916

IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 2, April 1989

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF HEAT DISSIPATION DUE TO A HVDC BROUND ELECTRODE

H. B r e i s Hember IEEE

Cray Research Inc. Ottawa, Ontario Canada

Fe1 low I EEE

D. Hukhedkar

P. 3 . Lagace Member IEEE Ecole Polytechnique Hontreal, Quebec Canada

1.0
Introduction

A b s t r ec t
The t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s o i l s u r r o u n d i n g a H i g h V o l t a g e D i r e c t C u r r e n t (HVDC) ground e l e c t r o d e was computed a t v a r i o u s p o i n t s in time using f i n i t e difference methods. The response o f temperature, f o r v a r i o u s ground e l e c t r o d e s , was computed u s i n g these same t e c h n i q u e s . The r e s u l t s w e r e t h e n compared w i t h those r e s u l t s obtained experimentally i n a laboratory a t Ecole Polytechnique.

The m e t h o d s u s e d t o compute t h e s t e a d y s t a t e s o l u t i o n o f t h e temperature distribut i o n s u r r o u n d i n g a HVDC g r o u n d e l e c t r o d e ~n preb o t h homogeneous and N - l a y e r s o 1 1 s a r e solutions s e n t e d i n r e f e r e n c e s 1 and 2 . The o b t a i n e d w e r e f o r g r o u n d e l e c t r o d e s t h a t had been o p e r a t i n g for a s u f f i c i e n t period of time such t h a t t h e s y s t e m was i n a steady state.
o f t h e system, may The t r m e c o n s t a n t be d e f i n e d a s t h e t i m e t r , r e q u i r e d t o r e a c h t h e f i n a l steady s t a t e temperature T r [31. In order to compute t h i s time, one starts with the d i f f e r e n t i a l equation of h e a t c o n d u c t i o n i n a homogeneous medium;

L i s t o f Symbols

t,

T, T
g

thermal t i m e c o n s t a n t , s final s t e a d y - s t a t e temperature, OC temperature, ' C heat generated, W / m 3 soil thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y , W / " C m soil thermal d i f f u s i t i v i t y , m 2 / s
s

k
a
t y
p

where,

T
g

= temperature, 'C = h e a t generated, W / m 3 =

- time,

= h e a t c a p a c i t i v i t y of soil, J / m 3 a 0 C = soil electrical r e s i s t i v i t y ,

=

k
a
C

R *m

current d e n s i t y , A / m 2

soil thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y , I J / " C - m

soil thermal d i f f u s i t i v i t y , m 2 / s
time, s

Tamb = soil a m b i e n t temperature, ' C T,

f i n a l electrode temperature, "C

The t r a n s i e n t p o r t i o n o f e q u a t i o n 1 is t h e dominant t e r m in short-term loading of t h e g r o u n d e l e c t r o d e , t h u s t h e e q u a t i o n may be r e d u c e d t o 141;

Y, R,
A,

= final electrode voltage, I/ = electrode ground r e s i s t a n c e ,

R
where,

= s u r f a c e area of ground electrode, m 2

=

At
r

- equal grid spacing c o n s t a n t ,

time step, s

y
m

= b e a t c a p a c i t i v i t y of s o i l , J / m 3 s o C

aa SM 632-2 A paper recommended and approved by t h e N E E Power System I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n C; '4easurements Committee of t h e I E E E Power E n g i n e e r i n g S o c i e t y for p r e s e n t a t i o n a t t h e IEEE/PES 1988 Summer Meeting, P o r t l a n d , Oregon, J u l y 24 2 9 , 1988. Xanuscript submitted August 27, 1987; made a v a i l a b l e f o r p r i n t i n g May 19, 1988.

The h e a t g e n e r a t i o n t e r m i s t h e prodand uct of the s o i l s electrical r e s i s t i v i t y the current density s q u a r e d I51. The solut i o n o f e a u a t i o n 2 i s shown b e l o w ;

(3)

0885-8977/89~0400-0916$01.00O1989 IEEE

91 7

where, where.

= soil electrical r e s i s t i v i t y , R . m = current d e n s i t y , A / m 2 = soil a m b i e n t temperature,

At

= time step, s
transient portion of

T , ,

"C

thus e n c o m p a s s i n g t h e the equation.

