Denition of roof

For the purposes of analyzing enclosure characteristics, we shall include in this discussion any surface on a building which has a horizontal component, including: shallow or steeply sloped roofs nominally at roofs balconies, over habitable space or not roof decks overhangs projections

Roofs & Roong

Examples include

terraces at grade over below-grade structures

Examples include

Examples include

Categories of roofs by slope

Steep slopes slopes steeper than 1:4 Shallow slopes slopes between 1:4 and 1:25

shingling approach

POOL TERRACE

SWIMMING POOL

PLANTER PLANTER MECH MECHANICAL ROOF TERRACE

Nominally at slopes shallower than 1:25

ponding approach

TOW 101.10'

TOW 97.60''

Steep slope roofs

water managed by shingling

POOL TERRACE

TOW 96.76'' TOFF 95.93''

PLANTER ROOF TERRACE

TOFF EL: 93.42'

SWIMMING POOL MECH MECHANICAL

ADJACENT BUILDING

Steep slope roofs

water managed by shingling

LIVING SPACE

TOW 101.10'

TOW 98.50'

TOW EL: 95.00'

TOFF EL: 93.42'

ROOF TERRACE

PLANTER

LIVING SPACE

relies on the force of gravity to control the movement of water

Thatched roofs

Thatched roofs

the ultimate in shingling

the ultimate in shingling

Slate tile roofs

Slate tile roofs

Slate tile roofs

Clay tile roofs

Clay tile roofs

Clay tile roofs

Clay tile roofs

Concrete tile roofs

Concrete tile roofs

Wood shakes

Wood shakes & shingles

Wood shakes & shingles

Wood shakes & shingles

Asphalt shingles

Asphalt shingles

Metal shingles

Metal shingles

Sheet metal

Sheet metal

Sheet metal

Sheet metal

Summary of typical cladding materials for sloped roofs

stone (slate) tiles (clay, terra cotta, concrete) hand-split wood shakes shingles (wood, sheet metal, asphalt, glass bre-reinforced) sheet material (roll roong, asbestos cement corrugated sheet, corrugated metal sheet)

Flashing
An important component of any system relying on the shingling approach to control water runo is ashing. Flashing refers to any impervious material which assists in the control of water at transitions or joints between assemblies dierent surfaces, materials or changes in plane. Such materials are usually exible, or can be easily assembled into the complex shapes necessary to accommodate the transitions.

Flashing

Flashing
Flashing may be exposed or concealed. If exposed, it is usually of a sheet metal in order to withstand exposure to the weather and physical abuse.

Like the concept of shingling itself, ashings make use of the force of gravity to ensure control of water. Flashing generally operates on the principle that, for water to penetrate a joint, it must work itself upward against the force of gravity or in the case of wind-driven rain, it would have to follow a tortuous path during which the driving force will be dissipated. When concealed within a construction assembly, it may instead be of a water-proong membrane such as reinforced bituminous-based sheet material.

Flashing
Flashing can assume a number of forms: Cap ashing prevents water from entering through the uppermost critical elements of a building in this case the top of the parapet.

Flashing
A particularly challenging type of ashing occurs when parapets abut walls known as saddle ashings.

Flashing
Roof ashing is placed around discontinuities or objects which protrude through the roof surface, to deect water away from joints.

Flashing
Wall ashing prevents water entering at joints, or directs water that has penetrated the wall back to the exterior.

Flashing
Base ashing is found where a wall intersects grade or a roof surface, and redirects water away from the joint.

Flashing
Chimney ashings need to address transitions to masonry.

Flashing
Openings in walls require special attention in terms of water ingress, using both exposed and concealed ashings.
STEP 5B Lap next layer of building paper over window flashing & continue up wall above window in similar manner

Flashing
Head ashing protects the top of the window or door.

STEP 5A Install window head flashing c/w end dams over window flange

STEP 5 APPLICATION OF WINDOW HEAD FLASHING AND MEMBRANE

Flashing
Several sill ashings prevent water ingress into the wall below the window or door, one before window installation, then a nal exposed sill.

Flashing
Typical materials used as ashing include: Sheet metal - lead - copper - galvanized steel - terne metal (lead or zinc-coated steel) - stainless steel - aluminum Flexible membranes - self-adhesive membrane (SAM, peel-and-stick, etc.)

