PIPE SYSTEM CURVE

3/4/2013

3/4/2013

RelationshipbetweenHeadandCapacity Theheadcapacitycurvecanbeusedtoillustratetwo important i properties i of facentrifugal if lpump:

shutoff

1. The discharge from a centrifugal pump may be throttledwithoutcausing damagetothepump.

H HEAD

Capacity

3/4/2013

RelationshipbetweenHeadandCapacity Theheadcapacitycurvecanbeusedtoillustratetwo important i properties i of facentrifugal if lpump:

Water Oil

2. The total head developed is not affected by the specific gravity of the liquid being pumped.

H HEAD

Capacity

3/4/2013

Efficiency

Hth H P
Designflow rate leakage loss Friction loss oss Shock loss

Q
3/4/2013

ActualHQcharacteristicsofradialpumps 5

pumpcharacteristics

operating point

frictionhead

Static head

Q
3/4/2013

PumpandSystemPerformance

pumpcharacteristics

H
friction head h d

operating point

frictionhead

Static head

Q
3/4/2013

EffectofThrottlingonSystemPerformance

3/4/2013

3/4/2013

Total dynamic head (Ht or TDH)

The total dynamic head is the head against which the pump must

work. It is determined by adding the static suction and discharge head ( (with respect p to signs), g ), the frictional head losses, , the velocity y heads, , and the fitting and valve head losses.

Ht HstatKQ

Where K is the system constant that depends on the system components and their characteristics such as the pipe length, pipe diameter, coefficient of friction, and fittings coefficients.

3/4/2013

10

Pump efficiency
is defined as the ration between the output power and input power which

is usually range from 20 to 85% and increase with the size of the pump.

Energy losses in a pump are volumetric, mechanical, and hydraulic.

Volumetric losses are those of leakage through the small clearances between wearing rings in the pump casing and the rotating element.

Mechanical losses are caused by mechanical friction in the stuffing boxes

and bearings, by internal disc friction, and by fluid shear. Frictional and eddy losses within the flow passages account for the hydraulic losses.

3/4/2013

11

PumpSpecificSpeed

The following figure shows a typical pump curve as furnished by a manufacturer. It is a composite curve which tells at a glance what the pump will do at a given speed with various impeller diameters from maximum to minimum. Constant horsepower, efficiency, lines are superimposed over the various head curves. It is made up from individual test curves at various diameters

3/4/2013

13

Matching a Pump to a Piping System

Steadyoperatingpoint:

Energyequation:

For a specified impeller diameter and speed, a centrifugal pump has a fixed and predictable performance curve. The point where the pump operates on its curve is dependent upon the characteristics of the system in which it is operating, operating commonly called the System Head Curve or, the relationship between flow and hydraulic losses in a system. This representation is in a graphic form and, since friction losses vary as a square of the flow rate, the system curve is parabolic in shape.

3/4/2013

15

Construction of system total-head curve

3/4/2013 16

 No static head all friction, As the levels in the suction and discharge

are the same (Figure 11), there is no static head and therefore, the system curve starts at zero flow and zero head and its shape is determined solely from pipeline losses.
The point of operation is at the intersection of the system head curve

and the pump curve. The flow rate may be reduced by throttling valve.

3/4/2013

17

3/4/2013

18

 Positive static head, The parabolic shape of the system curve is

determined by the friction losses through the system including all bends and valves. However, in this case, there is a positive static head involved. This static head does not affect the shape of the system curve or its "steepness", p , but it does dictate the head of the system y curve at zero flow rates.

The operating point is at the intersection of the system curve and

pump curve. Again, the flow rate can be reduced by throttling the discharge valve.

3/4/2013

19

3/4/2013

20

10

 Negative (Gravity) head, In the illustration below, a certain flow rate

will occur by gravity head alone. However, to obtain higher flows, a pump is required to overcome the pipe friction losses in excess of "H" the head of the suction above the level of the discharge. In other words, the system curve is plotted exactly as for any other case involving a static head and friction head, except the static head is now negative. The system curve begins at a negative value and shows the limited flow rate obtained by gravity alone. More capacity requires extra work.

3/4/2013

21

3/4/2013

22

11

 Most lift Little friction head, The system head curve in the

illustration below starts at the static head "H" and zero flow. Since the friction losses are relatively small (possibly due to the large diameter pipe), the system curve is "flat". In this case, the pump is required to overcome the comparatively large static head before it will deliver any flow at all.

