, jumped the verb, and over the brook is a prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Ten feet is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 3. Our dog was worth fifty dollars. Speaking = Dog is the subject, was worth a verb phrase. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Fifty dollars is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 4. I saw him last week. Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, saw a verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Last week is an adverbial noun. Sub. VI Adv. N. 5. He met me last night (at the park). Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, met the verb, and at the park is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Last night is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 6. She walked ten miles (to town). Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, walked the verb, and to town is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Ten miles is an adverbial noun.

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sub. VI Adv. N. 7. He was there (in the house) that day. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, was the verb, and in the house is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. That day is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 8. We drove (over the roads) all morning. Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, walked the verb, and over the roads is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. All morning is an adverbial noun. Adv. N. sub.VI 9. Three times the car ran (around the track). Speaking = Car is the subject, ran the verb, and around the track is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Three times is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 10. John waited two hours (in the depot). Speaking = John is the subject, waited the verb, and in the depot is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Two hours is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 11. We shall go this afternoon (to him). Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, shall go a verb phrase, and to him is a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. This afternoon is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 12. He sat quietly five minutes. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, sat the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Five minutes is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 13. We backed up one inch. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, backed the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. One inch is an adverbial noun.

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Adv. N. sub. VI 14. Four days it rained. Speaking = It is a subject pronoun, rained the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Four days is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 15. The book was worth five dollars. Speaking = Book is the subject, was worth a verb phrase, and there are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Five dollars is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 16. The butter was worth sixty cents. Speaking = Butter is the subject, was worth a verb phrase, and there are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Sixty cents is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 17. We offered it (to him) five times. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, offered a verb, and to him a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Five times is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 18. His hat was worth ten dollars. Speaking = Hat is the subject, was worth a verb phrase, and to him a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Ten dollars is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 19. She went (to town) this morning. Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, went a verb, and to town a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. This morning is an adverbial noun.

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sub. VI Adv. N. 20. I shall pay you next month. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun, shall pay a verb phrase. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Next month is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 21. It dropped six inches. Speaking = It is a subject pronoun, dropped a verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Six inches is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 22. You must walk two miles (during the day). Speaking = You is a subject pronoun, must walk a verb phrase, and during the day a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Two miles is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 23. He will come (to me) tomorrow morning. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, will come a verb phrase, and to me a prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Tomorrow morning is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 24. Jim came last night. Speaking = Jim is the subject, came a verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Last night is an adverbial noun. sub. VI Adv. N. 25. The car was worth ninety dollars. Speaking = Car is the subject, was worth a verb phrase, There are no prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Ninety dollars is an adverbial noun.

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Part V Adjectives and Sentence Patterns Section 2

Unit 1 Adjective Position
D Adj. N V D Adj. OP 2. A red sun disappeared below the distant horizon. Speaking = Sun is the subject signaled by A, red is an adjective modifying sun, disappeared the verb. Below the distant horizon is a prepositional phrase. Distant is an adjective modifying the noun horizon. D Adj. N V D Adj. OP 3. A white cake sat on the round table. Speaking = Cake is the subject signaled by the article A, sat the verb. White is an adjective modifying cake. On the round table is a prepositional phrase. Round is an adjective modifying table, a noun signaled by the. D Adj. N Aux.VVPron. 4. An ordinary man can do it. Speaking = Man is the subject signaled by the article An. Ordinary is an adjective modifying man. Can is an auxiliary verb, do the verb. It is an object pronoun. D N LV D Adj. OP 5. Some poles were on the green grass. Speaking = Poles is the plural subject, signaled by the plural article Some. Were is a linking verb, and on the green grass a prepositional phrase. Green is an adjective modifying the object grass. D Adj. N V-ed 6. Many little ants crawled away. Speaking = Ants is the plural subject signaled by the plural article Many. Little is an adjective modifying ants. Crawled is the past tense verb.

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Pron. V-ed D Adj. OP 7. We talked to the athletic boy. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun. Talked is a past tense verb. To the athletic boy is a prepositional phrase. Athletic is an adjective modifying boy, the object. D Adj. N V-ed Pron. 8. Each easy problem baffled him. Speaking = Problem is the subject signaled by the article Each. Easy is an adjective modifying problem. Baffled is a past tense verb and him an object pronoun. D Adj. N V-ed D OP 9. A vivid color appeared on the screen. Speaking = Color is the subject signaled by the article A. Vivid is an adjective about color. Appeared is a past tense verb. On the screen is a prepositional phrase. Pron. V-ed D Adj. N 10. We called the anxious parents. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun. Called is a past tense verb. Parents is the object signaled by the article the. Anxious modifies the object pa rents. D N V-ed D Adj. OP 11. The puppy wobbled on the clean floor. Speaking = Puppy is the subject signaled by the article The. Wobbled is a past tense verb. On the clean floor is a prepositional phrase. Clean is an adjective modifying the object of the preposition floor. Pron. V-ed D Adj. OP 12. He fell on the slippery ice. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun. Fell is a past tense verb. On the slippery ice is a prepositional phrase. Slippery is an adjective modifying the object of the preposition floor. D Adj. N V-ed Adv. 13. The white snow fell slowly. Speaking = Snow is the subject signaled by the article The. White is an adjective modifying snow. Fell is the past tense verb, modified by the adverb slowly.

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D Adj. N V-ed NPred. 14. A large house stood there. Speaking = House is the subject, signaled by the article A, and modified by the adjective large. Stood is a past tense verb. There is a predicate noun. Pron. V-ed D Adj. OP 15. He looked in the open door. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun. Looked is a past tense verb. In the open door is a prepositional phrase. Open is an adjective modifying the object of the preposition door. D N V-ed D Adj. N 16. The man had a full stomach. Speaking = Man is the subject signaled by the article The. Had is a past tense verb. Stomach is an object signaled by the article a and its position, modified by the adjective full. Change your idea a little bit ~~~ Below are some adjectives in the post noun position. Watch where the commas are. D N Adj. V-ed 1. The boy, afraid, retreated. Speaking = Boy is the subject signaled by the article The. Afraid modifies boy, and retreated is a past tense verb. D N Adj. V-ed Pron. 2. A beast, unsightly, frightened us. Speaking = Beast is the subject signaled by the article A. Unsightly modifies beast, and frightened is a past tense verb. Us is an object pronoun, because of its position. D N Adj. V P.Adj. 3. His accent, foreign, was strange. Speaking = Accent is the subject signaled by the pronoun His. Foreign modifies accent, and was is a past tense verb. Strange is a predicate adjective.