The f i n a l e l e c t r o d e t e m p e r a t u r e can be d e r i v e d u s i n g t h e l a w o f c o n s e r v a t i o n of e n e r g y . The total s u p p l i e d power m u s t be equal t o t h e sums o f both the electrical losses f o r a given power and t h e thermal e q u i p o t e n t i a l s u r f a c e a t a c e r t a i n potent i a l , w i t h r e s p e c t t o r e m o t e e a r t h [61. Upon a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e l a w and d i r e c t m a n i p u l a tion of the e l e c t r i c a l and t h e r m a l terms. the following expression for the f i n a l elect r o d e temperature i s obtained;

Obtaining a transient solution to the problem, the time d e r i v a t i v e thus remains, and t h e f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e a p p r o x i m a t i o n for t h i s t e r m was substituted i n t o equation 1. Figure depicts an i n t e r i o r node c a l c u l a t i o n using f i n i t e difference approximations a t two d i f f e r e n t p o i n t s i n t i m e .

.it f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e

T,--v:
where,

Upon m a n i p u l a t i o n o f e q u a t i o n 1 . o n c e t h e a p p r o x i m a t i o n s have been s u b s t i t u t e d f o r t h e d e r i v a t i v e s , one o b t a i n s the following expression for the temperature o f an i n t e r i o r node [ 7 1 , [ e l ;

2kP

(4)

T, V.

f i n a l electrode t e m p e r a t u r e , 'C final electrode v o l t a g e , V

where.

Consequent s u b s t i t u i o n o f t h i s final v a l u e f o r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n e q u a t i o n 3 and appropriate manipulation gives;

equal grid spacing c o n s t a n t , m

The p r i m e d t i m e is the newly computed in nodal temperature a t the next time step the i t e r a t i o n (i.e. t + At). Additional finite difference nodal e q u a t i o n s r e p r e s e n t i n g v a r i o u s boundary cond i t i o n s (e.g. adiabatic, convective, etc.) may be f o r m u l a t e d a s d e s c r i b e d i n r e f e r e n c e s [ll and [21. The t i m e d e r i v a t i v e may be r e p l a c e d by e q u a t i o n 6 and r e d u c e d t o d e r i v e new e q u a t i o n s s u c h a s e q u a t i o n 7 . T h i s d e s c r i b e s the temperature f l o w i n t o , and o u t o f , t h e node, a t each new t i m e s t e p i n the iteration. Once a l l t h e nodes have been r e p r e s e n t e d b y n o d a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n s ( i . e . e q u a t i o n 7) t h e t e m p e r a t u r e may be computed a t various i n c r e m e n t s i n t i m e u s i n g an i t e r a t i v e m e t h o d a s d e s c r i b e d i n r e f e r e n c e s [ 1 1 and [ 2 1 .

where,

R,
A,

electrode ground r e s i s t a n c e , R s u r f a c e area of ground electrode, m 2

When e q u a t i o n 5 I S appl ied t o ground e l e c t r o d e s o f t y p i c a l dimensions (i,.e. thosp comnonly found i n HVDC installations.) one observes t h a t the thermal time constant I S i t 1 t h e o r d e r o f weeks.

For s h o r t - t i m e l o a d i n g o f H DC grouncl eiectrodes ( i . e . periods of t i m e less t h a n t r ) . the techniques presented i n h i s paper may be u s e d to calculate the soi temper a tures.

3.0 E x p e r l m e n t a l V e r l f i c a t l o n
An experimental setup identical t o t h a t 121 and [111 d e s c r i b e d i n r e f e r e n c e s [11. was u t i l i z e d t o v e r i f y the theoretical res u l t s o b t a i n e d f o r v a r i o u s ground electrode shapes. D u r i n g o p e r a t i o n o f the simulated HVDC s y s t e m , t e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e r e c o r d e d a t 30 s e c o n d i n t e r v a l s and s t o r e d o n d i s k for later analysis.