3/4/2013

23

3/4/2013

24

12

 For a fixed set of conditions in a pumping system, there is just one total

head for each flow rate. Consequently, a centrifugal pump operating at a constant speed can deliver just one flow.

In practice, however, conditions in a system vary as a result of either

controllable or uncontrollable changes. Changes in the valve opening in the pump discharge or bypass line, changes in the suction or discharge liquid level, changes in the pressures at these levels, the aging of pipes, changes in the process, changes in the number of pumps pumping into a common header, changes in the size, length, or number of pipes are all examples of either controllable or uncontrollable system changes. changes

These changes in system conditions alter the shape of the systemhead

curve and, in turn, affect pump flow.

3/4/2013 25

Constructionofsystemtotalheadcurvetodeterminegravityflowandcentrifugalpump flow
3/4/2013 26

13

 In a system where a pump is taking suction from one reservoir and filling

another, the capacity of a centrifugal pump will decrease with an increase in static head. The systemhead curve is constructed by plotting the variable system friction head versus flow for the piping.

To this is added the anticipated minimum and maximum static heads

(difference in discharge and suction levels). The resulting two curves are the total system heads for each condition.

The flow rate of the pump is the point of intersection of the pump head

capacity curve with either one of the latter two systemhead curves or with any intermediate systemhead curve for other level conditions. A typical head versus flow curve for a varying static head system is shown in the following Figure.
3/4/2013 27

Constructionofsystemtotalheadcurvesforapumpingsystemhavingvariable statichead
3/4/2013 28

14

 If it is desired to maintain a constant pump flow for different static head

conditions, the pump speed can be varied to adjust for an increase or decrease in the total system head.

A typical variablespeed centrifugal pump operating in a varying static

head system can have a constant flow, as shown in the following figure.

3/4/2013

29

Varyingcentrifugalpumpspeedtomaintainconstantflowforthedifferentreservoir levels.
3/4/2013 30

15

VariableSystemResistance
A valve or valves in the discharge line of a centrifugal pump alter the

variable frictional head portion of the total systemhead curve and consequently the pump flow.
The following figure illustrates the use of a discharge valve to change the

system head for the purpose of varying pump flow during a shop performance test. The maximum flow is obtained with a completely open valve, and the only resistance to flow is the friction in the piping, fittings, and flow meter.
A closed valve results in the pumps operating at shutoff conditions and

produces maximum head. Any flow between maximum and shutoff can be obtained by proper adjustment of the valve opening.

3/4/2013

31

Constructionofsystemtotalheadcurvesforvariousvalveopenings.
3/4/2013 32

16

BRANCH-LINE PUMPING SYSTEMS

3/4/2013

33

In some systems the liquid leaving the pump or pumps will divide into a

network of pipes. If the pump is of the centrifugal type, the total pump Flow is dependent on the combined system resistance. The total pump flow and flow through each branch can be determined by the following methods. th d

3/4/2013

34

17

 The following figure illustrates a pump and network of piping consisting

of three parallel branches in series with common supply and return headers.

Junction points 1 and 2 need not be at the same elevation (provided the

liquid density remains constant and the pipes flow full and free of vapor) because, in a closedloop system, the net change in elevation is zero.

3/4/2013

35

3/4/2013

36

18

 The following figure shows the system totalhead curves for each

branch line and header considered independent of the others. These curves are constructed for several flow rates by adding the frictional resistances of the pipes, fittings, and head losses through the equipment serviced from point 1 to point 2. Curves A, B, C, and D therefore represent the variation in system resistance in feet (meters) versus flow through each branch and header.

If the valves are open in all branches, the total system resistance, total

pump flow, and individual branch flows are found by the following method. First observe that (a) the total flow must be equal to the sum of the branch flows, (b) the head loss or pressure drop across each branch from junction I to junction 2 is identical, and (c) the flow divides to produce these identical head losses.

3/4/2013

37

3/4/2013

38

19

 The following figure shows the construction of the curves required to

determine pump flow point X'.

Obviously the pump flow and branch A flow are the same. Note that

the h total l flow fl at point X is less l than h when h all ll valves l are open as a result l of an increase in system head.
If all valves were open and the total flow were obtained by a positive

displacement pump having a constant capacity curve F. closing valves B and C would not change the flow.
The system head would, however, increase to point X and the head

would be greater than for a centrifugal pump having curve E.