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D N Adj. V-ed Pron. 4. The idea, brilliant, amazed us. Speaking = Idea is the subject signaled by the article The. Brilliant modifies idea, and amazed is a past tense verb. Us is an object pronoun, because of its position. D N Adj. V-ed Int. Adv. 5. Her gift, expensive, seemed too much. Speaking = Gift is the subject signaled by the pronoun Her. Expensive modifies gift, and seemed is a past tense verb. Too is an intensifier modifying the adverb much. D N Adj. V-ed Pron. 6. The climb, dangerous, challenged me. Speaking = Climb is the subject signaled by the article The. Dangerous modifies climb, and challenged is a past tense verb. Me is an object pronoun because of its position. D N Adj. V-ed D N 7. The children, unhappy, refused the candy. Speaking = Children is the subject signaled by the article The. Unhappy modifies children, and refused is a past tense verb. Candy is the object signaled by the article the and its position. D N Adj. V-ed D OP 8. The hikers, weary, rested after the trip. Speaking = Hikers is the plural subject signaled by the article The and the s ending. Weary modifies hikers, and rested is a past tense verb. After the trip is a prepositional phrase.

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Unit 2

Noun Adjunct or Appositive

D NA N V-ed 3. The picture frame was painted. Speaking = Frame is a noun signaled by the determiner the, and its position as the subject of the sentence. Picture is a noun adjunct because it will fit into a noun position. Example: The picture was painted. D Adj. N VI OP 4. The football coach talked (to us). Speaking = Coach is a noun signaled by the determiner the, and its position as the subject of the sentence. Football is an adjective modifying coach. There is no noun adjunct or appositive noun, because football does not fit into the noun position. Pron. VI N D App.N D OP 5. I knew Tim, the boy (with the hat). Speaking = I is a subject pronoun, knew is the past tense verb. Tim is a noun because of its position as the object. Boy is an appositive noun, signaled by the determiner the and meaning the same thing as Tim, or adding to our knowledge of Tim. N D NA VI OP 6. Rollo the clown ran (toward us). Speaking = Rollo is the subject because of its position. Clown is a noun adjunct signaled by the determiner the. Clown is a noun adjunct, because it can fit into the noun position. Example: The clown ran (toward us). D NA N V-ed D N 7. A wall chart revealed the information. Speaking = Chart is the subject because of its position and signaled by the determiner A. Information is a noun because of its position as the object and signaled by the determiner the. Wall is a noun adjunct, because it can fit into the noun position. Example: A wall revealed the information. Pron. VI Adj. OP 8. We went (to summer school). Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, went is the past tense verb. There is no noun adjunct, or appositive noun.

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Pron. VI D OP D App.N 9. We talked (with the man), our teacher. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, talked is the past tense intransitive verb. Man is a noun because of its position as the object of the preposition with. Teacher is an appositive noun, signaled by the determiner our and meaning the same thing as man, or adding to our knowledge of man. D NA N V-ed 10. The freight train rumbled by. Speaking = Train is the subject because of its position and signaled by the determiner The. Freight is a noun adjunct, because it can fit into the noun position. Example: The freight rumbled by. DN D App.N V-ed 11. His chair, a wreck, was thrown away. Speaking = Chair is a subject signaled by the determiner His. Wreck is a an appositive noun, signaled by the determiner a and meaning the same thing as chair, or adding to our knowledge of chair. What is the predicate adjective test for the adjective and the subject position for

the noun adjunct?

The predicate adjective is in the predicate section of the sentence, and refers to the subject. The noun adjunct is in the subject part of the sentence and can replace the noun in the sentence. D Adj. N VI OP 1. The handsome boy turned (toward me). Speaking = Boy is the subject because of its position and signaled by the determiner The. Handsome is an adjective, because it modifies the noun boy. Handsome cannot replace the noun, so cannot be a noun adjunct. D NA N V-ed 2. The mountain top seemed quite high. Speaking = Top is the subject because of its position and signaled by the determiner The. Mountain is a noun adjunct, because it is in the subject section of the sentence and can fit into the noun position. Example: The mountain seemed quite high.

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Pron. V-ed D Adj. N 3. He borrowed my red pencil. Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position. Pencil is a noun signaled by the determiner my. Red is an adjective because it modifies pencil. It is in the predicate section of the sentence, but does not refer to the subject, nor can it replace the noun. N V-ed D NA. OP 4. Sue looked (at my stamp collection). Speaking = Sue is a noun because of its position. Collection is a noun because of its position as an object of the preposition and signaled but the determiner my. Stamp modifies collection and can replace it. It is therefore a noun adjunct. D NA N V-ed D OP 5. A sweet taste was (in his mouth). Speaking = Sweet is a noun signaled by A and its position. Was is the past tense verb. Mouth is the object of the preposition in and signaled by the determiner his. Sweet modifies taste and can replace it. Therefore it is a noun adjunct. D Adj. N V-ed D OP 6. The delivery boy came (to the door). Speaking = Boy is a noun signaled by The and its position. Came is the past tense verb. Door is the object of the preposition to and signaled by the determiner the. Delivery modifies boy, but cannot replace it. Therefore it is an adjective. D Adj. N V V-ed 7. Your foolish actions are not wanted. Speaking = Actions is a noun signaled by Your and its position. Are ~ wanted is a past tense verb phrase. Foolish modifies actions, but cannot replace it. Therefore it is an adjective. Pron. V-ed D NA. N D OP 8. We bought a gun rack (at the store). Speaking = We is a subject pronoun. Bought is the past tense verb. Store is the object of the preposition to and signaled by the determiner the. Gun modifies rack, and can replace it. Therefore it is an adjective.

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Pron.V-ed D Adj. N 9. It was a desolate country. Speaking = It is a subject pronoun. Was is a past tense verb. Desolate modifies country, a noun signaled by the determiner a. Desolate cannot replace country so is an adjective. N NA N V-ed N 10. The principle reason seemed sound. Speaking = Reason is a noun signaled by the determiner The. Seemed is a past tense verb. Sound is a noun signaled by its position as the object. Principle is a noun adjunct, because it adds to or can replace reason. (The principle seemed sound.)

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POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

Bright
Difficult Majestic Brown Tasty Blissful Fruitful Wide Costly Shrill
Directions:

brighter
more difficult more majestic browner more tasty more blissful more fruitful wider more costly shriller

brightest
the most difficult the most majestic the brownest the most tasty the most blissful the most fruitful the widest the most costly the shrillest

Write the comparative and superlative degrees for these adverbs.