2.0 S o l u t i o n Method
The s t e a d y s t a t e s o l u t ~ o n of equation 1 as described i n references I l l and [ 2 1 d i d not consider the t r a n s i e n t t e r m and conseq u e n t l y i t was removed. A f i n i t e difference the time derivative is approximation o f g i ven b y ;

918
Append ix The s o f t w a r e was w r i t t e n i n FORTRAN was r u n on a VAX'11/750 m i n i c o m p u t e r . and

Acknowledgement

M r . G r e i s s , who i s a r e g i s t e r e d d o c t o r a l s t u d e n t , w i s h e s t o thank E c o l e P o l y t e c h n i q u e de Montreal f o r t h e f a c i l i t i e s made a v a i l also l i k e t o thank a b l e . The a u t h o r s w o u l d their C l a u d e Ouimet and R o b e r t G a u t h i e r f o r valuable assistance in recording the experimental temperature data. Additional thanks a l s o goes o u t t o C l a u d e R i c h a r d f o r h i s h e l p i n t h e experimental setup.
The a u t h o r s w o u l d a l s o like to thank the Ministry of E n e r g y M i n e s and R e s o u r c e s Canada, t h e N a t u r a l S c i e n c e s and E n g i n e e r i n g Research C o u n c i l o f Canada and t h e Government o f Quebec f o r t h e f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e . References

[ 1 1 H. G r e l s e , B . L . A l l e n , P . J . Lagace and D. Mukhedkar. "HVDC Ground E l e c t r o d e H e a t paper D i s s i p a t i o n , IEEE-PES T r a n s a c t i o n s accepted f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n a t t h e IEEE/No: 1987 W i n t e r m e e t i n g , New 87 WM 179-5 PES O r l e a n s , L o u i s i a n a , F e b r u a r y 1-8. 1987.
Temperature s e n s i n g p r o b e s were placed Various locations in the s o i l t o r e g i s t e r se t e m p e r a t u r e s a s a f u n c t i o n o f t i m e . the temperatures b r t a was recorded u n t i l a reached a steady s t a t e . F i g u r e 2 shows t y p i c a l s e t o f c u r v e s o b t a i n e d d u r i n g a se6lJS o f measurements. The computed r e s u l t s overlayed i n order t o permit comparison O f t h e measured and computed temperatures. & H e r an o v e r a l l comparison between t h e c a l i d l a t e d and measured t e m p e r a t u r e v a l u e s . ab+O'fute e r r o r s a v e r a g e d l e s s t h a t 10%.
I

I 2 1 H.

Grelse, D. Mukhodkar, J.L. Houla, X.D. Do and Y . G e r v a i o . "HVDC Ground E l e c trode Heat Dissipation In A n N-Layer S o i l " . I-PES T r a n s a c t i o n s p a p e r a c c e p t SM ed f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n a t t h e IEEE/No: 87 516-8 PES 1987 Swmner m e e t i n g , San Frans i s c o , C a l i f o r n i a , J u l y 12-17. 1987. TransmisNew Y o r k ,

131 E.W. K i m b a r k . " D i r e c t C u r r e n t s i o n " ( b o o k ) , John W i l e y & Sons, 1971. p p . 454. Rudenberg, "Transient I 4 1 R. Electrical Power Systems" 1950. pp. 338. Grew-Hill. [ 5 1 R. Rudenberg, "Transient Electrical Power Systems" G r a w - H i l l . 1950, p p . 336.

Analysis of (book), McAnalysis of (book), McTransmisNew Y o r k ,

Conc I u s I o n The t e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n r e s u l t f r o m HVDC g r o u n d e l e c t r o d e o p e r a t i o n c a n in4 bp. computed a t d i f f e r e n t p o i n t s i n t i m e - The cpmputed r e s u l t s a g r e e we1 I w i t h t h o s e obned e x p e r i m e n t a l l y . Peak t e m p e r a t u r e tala t i o n s may be d e s i r a b l e for periodic s h o r t t e r m o p e r a t ~ o no f a HVDC g r o u n d e l e c trpde. Since the surrounding S O i I temperat u r e s may n o t have r e a c h e d a s t e a d y s t a t e . a t r a n s i e n t a n a l y s i s may be n e c c e s s a r y . When d e s i g n i n g HVDC g r o u n d electrodes thht a r e o n l y meant t o o p e r a t e i n t h e e v e n t o f ' a f a u l t condition or for short periods o f compute the t i t h e . i t may be d e s i r a b l e t o tdrhperature d i s t r i b u t i o n surrounding the e . l ' k c t r o d e . By d o i n g so; peak temperatures fdF a g i v e n t i m e o f o p e r a t i o n may b e e s t i information mdted. T h i s i n t u r h c o u l d y i e l d i d d i c a t i n g how much t i m e t h e e l e c t r o d e may still be u t i l i z e d as ground r e t u r n w h i l e remaining i n the acceptable s a f e t y margins imposed f o r t e m p e r a t u r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . A s t h e t e c h n i q u e s i n t h i s paper a l l o w transient analysis. the ensuing res u l t s may be a u s e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r f u r thgr HVDC g r o u n d e l e c t r o d e d e s i g n s . for a

[ S I E.W. K l m b a r k , " O i r a c t C u r r e n t s i o n " ( b o o k ) . John W l l e y & Sons, 1971, p p . 452-453.