Nominally at roofs

Nominally at roofs
water controlled by ponding or tanking

Nominally at roofs
water must be contained by parapets or curbs

Nominally at roofs
water must be contained by parapets or curbs the membrane must be completely water-impermeable

Nominally at roofs
water must be contained by parapets or curbs the membrane must be completely water-impermeable all protrusions must be waterproofed well above the membrane level
36

Nominally at roofs
water must be contained by parapets or curbs the membrane must be completely water-impermeable all protrusions must be waterproofed well above the membrane level there must be adequate slope to direct water to drains without ponding

Nominally at roofs
water must be contained by parapets or curbs the membrane must be completely water-impermeable all protrusions must be waterproofed well above membrane level there must be adequate slope to direct water to drains without ponding there must be adequate roof drains (size & number), with overow provisions in case drains plug

Nominally at roofs
water must be contained by parapets or curbs the membrane must be completely water-impermeable all protrusions must be waterproofed well above membrane level there must be adequate slope to direct water to drains without ponding there must be adequate roof drains (size & number), with overow provisions in case drains plug

Nominally at roofs
water must be contained by parapets or curbs the membrane must be completely water-impermeable all protrusions must be waterproofed well above membrane level there must be adequate slope to direct water to drains without ponding there must be adequate roof drains (size & number), with overow provisions in case drains plug

Categories of roofs by relationship of membrane, sheathing & insulation

cavity-insulated roof exterior-insulated roof

traditional exposed membrane

protected membrane (PM) or inverted roof

1. membrane 2. sheathing 3. insulation

1. membrane 2. insulation 3. sheathing

1. insulation 2. membrane 3. sheathing

Cavity insulated roof

2. sheathing (often comprised of plywood if light wood frame construction)

Cavity insulated roof

1. membrane (can be shingles or membrane)

3. insulation (can be breglass batt, since protected from the weather)

Cavity insulated roof

Ventilation required

Cavity insulated roof

Ventilation required

Cavity insulated roof

Ventilation required

Exterior-insulated roof using traditional exposed membrane

1. membrane

2. insulation (must be rigid insulation to support loads)

3. sheathing (sub-structure comprised of any construction type)

Exterior-insulated roof using traditional exposed membrane

over wood joists & decking

Exterior-insulated roof using traditional exposed membrane

over concrete structure

Exterior-insulated roof using traditional exposed membrane

over steel joists & metal decking

Exterior-insulated roof using protectedmembrane (PM) or inverted approach

1. insulation (must be rigid insulation to support loads & able to withstand exposure to water) 2. membrane

3. sheathing (sub-structure comprised of any construction type)

Exterior-insulated roof using protectedmembrane (PM) or inverted approach

over steel joists & metal decking

Exterior-insulated roof using protectedmembrane (PM) or inverted approach

over concrete structure

Exterior-insulated roof using protectedmembrane (PM) or inverted approach

rigid insulation being mechanically fastened over membrane

Exterior-insulated roof using protectedmembrane (PM) or inverted approach

concrete pavers over rigid insulation on protected membrane

Traditional Built-up Roof

can be mopped

Traditional Built-up Roof

or torched-applied

Traditional Built-up Roof

mopped-on roof

Traditional Built-up Roof

nal granulated nish

Traditional Built-up Roof

membrane over parapet

Traditional Built-up Roof

overow scupper

Roof membranes can be held in place by

1) fully adhering 2) mechanically fastening

Roof membranes can be held in place by

1) fully adhering 2) mechanically fastening 3) ballasting

Traditional mopped roong membrane installation

Flat roong details

edge cant

parapet

membrane at wall cant strip

sleeper

Roof drainage

Roof drainage
Given the following roof congurations, each drained by two rainwater leaders (RWLs)
40 m

18 m

RWL 2
10 m

UPPER ROOF

LOWER ROOF
8m

RWL 4

RWL 1 RWL 3

Area drained by upper roof: 40 m x 18 m = 720 m2 Area drained by lower roof: (10 m x 40 m) + (8 m x 40 m) = 400 m2 + 160 m2 = 560 m2