Soon Bravely Merrily Quickly Slowly Freely Loyally Fast Sadly Honestly Truthfully Wisely Devoutly Broadly

sooner more brave more merry quicker slower freer more loyal faster sadder more honest more truthful wiser more devoutly broader

soonest the bravest the merriest the quickest the slowest the freest the most loyal the fastest the saddest the most honest the most truthful the wisest the most devoutly the broadest

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Unit 4 Adjective or Adverb

LV PA D N 2. Jane seemed sad that day. Speaking = Jane is the subject. Seemed is a linking verb. Sad is a predicate adjective applied to Jane. Day is a noun signaled by the determin er that and its position as object. sub. V-ed Adv. OP 3. The boys drove later (to the farm). Speaking = Boys is the plural subject signaled by the determiner The and the s ending. Drove is a past tense verb modified by later, an adverb. Farm is a noun signaled by the determiner the and its position as object of the preposition. D sub. V-ed Adv. OP 4. His house appeared old (to us). Speaking = House is the subject signaled by the determiner His. Appeared is a past tense verb modified by old, an adverb. Us is a noun signaled by the determiner the and its position as object of the preposition. sub. V-ed Adv. 5. Jean sewed neatly. Speaking = Jean is the subject, because of its position. Sewed is a past tense verb modified by neatly, an adverb. D sub. V-ed Adv. OP 6. The boy jumped high (over the fence). Speaking = Boy is the subject signaled by the determiner The. Jumped is a past tense verb modified by high, an adverb. Fence is a noun signaled by the determiner the and its position as the object of the preposition. sub. V-ed Adv. D Pron. 7. Grace seemed happy about it. Speaking = Grace is the subject because of its position. Seemed is a past tense verb modified by happy, an adverb. It is an object pronoun signaled by the determiner about.
sub.

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Pron.V-ed Adv. OP 8. It tasted delicious (to me). Speaking = It is the a subject pronoun because its position. Tasted is a past tense verb modified by delicious, an adverb. Me is a noun signaled because of its position as object of the preposition to. D sub. V-ed PA OP 9. Our room continued cold (for an hour). Speaking = Room is the subject signaled by the determiner Our. Continued is a past tense verb. Cold is a predicate adjective, because it is found in the predicate side, and modifies the subject room. Hour is a noun, signaled by the determiner an, and its position as object of the preposition. D sub. V-ed Adv. OP 10. The dog ran quickly (into the house). Speaking = Dog is the subject signaled by the determiner The. Ran is a past tense verb modified by quickly, an adverb. House is a noun signaled by the determiner the and its position as object of the preposition. Pron. V-ed Adv. OP 11. She sang well (for us). Speaking = She is the subject pronoun because if its position. Sang is a past tense verb modified by well, an adverb. Us is an object pronoun as the object of the preposition. D sub. V-ed Adv. 12. The student appeared confident. Speaking = Student is the subject signaled by the determiner The. Appeared is a past tense verb modified by confident, an adverb. The object is assumed. Pron. V PA OP 13. He is glad (about the outcome). Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, because of its position. Is is a present tense verb. Glad is a predicate adjective, because it is found in the predicate, and modifies the subject. Outcome is a noun signaled by the determiner the and its position as object of the preposition about.

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D sub. V-ed Adv. OP 14. His car veered sharply (to the left). Speaking = Car is the subject signaled by the determiner His. Veered is a past tense verb modified by sharply, an adverb. Left is a noun signaled by the determiner the and its position as object of the preposition to. D sub. V-ed PA OP 15. My boots seemed new (to him). Speaking = Boots is the subject signaled by the determiner My. Seemed is a past tense verb. New is a predicate adjective, because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject. Him is a noun because of its position as the object of the preposition. D sub. V-ed Adv. Pron. 16. Your father walked quickly past me. Speaking = Father is the subject signaled by the determiner Your. Walked is a past tense verb modified by quickly, an adverb. Me is an object pronoun because of its position. D sub. LV PA 17. Your father seems businesslike. Speaking = Father is the subject signaled by the determiner Your ending. Seems is a linking verb. Businesslike is a predicate adjective, because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject. Pron. V-ed Adv. OP 18. We swam bravely (up the river). Speaking = We is the subject pronoun. Swam is a past tense verb modified by bravely, an adverb. River is a noun signaled by the determiner the and its position as object of the preposition up. D sub. V-ed Adv. OP 19. A deer walked slowly (to the fence). Speaking = Deer is the subject signaled by the determiner A. Walked is a past tense verb modified by slowly, an adverb. Fence is a noun signaled by the determiner the and its position as object of the preposition to.

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Pron. LV PA 20. It seemed inquisitive. Speaking = It is the subject pronoun. Seemed is a linking verb. Inquisitive is a predicate adjective because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject. D Adj. sub. V-ed Adv. 2I. The graceful deer walked away. Speaking = Deer is the subject signaled by the determiner The. Graceful is an adjective because it modifies deer. Walked is a past tense verb modified by away, an adverb. Pron. LV D Adj. N 22. I saw a graceful deer. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position. Saw is a past tense linking verb. Deer is a noun signaled by the determiner a and modified by graceful, an adjective. D Adj. sub. V-ed Adv. 23. A cold wind blew hard. Speaking = Wind is the subject signaled by the determiner A, and modified by cold, an adjective. Blew is a past tense verb modified by hard, an adverb. D Adj. sub. V-ed Adv. 24. The white snow drifted lazily. Speaking = Snow is the subject signaled by the determiner The and modified by white, an adjective. Drifted is a past tense verb modified by lazily, an adverb. D Adj. sub. V-ed. D N 25. A brilliant sun shone that day. Speaking = Sun is the subject signaled by the determiner A and modified by brilliant, an adjective. Shone is a past tense verb. Day is a noun signaled by the determiner that.

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D Adj. sub. V-ed Adv. 26. The swift sleds zipped along. Speaking = Sleds is the subject signaled by the determiner The and modified by swift, an adjective. Zipped is a past tense verb modified by along, an adverb. Pron. V-ed Adv. 27. I ran fast. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position. Ran is a past tense verb modified by fast, an adverb. Pron. LV PA 28. I was moody. Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position. Was is a linking verb. Moody is a predicate adjective because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject. D sub. V-ed Adv. 29. That noise sounded harsh. Speaking = Noise is a subject signaled by the determiner That. Sounded is a past tense verb. Harsh is an adverb, because it modifies the verb. D Adj. sub. LV PA 30. Some harsh noises are offensive. Speaking = Noises is a plural subject signaled by the determiner Some and the s ending. Are is a linking verb. Offensive is a predicate adjective, because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject. D Adj. sub. LV PA 3I. The blue rug looked dirty. Speaking = Rug is the subject signaled by the determiner The. Looked is a linking verb. Dirty is a predicate adjective, because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject. Pron. V-ed Adv. OP 32. We walked silently (over it). Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position. Walked is a past tense verb modified by silently. It is a noun because it is the object of the preposition over.

