Chapter one What is Psychology?

Fields of Psychology Developmental psychology

Physiological Psychology

Experimental psychology

Personality Psychology

Clinical and Counseling Psychology Clinical: Counseling:

Social Psychology

Industrial and Organizational (I/O) Psychology

Enduring Issues What are the principle issues common to many subfields of psychology? Person-Situation Internal factors:

External factors:

Heredity-Environment Nature: Nurture:

Stability-Change

Diversity-Universality

Mind-Body

Psychology as a Science Scientific method:

Theory:

Hypotheses:

Science vs. Non-science

Other Social Sciences Sociology: : Anthropology Political Science: The Growth of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1879) and Edward Bradford Titchener: Structuralism Concerned with identifying the units of conscious experience William James: Functionalism Concerned with the ongoing use of conscious experience

Sigmund Freud: Psychodynamic psychology Focuses on the unconscious determinants of behavior

John Broadus Watson: Behaviorism Concerned with observable, quantifiable, measurable behavior Burthus Fredrick Skinner: Behaviorism revisited Focused on the role of reinforcement Gestalt Psychology Defined psychology as: the study of the immediate experience of the whole organism -THE WHOLE IS DIFFERENT THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS

Existential and Humanistic Psychology Existentialism

Humanists

Cognitive Psychology Concerned with memory, thinking, language, learning, and decision making; mental processing Evolutionary Psychology Focuses on the adaptive values of mental processes and behavior patterns and what function they serve

Positive Psychology Emphasizes and studies the origins and nurturance of mental wellness Multiple Perspectives of Psychology Today

Women in Psychology

Successful explanations of human functioning at one level need not invalidate explanations at other levels

Human Diversity Gender:

Feminist Psychology

Race and ethnicity Race: Ethnicity:

Culture

Research Methods in Psychology 1. Naturalistic Observation Studied non-intrusively in its natural environment

2. Case Studies Intensive analysis and description of an individual or small group hoping to find commonalties between that individual and the entire population

3. Surveys Asking predetermined questions using an interview or questionnaire Wording effects: 4. Correlational Research Used to investigate and clarify the relationships between variables 5. Experimental Research Enables the researcher to focus on the possible effects of one or more factors by: 1) 2)

Independent and Dependent variables Independent: Dependent:

Experimental condition/group:

Control condition/group:

Experimenter Bias:

Random Assignment:

6. Multimethod Research

The Importance of Sampling Representative sample:

Random sample:

Human Diversity and Research

Ethics and Psychology Milgram study

APA code of ethics requires Informed consent from participants o The nature of the study in clearly understandable language o Must be documented o Risks, possible adverse effects, and limitation on confidentiality o If participation is course credit then alternative must be offered o Cannot deceive related to risks or unpleasant emotional experiences o Deception can only be used when absolutely necessary