Roof drainage
National Building Code of Canada Climate Data
Location Elev., m Design Temperature January July 2.5% 2.5% C 1% C 100 Mile House Abbotsford Agassiz Alberni Ashcroft Beatton River Burns Lake Cache Creek Campbell River Carmi Castlegar Chetwynd Chilliwack Comox Courtenay Cranbrook Crescent Valley Crofton Dawson Creek Dog Creek Duncan Elko Fernie Fort Nelson Fort St. John Glacier Golden Grand Forks Greenwood Hope Kamloops Kaslo Kelowna Kimberley Kitimat Plant Kitimat Townsite Lillooet 1040 10 15 12 305 840 755 455 20 845 430 605 10 15 10 910 585 5 665 450 10 1065 1010 465 685 1145 790 565 745 40 355 545 350 1090 15 130 245 -28 -10 -13 -5 -25 -37 -30 -25 -7 -24 -19 -35 -12 -7 -7 -27 -20 -6 -36 -28 -6 -28 -29 -40 -36 -27 -28 -20 -20 -16 -25 -23 -17 -26 -16 -16 -23 -31 -11 -15 -7 -28 -39 -33 -28 -9 -26 -22 -38 -13 -9 -9 -30 -23 -8 -39 -30 -8 -31 -32 -42 -38 -30 -31 -22 -22 -18 -28 -26 -20 -29 -18 -18 -25 DegreeDays Below 18C Dry C Wet C 30 29 31 31 34 25 25 34 26 33 32 27 30 27 28 32 31 28 27 29 29 29 29 28 26 27 29 35 35 32 34 29 33 31 23 23 33 18 20 20 18 20 18 17 20 18 20 20 18 20 18 18 19 19 18 18 18 18 19 19 18 18 17 17 20 20 20 20 19 20 19 16 16 20 5150 3100 2950 3400 3700 6700 5500 3700 3400 4900 3700 5800 2950 3150 3150 4650 3900 3150 6050 5200 3150 4800 4800 7000 6000 6000 4900 3950 4500 3100 3650 4000 3600 4900 4000 4200 3550 Table C-2 Design Data for Selected Locations in British Columbia 15 One Day Ann. Moist. Annual Driving Snow Load, Min. Rain, Rain, Index Total Rain kPa, Rain, 1/50, mm Precip, Wind 1/50 mm mm mm Press. Ss Sr Pa, 1/5 10 10 8 10 10 13 10 10 10 10 10 15 8 10 10 10 10 8 18 10 8 13 13 13 15 10 8 10 10 8 13 10 10 10 13 13 10 48 112 128 144 37 64 54 37 123 64 54 75 139 112 112 59 54 86 80 48 107 64 118 70 80 70 59 48 64 139 48 59 43 59 193 171 75 300 1525 1650 1900 250 330 300 250 1500 325 560 400 1625 1175 1400 275 675 925 325 275 1000 440 860 325 320 625 325 390 430 1825 225 660 260 350 2100 1900 300 0.44 1.59 1.71 2.00 0.25 0.53 0.56 0.25 1.59 0.38 0.64 0.58 1.68 1.28 1.49 0.30 0.75 1.06 0.49 0.41 1.13 0.48 0.88 0.56 0.50 0.83 0.57 0.47 0.51 1.88 0.23 0.82 0.29 0.38 2.19 2.00 0.31 425 1600 1700 2000 300 450 450 300 1600 550 700 625 1700 1200 1450 400 850 950 475 375 1050 650 1175 450 475 1500 500 475 550 1900 275 850 325 500 2500 2300 350 60 160 160 220 80 80 100 80 260 60 60 60 160 260 260 100 80 160 100 100 180 100 100 80 100 80 100 80 80 140 80 80 80 100 220 220 100 2.6 2.0 2.4 3.0 1.7 3.3 3.4 1.7 3.3 3.9 4.2 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.6 3.0 4.2 1.8 2.5 1.8 1.8 3.6 4.5 2.4 2.8 9.4 3.7 2.8 4.0 2.8 1.8 2.8 1.7 3.0 5.5 6.5 2.1 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.1

Roof drainage
Location
Hourly Wind Pressures kPa 1/10 1/50 0.30 0.42 0.57 0.47 0.28 0.22 0.30 0.29 0.46 0.24 0.23 0.32 0.48 0.45 0.45 0.22 0.22 0.48 0.31 0.31 0.48 0.27 0.33 0.21 0.31 0.24 0.27 0.26 0.29 0.41 0.30 0.22 0.34 0.22 0.36 0.36 0.32 0.39 0.62 0.75 0.63 0.38 0.30 0.39 0.39 0.64 0.38 0.34 0.40 0.72 0.65 0.65 0.33 0.33 0.63 0.40 0.40 0.63 0.42 0.48 0.28 0.39 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.44 0.63 0.40 0.31 0.47 0.33 0.48 0.48 0.44 Seismic Data(1)