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D Adj. sub. V-ed 33. The dim lights flickered. Speaking = Lights is the plural subject signaled by the determiner The and the s ending. Dim is an adjective because it modifies the subject. Flickered is a past tense verb. Pron. V-ed Adv. OP 34. He ran swiftly (to school). Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position. Ran is a past tense verb modified by swiftly. School is a noun because it is the object of the preposition to. D sub. V-ed D Adj. OP 35. His book lay (on the clean floor). Speaking = Book is the subject signaled by the determiner His. Lay is a past tense verb. Floor is a noun because it is the object of the preposition on and signaled by the determiner the. Clean is an adjective and modifies the noun floor. D sub. Adv. V-ed 36. The lion suddenly sprang. Speaking = Lion is the subject signaled by the determiner The. Sprang is a past tense verb modified by suddenly, an adverb. D sub. V PA OP 37. Your pie smells delicious (to me). Speaking = Pie is the subject signaled by the determiner Your. Smells is a present tense verb. Delicious is predicate adjective because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject. Me is a noun because of its position as object of the preposition to. sub. LV Adj. 38. Peter seemed unhappy. Speaking = Peter is subject. Seemed is a linking verb. Unhappy is a predicate adjective because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject.

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Pron. V-ed Adv. D N 39. We slid easily that day. Speaking = We is a subject pronoun. Slid is a past tense verb modified by the adverb easily. Day is a noun signaled by the determiner that and its position as the object.

Unit 5 Functions of Nouns ~~ N V-g N D N N 2. Jean makes Joe some cookies (each week). ~~ sub. IO DO OP ~~ D N V-ed D N 3. The artist painted the picture. ~~ sub. DO ~~ D N V-ed D N D N 4. The boy found a puppy (by the lake). ~~ sub. DO OP ~~ N V-ed D N N 5. Bill washed the coat (with soap). ~~ sub. DO OP ~~ D N V-ed D N N 6. The man was a leader (of men). ~~ sub. DO OP ~~ N V-t N D D N 7. Father took the dog (into the woods). ~~ sub. DO OP ~~ N V-g N D N N 8. Linda wrote Sue a note (of thanks). ~~ sub. IO DO OP

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~~ D N V-g D N D N 9. My mother baked a cake that week. ~~ sub. IO DO ~~ D N V D N 10. Some kites sailed high (in the air). ~~ sub. OP ~~ D N V-g N D N 11. The usher found Mary a seat. ~~ sub. IO DO ~~ D N V-ed D N D N 12. The bird built a nest (in the tree). ~~ sub. DO OP ~~ N LV PN D N 13. John became president (of the class). ~~ sub. OP ~~ N LV D PN D N 14. Joe is the chairman (of the group). ~~ sub. DO OP ~~ N V-t D N D N 15. Jan hit the ball (over the fence). ~~ sub. DO OP ~~ N LV D PN 16. Susan became an actress. ~~ sub. DO ~~ D N V-t D N 17. Each boy took his book. ~~ sub. DO

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~~ D N V-t D N 18. The monkey learned the trick. ~~ sub. DO ~~ D N N LV PN 19. The boy (near me) is Tom. ~~ sub. OP DO ~~ D N V-g N D N 20. Our teacher read Jim the story. ~~ sub. IO DO ~~ N LV D PN 21. Tom was a friend. ~~ sub. DO ~~ D N LV D PN 22. The coach injured his leg. ~~ sub. DO ~~ D N D N V-t N 23. The boy (on the grass) is Tim. ~~ sub. OP DO ~~ D N LV D PN 24. Many games entertained the men. ~~ sub. DO ~~ D N V-t N 25. All people want peace. ~~ sub. DO ~~ N V-t D N D N 26. He told the man (about a path). ~~ sub. DO OP

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~~ D N V-t D N D N 27. The fish had a scar (on its side). ~~ sub. DO OP Unit 7 Contrasting forms writes - writer
v-t N

2. She writes to me often. maker make

N

I want to be a writer.

v-t

3. The maker of the toys is Tom. abuse abuse

N

He will make me a toy.

v-t

4. I've had enough of his abuse. The bully will abuse you. (Special note ~ Be sure to note the change in the s sound.) collide - collision
N v-t

5. A collision occurred there. walk - walking

N

The cars will collide there.

v-t

6. I was walking down the hall. paint - paint

N

The walk was satisfying.

v-t

7. Jim mixed the paint. amuse - amusement

v-t

Jim did paint the wall.

8. This should amuse you.

We paid for the amusement.

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NOUN OR ADJECTIVE? child childish

Adj. N

2. The childish boy stayed after school. joy - joyous

Adj.

He acted like a child.

3. Our family knew no bounds to joy. messy - mess

N

It was a joyous affair.

Adj.

4. It was a real mess.

The messy table was cleaned. happy happiness

Adj.

5. The happy children walked home. snow - snow

N

Their happiness seemed evident.

Adj.

6. Much snow fell that day. mannish man

N Adj.

We climbed a snow hill.

7. Jerry was a tall man.

A mannish boy came into the room. fame famous

Adj.

8. His fame spread far

A famous person lives there.

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Unit 8

Contrasting forms (2)

VERB OR ADJECTIVE?
weaken weak
Adj. V

2. The boy was weak. soft soften

V

The strain will weaken the rope.

Adj.

3. We should soften the bread. deepens deep

V

Our car was on a soft shoulder.

Adj.

4. That color deepens. brighten bright

Adj.

He fell into the deep water.

5. Jerry is a bright student. hard harden

Adj.

The sun will brighten the room.

6. The hard substance was rock. thick thicken

V

It will soon harden.

Adj.

7. Mother will thicken the gravy. enlarge large

V

It was thick gravy.

Adj.

8. A large house was on the lot. shorten short

Adj.

He will enlarge the picture.

9. That is a short rope.

Jim will shorten the rope.

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ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB? glad gladly

Adj. Adv.

2. We were glad about the incident. sad sadly

Adv.

He will gladly do it.

Adj.

3. They sadly talked about it. politely polite

Adj.

It was a sad story.

Adv.

4. The polite lady appeared. bright brightly

Adj.

They talked politely.

Adv.

5. A bright sun shone on the roof. normally normal

Adj.

The sun shone brightly.