I 7 1 D.R. C r o f t and D . G . L l l l e y , " H e a t T r a n s fer Calculations Using f i n i t e Difference Equ8t i o n s " (book), Appl i e d S c i e n c e Publ i s h e r s L t d . , 1977, p p . 61-66. [ e l J.P. Holman, " H e a t T r a n s f e r " Graw-Hi1 I . 1972, pp. 136-139. (book), Mc-

[91 EPRl EL-2020. Project 1467-1, "HVDC Ground E l e c t r o d e D e s i g n " , International E n g i n e e r i n g Company, San F r a n s i s c o , 1981. [ l o 1 IEEE S t d . 442-1981, "IEEE G u i d e for R e s i s t i v i t y Measurements", Soil Thermal New Y o r k : IEEE p r e s s , 1981, p p . 6-7.

[ 1 1 1 P . J . Lagace. J . L . H o u l e , Y . G o r v a l s and D. Mukhedkar. " E v a l u a t i o n of the Voltage D i s t r i b u t i o n Around T o r o i d a l HVDC Ground Electrodes i n N-layer Soi I s " , I-PES T r a n s a c t i o n s paper a c c e p t e d f o r presenta1987 t i o n a t t h e IEEE/No: 87 SM 521-8 PES Sumner M e e t i n g , San F r a n s i s c o , C a l i f o r n i a , J u l y 12-17, 1987.

919
Temperature. ' C Temperature, ' C

2.0 3.0 4.0 Log of tlme, s (a) Burled depth, I cm , dlstance rrom hemlshere 1 Cm.

I .o

I .o

2.0 3.0 Log of tlme, s

4.0

(d) Burled depth, 1 cm., dlstance from hemlshere 4 cm.

Temperature, ' C Temperature, ' C

I .o
(b) Burled depth, 1

2.0
CNI,

3.0 Log of tlme, s

4.0

dlstance from hemlshere 2 cm.

2.0 3.0 4.0 Log of tlme, s (e) Burled depth, 1 cm., dlstance from h e " m 5 cm. Temperature, ' C

I .o

Temperature, ' C

1 .o

2.0

3.0

4.0

I .o

Log of tlme. s
(c) Burled depth, 1 cm., dlstance from hemlshere 3 cm.

2.0 3.0 Log of tlme, s

4.0

(0 Burled depth. I cm., dlstance from hemlshere 6 Cm.

TOP VIEW Burleddepth, 1 cm. Probe separation, 1 cm

xxxxxx

Hemisphere Ground Electrode radlus 3 cm.

920 Hany Greiss (M'85) received his Bachelor degree in Electrical Engineering from McGiII University in 1981. He received a Master degree also in Electrical Engineering from Concordia University in 1985. He is currently pursuing a Doctorate in Electrical Engineering at &ole polytechnique de Montreal, Canada. evaluation. He has taught power system grounding methods to practicing engineers in the United States, Brazil. Canada, Chile, Peoples' Republic of China, India, Mexico, Peru. and Venezuela. Dr. Mukhedkar i s currently the Chairman of a working group to revise IEEE Guide # E l , "Guide for Nleasuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance. and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground System." He is a Fellow o f the Institution o f Engineers (India), the Institution of Electrical Engineers (U.K.), the Engineering Institute of Canada, the Peruvian Society for Electrical Engineering, and the IEEE. Pierre Jean Lagace received his Bachelor and Master degree in Electrical Engineering from Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal I n 1981 and 1985 respectively. From 1984 to 1986, he worked as a Design Engineer for the consulting firm Pellemon Inc. He is currently a Doctoral Student at Ecole Polytechnique csf Montreal. His research interests are in electromagnetism, numerical 4nalysis and computer science.

Dr. Dinkar Mukhedkar was born in$Hyderabad, India. He received his B.E. (electrical) degree from Osmania University and his D.Sc. ddgree from Universite de Nancy. Nancy. France. He is currently a Professor of Electrical Engineering at Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada. H e has published papers in power system grounding methods and electtical safety. He coauthored a book in French on power system reliability