3/4/2013

39

3/4/2013

40

20

BRANCHES IN OPEN-LOOPED SYSTEMS

3/4/2013

41

The following figure illustrates a pump supplying three branch lines

which are openended and terminate at different elevations.

3/4/2013

42

21

3/4/2013

43

The following figure shows the system totalhead curve for each branch

line and main supply line considered independently of each other.

These curves are constructed by starting at elevation heads ZA, ZB, ZC,

and ZD at zero flow. To each of these heads is added the frictional resistances in each line for several flow rates. Frictional losses from the suction tank to junction 1 are included in curve D. Curves A, B, C, and D therefore represent the variation in system resistance in feet (meters) versus flow through each branch and supply line. Note that ZD is negative because in line D there is a decrease in elevation to point 1.

3/4/2013

44

22

3/4/2013

45

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP BYPASS

3/4/2013

46

23

 Bypass orifices around centrifugal pumps are often used to maintain a

minimum flow recommended by the pump manufacturer because of one or more of the following reasons:
Limit the h temperature rise to prevent seizing and/or d/ cavitation. Reduce shaft and bearing loads. Prevent excessive recirculation in the impeller and casing. Prevent overloading of driver if pump power increases with decrease in

flow.

3/4/2013

47

3/4/2013

48

24

 The following figure shows the separate systemhead curves for flow to

tank A and for flow to tank B. Curve E is the headcapacity characteristics of the centrifugal pump.

Individual flow rates to each tank are shown as QA and QB. The

recommended minimum flow is QR, which is greater than QB by the amount shown. In order to maintain the minimum flow, a bypass orifice with necessary pipe, valves, and fittings is required to pass flow Qc at total head H when the pump discharges to tank B only.

3/4/2013

49

3/4/2013

50

25

 The following figure, shows the construction necessary to determine

the required bypass head versus flow characteristics of the orifice and pipe. The bypass systemhead curve C includes the pipe, valve, and fitting losses from the pump connection between the suction tank and d the th end d of f the th bypass b piping i i below b l the th suction ti water t level. l l These Th losses must be deducted from the total bypass losses to determine the required orifice head.

3/4/2013

51

3/4/2013

52

26

 The following figure illustrates the resultant pump Flow with the bypass

in operation. Curve C is added to curve 5 to obtain curve B +C by combining flows through each system at the same heads. Note that flow through the piping from the suction tank to junction I is the total from both systems, Therefore, the combined systemhead curve B + C should take this into consideration. Similarly, curve C is added to curve A to obtain curve A + C. Note that when the flow is directed to tank B with the bypass open. pump flow is increased from QB to Qn and tank flow is decreased from OB to QB. When the Flow is directed to tank A with the bypass open, pump flow is increased from QA to Qy aad Flow is decreased from QA to Q~. if it is desired that there be no reduction in flow and/or that there be no waste of pumping power when flow is to tank A, A the bypass can be closed either manually or automatically. automatically If pump flow is monitored, this measurement can be used to open, close, or modulate the bypass valve automatically to maintain desired flow.

3/4/2013

53

3/4/2013

54

27

3/4/2013

55

3/4/2013

56

28

3/4/2013

57

3/4/2013

58

29

WhatifOff DesignConditions?
The treatment of Off design g operation p of centrifugal g

pumps starts with the recognition of the various events that take place within such pumps as there is varied from BEP.
Once the events are understood, it is then necessary to

quantify f their h effect ff on the h pump, and d from f that h determine the allowable flow range of the pump for a given set of operating conditions

3/4/2013

59

OPERATIONATHIGHFLOWS
There are two circumstances that might lead to the operation of a

pump at flows in excess of its best efficiency or even of its design point. The first of these occurs when a pump has been oversized by specifying an excessive margin on total head.
Under this circumstance, the pump performance and its relation to

the systemhead curve might look as in the following figure.

The headcapacity curve intersects the systemhead curve at a

capacity much in excess of the real required flow.

3/4/2013

60

30

Pressure reduction in the external suction system of the pump

3/4/2013

61

Eventsatoffdesignoperationoflowandmediumspecific speedcentrifugalpumps.
3/4/2013 62

31

3/4/2013

63

Flow path of fluid inside the pump

The internal suction system is comprised of the pumps suction nozzle and impeller. Figures 5 and 6 depict the internal parts in detail.

3/4/2013

64

32