Adv.

6. We led normal lives. idly idle

Adj.

They talked normally.

Adv.

7. Idle hands get one into trouble.

The boys sat idly in their chairs.

cheerful cheerfully
Adv. Adj.

8. A cheerful smile is an asset.

She smiled cheerfully at us.

immediate immediately
Adv. Adj.

9. He did it immediately.

He gave UB an immediate answer.

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Unit 9

Contrasting forms (3) ADVERB OR NOUN ? seaward sea

N Adv.

2. The ship went to sea. afoot foot

N

The ship went seaward.

Adv.

3. Tom's foot is hurt. ground aground

N

It left him afoot.

Adv.

4. We sat on the hard ground. daily day

N

The ship ran aground.

Adv.

5. We worked each day. weekly week

N

We worked daily.

Adv.

6. Every week was a bore. part apart

N

We tried weekly.

Adv.

7. My part was long. across - cross

N

They drifted apart.

Adv.

8. Each boy bore a cross. nights nightly

N

They took the boat across.

Adv.

9. Some nights are dark.

Sharon came nightly.

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ADVERB OR PREPOSITION? about about

N P

2. The boys moved about. up up

N

The boys moved about the room.

3. The boys looked up. before before

N

They ran up the street.

4. He notified us before. in in
N

We left before noon.

5. The girls slowly walked in. down down

N

They passed in the hall.

6. He threw the ball down the alley. along along

N

He threw the ball down.

7. The children tagged along. up up

N

They walked along the shore.

8. A plane flew up. down down

N

A plane bounced up the runway.

9. The sun went down in the evening.

We traveled down the road.

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Part VII Phrases and Clauses

Unit 1 Phrase or Clause

4. to me. 5. when she talks. 6. during the day. 7. after the ball game. 8. after the ball game was over. 9. We went to the game. 10. within the room. 11. while she was dancing. 12. before the noon hour. 13. since the game began. 14. The game began. 15. in the kitchen. 16. I went into the kitchen. 17. after we went into the kitchen. 18. when he saw us. 19. which you know. 20. by him. 21. I know him.

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

phrase dependent clause phrase phrase independent clause independent clause phrase dependent clause. phrase dependent clause independent clause phrase independent clause dependent clause dependent clause dependent clause phrase independent clause

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Unit 2

Complex Sentences
+ He painted that picture.

2. I know the person.

= I know the person who painted that picture. Who painted that picture = an adjective or relative clause modifying person.

3. This is the picture.

It was the best.

= This is the picture which was the best. Which was the best = an adjective or relative clause modifying picture.

4. The judges will choose a man.

The man is strong and healthy.

= The judges will choose a man who is strong and healthy. Who is strong and healthy = an adjective or relative clause modifying man.

5. That is the person.

You know him.

= That is the person who knows him. Who knows him = an adjective or relative clause modifying person.

6. This book is good.

This book is for sale.

= This book which is for sale is good. Which is for sale = an adjective or relative clause modifying book.

7. Mary likes the book.

The book is about animals.

= Mary likes the book which is about animals. Which is about animals = an adjective or relative clause modifying book.

8. Jane gave it to Tim.

Tim really appreciated it.

= Jane gave it to Tim who really appreciated it. Who really appreciated it = an adjective or relative clause modifying Tim.

9. He is a pilot.

We can trust him.

= He is a pilot who we can trust. Who we can trust = an adjective or relative clause modifying pilot.

10. Here is the book.

I read it.

= Here is the book which I read. Which I read = an adjective or relative clause modifying book.

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11. The man told us a story.

The man talked to us.

= The man who told us a story talked to us. Who told us a story = an adjective or relative clause modifying man.

12. The horse appeared tired. + The horse won the race. = The horse which appeared tired won the race.
Which appeared tired = an adjective or relative clause modifying book.

Unit 3 Complex Sentences 2 2. We told nobody about it. 3. It was a long ride. 4. We rode along. 5. The children have gone. 6. He knew about it. 7. You buy me some oranges. 8. You tell me about it. 9. We stopped at Jim's house. 10. Jim put it back. + + + + + + + + + We knew it. We got home. Nothing happened. The air is cooler. He told the teacher. You go to the store. You go. We left the game. He found it. (although) (though) (until) (because) (since) (after) (lest) (before) (even though)
= Although we knew it, we told nobody about it.

= We got home, though it was a long ride.

= Nothing happened, until we rode along.

= The air is cooler, because the children have gone.

= He told the teacher, since he knew about it.

= You go to the store, after you buy me some oranges.

= You go, lest you tell me about it.

= We left the game, before we stopped at Jim's house.

= He found it, even though Jim put it back.

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11. You will be happy. + You will hear about him. = You will hear about him, so that you will be happy.

(so that)

Unit 4 Sentence Signals Quiz
Test yourself by writing the names and what they signal in the right columns.
NAME 1. who 2. after 3. however 4. and 5. as 6. still 7. accordingly 8. while 9. but 10. whom 11. hence 12. as though 13. if 14. yet 15. so that 16. which 17. or 18. before 19. than 20. therefore 21. nevertheless 22. because 23. until 24. consequently 25. since 26. though 27. moreover 28. unless 29. although 30. that (Two uses ) WORD SIGNALS? relative or adjective clauses subordinate clause compound sentence compound sentence subordinate clause compound sentence compound sentence subordinate clause compound sentence relative or adjective clauses compound sentence subordinate clause subordinate clause compound sentence subordinate clause relative or adjective clauses compound sentence subordinate clause subordinate clause compound sentence compound sentence subordinate clause subordinate clause compound sentence subordinate clause subordinate clause compound sentence subordinate clause subordinate clause relative or adjective clauses compound sentence

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Unit 5

Adjective or Adverb Clause +

= You will be sorry if you stop now.

2. You will be sorry. 3. The man carried the supplies. 4. He worked on the plans. 5. I took the book. 6. He stooped. 7. They walked slowly. 8. John is a person. 9. This is the lesson. 10. I shall tell you my name. 11. It was the place. 12. He ran so fast. 13. You must return it.

You stop now. (if) They were necessary. (which) (that) He left the room. (after) It was the largest. (which) His back ached. (because) They arrived at the park. (when) John likes apples. (who) It caused us trouble. (that) You don't know me. (because) It scared us. (that) He became tired. (that)

+ + +

= The man carried the supplies which were necessary.

= He worked on the plans after he left the room.

= I took the book which was the largest.

+
= He stooped because his back ached.

+ +
= John is a person who likes apples.

= They walked slowly when they arrived at the park.

+
= This is the lesson that caused us trouble.