Elev., m

Design Temperature January July 2.5% 2.5% C 1% C

Sa(0.2) Sa(0.5) Sa(1.0) Sa(2.0) 0.28 0.92 0.67 0.75 0.33 0.12 0.12 0.33 0.62 0.28 0.27 0.24 0.73 0.66 0.65 0.27 0.27 1.1 0.12 0.32 1.1 0.27 0.27 0.12 0.12 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.63 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.37 0.37 0.60 0.17 0.62 0.50 0.55 0.26 0.056 0.062 0.25 0.46 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.16 0.16 0.74 0.070 0.25 0.74 0.16 0.16 0.056 0.061 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.47 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.24 0.24 0.44 0.11 0.31 0.29 0.30 0.16 0.023 0.043 0.16 0.28 0.090 0.081 0.064 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.080 0.081 0.37 0.035 0.15 0.37 0.080 0.078 0.034 0.032 0.078 0.075 0.083 0.085 0.28 0.10 0.080 0.094 0.079 0.13 0.13 0.26 0.063 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.093 0.014 0.028 0.091 0.15 0.053 0.045 0.035 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.045 0.045 0.18 0.021 0.088 0.18 0.045 0.044 0.022 0.019 0.044 0.041 0.047 0.049 0.15 0.061 0.045 0.056 0.044 0.073 0.073 0.14

PGA 0.14 0.45 0.32 0.35 0.16 0.059 0.059 0.16 0.28 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.14 0.14 0.54 0.063 0.16 0.54 0.14 0.14 0.059 0.059 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.29 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.18 0.18 0.27

DegreeDays Below 18C Dry C Wet C 30 29 31 31 34 25 25 34 26 33 32 27 30 27 28 32 31 28 18 20 20 18 20 18 17 20 18 20 20 18 20 18 18 19 19 18 5150 3100 2950 3400 3700 6700 5500 3700 3400 4900 3700 5800 2950 3150 3150 4650 3900 3150

Table C-2 Design Data for Selected Locations in British C 15 One Day Ann. Moist. Annual Driving Min. Rain, Rain, Index Total Rain Rain, 1/50, mm Precip, Wind mm mm mm Press. Pa, 1/5 10 10 8 10 10 13 10 10 10 10 10 15 8 10 10 10 10 8 48 112 128 144 37 64 54 37 123 64 54 75 139 112 112 59 54 86 300 1525 1650 1900 250 330 300 250 1500 325 560 400 1625 1175 1400 275 675 925 0.44 1.59 1.71 2.00 0.25 0.53 0.56 0.25 1.59 0.38 0.64 0.58 1.68 1.28 1.49 0.30 0.75 1.06 425 1600 1700 2000 300 450 450 300 1600 550 700 625 1700 1200 1450 400 850 950 60 160 160 220 80 80 100 80 260 60 60 60 160 260 260 100 80 160

100 Mile House Abbotsford Agassiz Alberni Ashcroft Beatton River Burns Lake Cache Creek Campbell River Carmi Castlegar Chetwynd Chilliwack Comox Courtenay Cranbrook Crescent Valley Crofton

1040 10 15 12 305 840 755 455 20 845 430 605 10 15 10 910 585 5

-28 -10 -13 -5 -25 -37 -30 -25 -7 -24 -19 -35 -12 -7 -7 -27 -20 -6

-31 -11 -15 -7 -28 -39 -33 -28 -9 -26 -22 -38 -13 -9 -9 -30 -23 -8

Roof drainage
With a 15 minute maximum rainfall in Castlegar of 10 mm, the hydraulic loads are calculated as follows: Upper roof: 720 m2 x 10 mm = 7,200 litres Lower roof: 560 m2 x 10 mm = 5,600 litres two 3 diameter RWLs two 2- diameter RWLs

The text and images used in this presentation have been obtained from a number of di erent sources. This information has been assembled speci cally for the delivery of the course CIVL 478 Building Science & the Building Enclosure, and forms an integral part of the course material which is required for examination. The presentation is intended for educational purposes only, to be used solely by students enrolled in the course. It is not to be distributed electronically or in hard copy format to any other party. Greg Johnson