+ +
= It was the place that scared us.

= I shall tell you my name because don't know me.

+
= He ran so fast that he became tired.

You have my hat. (although) = Although you have my hat you must return it. + +
= He met a boy who was lame.

14. He went into the house. 15. He met a boy.

He could eat his lunch. (so that) He was lame. (who)

= He went into the house so that he could eat his lunch.

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Unit 6

Adjective modifiers
Adj. sub. V-t Large = an adjective word modifier. V-t With passengers = an adjective phrase modifier. V-t Which had passengers = an adjective clause modifier.

4. A large boat arrived.

sub. Adj.

5. A boat (with passengers) arrived.

sub. Adj.

6. A boat [which had passengers] arrived.

Adj. sub. V-t

7. My little sister likes candy.

sub. Adj. V-t

Little= an adjective word modifier.

8. My sister (with the glasses) likes candy.

sub. Adj. V-t

With the glasses = an adjective phrase modifier.

9. My sister [who likes candy] is here.

sub V-t sub V-t Adj.

Who likes candy = an adjective clause modifier.

10. We saw a small bird.

Adj.

Small = an adjective word modifier. With few feathers = an adjective phrase modifier.

11. We saw a bird (with few feathers).

sub V-t. Adj.

12. We saw a bird [which had a worm].

Adj. sub V-t

Which had a worm = an adjective clause modifier.

13. The football players practiced hard.

sub Adj. V-t

Football = an adjective word modifier.

14. The players (on the field) practiced hard.

sub Adj. V-t

On the field = an adjective phrase modifier.

15. The players [who practiced hard] came in.

Adj. sub V-t

Who practiced hard = an adjective clause modifier.

16. The lonesome boy walked slowly.

Lonesome = an adjective word modifier.

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sub

Adj.

V-t With the frown = an adjective phrase modifier.

17. The boy (with the frown) walked slowly.

sub Adj. V-t

18. The boy [who frowned ] walked slowly.

Who frowned = an adjective clause modifier.

Unit 7 Simple, Compound, or Complex
sub. V

1. The boy gave Tom an apple.

sub V-g sub aux V-t

Simple sentence Compound sentence Complex sentence

2. The boy gave Tom an apple, but he did not eat it.
sub V-g

3. [After he gave Tom the apple,] he left.

sub V-g sub aux V-t

4. I know about his work because he told me.

Compound Sentence

sub

V-g

sub aux

V-t

5. Mary knew the story, but she wouldn't tell it.

sub V-g

Compound Sentence Complex sentence Simple Sentence Compound Sentence

6. [When Bob went to the movies,] he came home late.

sub. V

7. I have several pencils.

sub V-g sub aux V-t

8. When she was told, she wiped the silverware.

sub. V

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9. Jim expects the boys at noon.

sub. sub. V V

Simple Sentence Simple Sentence

10. Bob and Ed ate and laughed.

Note: Don't confuse compound constructions for compound sentences.

sub V-g sub. V sub aux V-t

11. Do you like history, or would you prefer to shop? 12. Bill thought about it for several hours.
sub V-g sub aux V-t

Compound Sentence Simple Sentence Compound Sentence

V

13. If I don't take the test now, she will fail me.
sub V sub

14. We looked everywhere; however, we could not find her.

sub V sub V

Simple Sentence Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Simple Sentence Simple Sentence Complex sentence Compound Sentence Compound Sentence

15. My sister is crabby; my brother usually smiles.

sub V-g sub aux V-t

16. I gave him a bat, although I had another nearby.

sub V sub V

17. The ruler was on the floor, and the pencil was next to it.
sub V V

18. She opened the book and tore the pages.

sub V-g

19. [When she arrived at home,] she started the lunch.

sub V-g sub aux V-t

20. He must trip the lever, or he must wait for another ten minutes.
sub V-g sub aux V-t

21. The janitor cleaned the room while I was in the hall.

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Unit 9

Forming Noun Clauses

5. It is beyond me. 6. Father wondered 7. It is a mystery. 8. This is not good. 9. The is 10. It is obvious. +

+ + + +

He does his work. It happened to us. You stare like that.

(As subject ~ use how) (As DO ~ use what) (As sub. ~ use why)

= How he does his work is beyond me.

= Father wondered what happened to us.

= Why you stare like that is a mystery.

You choose for whomever. (As OP ~ use whom ) I cannot see. (As PN ~ use that) (As sub. ~ use that)

= You choose for whomever is not good.

= I cannot see that reason.

He knows his lesson.

= That he knows his lesson it is obvious.

Unit 10 More Noun Clauses

sub. V 2. That he is my friend is true. sub. V sub. V 3. The trouble is [that she is afraid]. sub. VI sub. VI 4. We know of [whom you speak]. sub. V-ed sub. V-ed 5. He knew [that Tim was there].

There is no noun clause.

Noun clause as the direct object.

Noun clause as the object of a preposition.

Noun clause as the direct object.

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sub. VI sub. VI 6. We knew [which it was]. sub. V 7. How he does his work is a mystery. sub. VI sub. VI 8. The present will be given to [whomever you want]. sub. V-ed sub. V-ed 9. We saw [that he was old]. sub. V-en sub. V-t 10. The difficulty has been [that he will not try]. sub. VI sub. VI 11. Father wondered [what happened to us]. sub. VI sub. VI 12. This is not good for [whomever you choose]. sub. V 13. Why he does not do his work is a problem. sub. VI sub. VI 14. The reason is [that I cannot see]. sub. V 15. That he knows his lesson is a fact. sub. VI sub. VI 16. I shall reply to [what you requested]. sub. V 17. How he does it is easy.

Noun clause as the object of a preposition.

There is no noun clause.

Noun clause as the object of a preposition.

Noun clause as direct object.

Noun clause as direct object.

Noun clause as direct object.

Noun clause as the object of a preposition.

There is no noun clause.

Noun clause as direct object.

There is no noun clause.

Noun clause as the object of a preposition.

There is no noun clause.

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sub. VI sub. VI 18. The mystery was [that she went at all].

Noun clause as direct object.

Part VIII
Unit 1

Identifying and Expanding

Identifying Initiatives

sub. LV DO 2. I wanted [to watch]. sub. V PN 3. His plan was [to watch]. sub. Adj. V-t 4. His desire [to watch] was evident. sub. V DO 5. He hurried [to watch]. sub. V 6. [To sing] is fun. sub. V-ed DO 7. I wanted [to sing]. sub. VI PN 8. His plan is [to sing]. sub. Adj. V-t 9. The idea [to sing] was good. sub. V-ed DO 10. We waited [to sing].

[To watch] = an infinitive used as the direct object.

[To watch] = an infinitive used as the predicate noun.

[To watch] = an infinitive used as the adjective phrase.

[To watch] = an infinitive used as the direct object.

[To sing] = an infinitive used as the subject.

[To sing] = an infinitive used as the direct object.

[To sing] = an infinitive used as the predicate noun.

[To sing] = an infinitive used as the adjective phrase.

[To sing] = an infinitive used as the direct object.

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sub. VI PN 11. He tried [to dance]. sub. VI PN 12. Sharon's plan was [to dive].

[To dance] = an infinitive used as the predicate noun.

[To dive] = an infinitive used as the predicate noun.

sub. Adj. V-t 13. Sharon's plan [to dive] appeared a failure. [To dive] = an infinitive used as the adjective phrase. sub. LV PN 14. [To dive] is a real thrill. sub. V-ed DO 15. Jim went [to dive].

[To dive] = an infinitive used as the subject.

[To dive] = an infinitive used as the direct object.

Unit 2
sub. LV

Infinitive Phrases
DO

2. She is trying [to do it]. ~ [to do it] is used as the direct object and like the direct object pattern. sub. Adj. LV 3. The desk [to be sandpapered] is here. ~ [to be sandpapered] is used as the adjective and like the direct object pattern. sub. LV. DO 4. Terry is leaving [to go to town]. ~ [to go to town] is used as the direct object and like the direct object pattern. sub. LV DO 5. Jim's object was [to give it to me]. ~ [to give it] is used as the predicate noun and like the direct object pattern.

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sub. LV DO 6. [To jump high] was out of the question. ~ [To jump high] is used as the subject and like the adverb pattern. sub. V-g IO DO 7. We worked [to obtain the provisions] for the trip. ~ [to obtain the provisions] is used as the adverb and like the indirect object pattern. sub. V-t 8. [To sing loudly] was not allowed. ~ [To sing loudly] is used as the subject and like the adverb pattern. sub. V-g IO DO 9. We wanted [to go to the show] in the evening. ~ [to go to the show] is used as the indirect object and like the predicate noun pattern. sub. V-t PN 10. My hope is [to show Mary] a good time. ~ [to show Mary] is used as the predicate noun and like the indirect object pattern. sub. Adj. V-t 11. The leaders [to be chosen that night]were in the room. ~ [to be chosen that night] is used as the adjective and like the direct object pattern. sub. Adj. V-t 12. To explain several problems [to the class] would take much time. ~ [to the class] is used as the adjective and like the direct object pattern. sub. V-g IO DO 13. The boys planned [to take a trip] into the mountains. ~ [to take a trip] is used as the indirect object and like the predicate noun pattern. sub. V-t DO 14. Karen told us [to eat the apples] quickly. ~ [to be sandpapered] is used as the direct object and like the adverb pattern.

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Unit 3

Identifying Articles

sub. V-t Part. DO 2. He caught the [bouncing] ball. sub. Part. V-t DO 3. The frog, [jumping], evaded us. sub.V-t Part. DO 4. I saw the picture of the [sinking] ship. Part. sub. V-t 5. The [sleeping] child stirred. sub. V-t Part. DO 6. They carried water to the [burning] building. sub. V- t Part. 7. The boy, [running], fell on the sidewalk. Part. sub. V-t 8. The [wrecked] car was towed away. sub. V-t Part. DO 9. He set up the [folding] chairs. sub. V-t. Part. DO 10. The teacher gave us our [graded]papers. Part. sub. V-t DO 11. [Diving] frogmen recovered the money. sub. V-t. Part. DO 12. He closed the [sliding] door. sub. V-t. Part. DO 13. We found the [stolen] necklace. sub. V-t. Part. DO 14. The wall [looked] painted. sub. V-t Part. DO 15. They always wanted a [sailing] ship.

Bouncing is a participle modifying ball. Jumping is a participle modifying frog. Sinking is a participle modifying ship. Sleeping is a participle modifying child. Burning is a participle modifying building. Running is a participle modifying boy. Wrecked is a participle modifying car.

Folding is a participle modifying chairs.

Graded is a participle modifying papers.

Diving is a participle modifying frogmen.

Sliding is a participle modifying door.

Stolen is a participle modifying necklace.

Looked is a participle modifying painted.

Sailing is a participle modifying ship.

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sub. Part. V-t. 16. The players, [tired], lay down to rest.

Tired is a participle modifying players.

Unit 4 Participial phrases

Adv DO sub. V-t 2. [Having done his lesson], Jerry left. ~ [Having done his lesson] modifies the noun Jerry. This is the adverb pattern. Adj. PN sub. V-t DO 3. [Hearing the story], we went home. ~ [Hearing the story] modifies the noun we. This is the predicate adjective pattern. sub. PN V-t DO 4. The man, [being seen for the first time], impressed us. ~ [being seen for the first time] modifies man. This is the predicate adjective pattern. IO sub. V-g DO 5. [Giving the book] to his sister, John ran out. ~ [Giving the book] modifies John. This is the indirect object pattern. sub. Adj. V-t 6. The child, [playing by the brook], fell in. ~ [playing by the brook] modifies child. This is the predicate adjective pattern. DO. sub. V-t 7. [Walking to school], she felt quite happy. ~ [Walking to school] modifies she. This is the direct object pattern. Adj. sub V-t Adv. 8. [Seeing the beautiful lake], we jumped in for a swim. ~ [Seeing the beautiful lake] modifies we. This is the predicate adjective pattern. sub. Adj. V-t Adv. 9. Fred,[stopping by the house], waited patiently. ~ [stopping by the house] modifies Fred. This is the predicate adjective pattern.

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PN sub V-t 10. [Smiling broadly], she stepped into the room. ~ [Smiling broadly] modifies she. This is the predicate noun pattern. IO sub. Adv. V-g DO 11. [Taking the hot potato in his hands], he quickly dropped it. ~ [Taking the hot potato in his hands] modifies he. This is the indirect object pattern. sub. Adj. V-t 12. Tom, [hearing the noise on the patio], went outside immediately. ~ [hearing the noise on the patio] modifies Tom. This is the predicate adjective pattern. DO sub V-g IO 13. [Hurrying to the station], father forgot his suitcase. ~ [Hurrying to the station] modifies father. This is the direct object pattern. sub. Adv. V-t 14. The dog, [watching us quietly], lay by the door. ~ [watching us quietly] modifies dog. This is the adverb pattern. Adj. sub. V-t 15. [Reading the book], Judy relaxed in her chair. ~ [Reading the book] modifies Judy. This is the predicate adjective pattern. sub. DO V-t 16. The soldier, [carrying the flag high], marched proudly by. ~ [carrying the flag high], modifies soldier. This is the direct object pattern. sub. Adj. V-t 17. The boys, [drilled to perfection], performed very well. ~ [drilled to perfection], modifies boys. This is the predicate noun pattern.

Unit 5
Identifying Gerunds

sub. LV DO 2. I like [camping]. sub. LV OP 3. She told of his [singing].

Camping = a gerund used as the direct object.

Singing = a gerund used as the object of the preposition.

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sub. LV PN 4. My hobby is [fishing]. sub. LV PN 5. His pleasure is [eating]. sub. LV DO 6. [Flying] seems difficult. sub. LV DO 7. Joe tried [rowing]. sub. LV PN 8. [Stealing] is unlawful. sub. LV OP 9. The artist lived by [painting]. sub. LV DO 10. June tried [studying]. sub. LV PN 11. Her difficulty is [spelling]. sub. LV DO 12. [Working] requires effort. sub. LV DO 13. They liked [working]. sub. LV DO 14. [Fishing] takes patience. sub. LV PN 15. Joe's problem is [writing].

Fishing = a gerund used as the predicate noun.

Eating = a gerund used as the predicate noun.

Flying = a gerund used as the subject.

Rowing = a gerund used as the direct object.

Stealing = a gerund used as the subject.

Painting = a gerund used as the object of the preposition.

Studying = a gerund used as the direct object.

Spelling = a gerund used as the predicate noun.

Working = a gerund used as the subject.

Working = a gerund used as the direct object.

Fishing = a gerund used as the direct object.

Writing = a gerund used as the predicate noun.

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sub. LV OP 16. The teacher complained of his [running]. Running = a gerund used as the object of the preposition. sub. LV DO OP 17. [Soaking] is good for some clothes. sub. LV DO 18. Their pastime was [golfing].

Soaking = a gerund used as the subject.

Golfing = a gerund used as the direct object.

Unit 6
Gerund Phrases

OP IO sub. LV DO 2. [(By cleaning) my room] every day, I received an allowance. Gerund phrase as a predicate adjective. Gerund phrase has the OP pattern. sub. LV OP 3. We are not [good (at doing problems)]. Gerund phrase as a indirect object. Gerund phrase has the OP pattern. sub. LV 4. [Singing loudly] is a lot (of fun). Gerund phrase as a subject. Gerund phrase has the Adv. pattern. sub. V-g IO DO 5. Terry wanted [golfing as an activity]. Gerund phrase as a predicate adjective. Gerund phrase has the IO pattern.

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sub. LV DO 6. I enjoy [playing ball (with the boys)]. Gerund phrase as a predicate noun. Gerund phrase has the DO pattern. sub. LV OP DO 7. We did not know (of his coming) yesterday. Gerund phrase as a predicate adjective. Gerund phrase has the OP pattern. OP DO sub. LV 8. (After [giving me) the ball], Jane walked away. Gerund phrase as a predicate noun. Gerund phrase has the DO pattern. sub. LV DO 9. [Having a new car] was a novelty. Gerund phrase as a predicate noun. Gerund phrase has the subject pattern. sub. LV DO 10. [Talking about people] is not wise. Gerund phrase as a predicate noun. Gerund phrase has the subject pattern. sub. LV DO 11. [Flying a kite] is easy (on some days). Gerund phrase as a predicate noun. Gerund phrase has the subject pattern. OP sub. LV 12. [(In taking our share)], we felt satisfied. Gerund phrase as a predicate noun. Gerund phrase has the OP pattern. sub. LV OP 13. He tried [diving quickly (from the board)]. Gerund phrase as a indirect object. Gerund phrase has the adverb pattern.

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sub. LV DO 14. [Being a leader] has its problems. Gerund phrase as a predicate noun. Gerund phrase has the DO pattern.

Unit 7 Identifying Verbals

sub. LV PN 2. [To write] is not easy. sub. LV PN 3. [Writing] plays seems hard. DO sub. LV 4. [Kicking the ball] (to left field), Jim then dropped back. sub. LV 5. He wanted [to get away] (from the blockers). sub. LV 6. [Tackling] players helped (on each play). sub. LV Adj. DO 7. The coach tried [winning] plays. sub. LV Adj DO 8. His object is [to win] the game. sub. LV 9. The [fumbling] fullback was tackled. sub. LV Adv. DO 10. Joe liked [being] an end.

To write is a infinitive used as the subject.

Writing is a participle modifying plays.

Kicking the ball is a gerund used as the direct object .

To get away is an infinitive used as an adverb.

Tackling is a participle modifying players .

Winning is an participle modifying plays .

To win is an infinitive used as the predicate adjective.

Fumbling is a participle modifying fullback.

Being is a participle used as an adverb.

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sub. LV Adj. OP 11. He was (on the [winning] side). sub. LV DO 12. [Playing] football is my delight. sub. LV IO DO 13. We tried [to play] football every evening. sub. LV DO 14. [Running], the player dodged his opponents.

Winning is a participle modifying side.

Playing is a gerund used as the subject.

To play is an infinitive used as an adverb.

Writing is a gerund used as a predicate noun.

sub. PN LV DO 15. The guard, [lunging forward], tackled the fullback. Lunging forward is a gerund used as a predicate adjective . sub. LV DO 16. They played a [passing game] (in the first half). sub. LV 17. [To get] to the goal line, Joe ran hard.

Passing game is a gerund used as a direct object.

To get is a gerund used as the predicate adjective.

sub. LV DO 18. [Diving] (across the line), he scored a touchdown. Diving is a participle modifying the prepositional phrase (across the line). sub. LV Adj. DO 19. Our side was the [winning] team. sub. LV DO 20. [Passing and tackling] won the game (for us).

Winning is a participle modifying team .

Passing and Tackling is a gerund used as the subject.

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Unit 8

Expanding the Simple Subject (1)

Explain what your pre-modifiers are. Write this on the lines below (1) determiner (2) possessive noun (3) intensifier (4) adjective (5) participle (6) noun adjunct Pre-modifiers expand the head-word nouns.

Unit 9 Expanding the Simple Subject (2)

Assignment: Following the procedure above, try to e x p a n d a simple subject with post-modifiers as indicated above. Write this on the lines below. _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________

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Unit 10

Expanding the Predicate

Assignment Using ideas from the constructions above, try to see how many different additions you can make to a basic verb pattern. Write this on the lines below. _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________

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