SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER 9 9.1 Analysis of the recycling rates using Table 9.

8 data and prices from Table 9.18

a. Carbon savings is 747MTCE b. At $50/ton, tipping fee savings is 936 tons/yr x $50/ton = $46,800/yr c. Revenue generated is $118,845/yr d. With a carbon tax of $50 per metric ton of carbon-equivalents, savings due to recycling would be 747 MTCE/yr x $50/MTCE = $37,350/yr 9.2 Analyzing the energy side of the airport recycling program described in Problem 9.1 using Table 9.9

a. Annual energy savings is: 21,494 million Btu b. At $5 per million Btu, the dollar savings is 21,494 million Btu/yr x $5/million Btu = $107,470/yr c. Dollar savings per ton would be: $107,470 / 936 tons = $114.81/ton

9.1

9.3 Spreadsheet analysis for the recycling program using Tables 9.8 and 9.18.

a. Avoiding $120/ton for pick up and selling these recyclables at half the Table 9.18 market price for recyclables saves Avoided pick up charges = 5300 ton/yr x $120/ton avoided = $636,000/yr Revenue from sale of recyclables = $404,000/yr Total savings = $636,000 + $404,000 = $1,040,000/yr b. With a $10/ton of CO2 tax, recycling saves Carbon tax =
$10/ton CO 2 2200 lb 44 ton CO 2 x x = $40.33/MTCE 2000 lb/ton metric ton 12 ton C

Savings = $167,531/yr (from spreadsheet) c. A $400,000/yr recycling program saves Net benefit = $1,040,000 + $167,531 - $400,000 = $807,531/yr 9.4 Comparing a 10,000mi/yr, 20 mpg SUV burning 5.22 lbs C//gal at 125,000 Btu/gal to cardboard recovery savings. c. The carbon savings from cardboard recycling is equivalent to carbon emissions from how many SUVs? d. How many average SUVs of energy are saved by cardboard recycling? a. How many tons of CO2 will be emitted per SUV per year?

CO 2 =

10,000 miles x x 5.22 lbsC/gal 44 tonCO 2 x = 4.35 ton CO 2 /yr 20 miles/gal x 2200 lbs/ton 12 tonC

b. Btus for those SUVs

Energy =

10,000 miles x 125,000 Btu/gal = 62.5 million Btu/yr 20 miles/gal

c. From Table 9.10, 42 million tons of cardboard are kept out of landfills. And from Table 9.8, each ton saves 0.96 metric tons of carbon

9.2

42x10 6 ton/yr x 0.96 mtonC/ton x 1.1 ton/mton 44 tonCO 2 Car equivalents = x 12 tonC 4.32 tonCO 2 /yr SUV

= 37.6 million SUVs taken off the road in carbon savings d. From Table 9.9, cardboard recycling saves 15.65 million Btu/ton. So,
Car equivalents = 42x10 6 ton/yr x 15.65 x10 6 Btu/ton = 10.5 million SUVs 62.5 x 10 6 Btu/yr/SUV

9.5 A 0.355-L (12 oz) 16 g aluminum can with 70% recycling. Need to adjust Table 9.13 which was based on 50% recycling. Each can now has 0.7x16 = 11.2 g of recycled aluminum and 0.3 x 16 = 4.8 g of new aluminum from bauxite.

1765 kJ = 1059 kJ 8g 40 kJ = 56 kJ Recycled cans to make 11.2 g of Al =11.2g x 8g The remaining energy for can production is the same as Table 9.13: New aluminum from bauxite = 4.8g x Total for 16g (0.355L) can = 3188 (1765 + 40) + (1059 + 56) = 2498 kJ/can Per liter of can = 2498 kJ/0.355L = 7037 kJ/L
9.6 Heavier cans from yesteryear, 0.0205 kg/can and 25% recycling rate.

New aluminum per can was 0.75 x 0.0205 kg = 0.015375 kg Recycled aluminum per can was 0.25 x 0.0205 kg = 0.005125 kg From Table 9.12: New aluminum = 0.015275 kg x 220,600 kJ/kg = 3370 kJ Recycled aluminum = 0.005125 kg x 5060 kJ/kg = 26 kJ Total energy = 3370 + 26 = 3396 kJ/can Compared to todays 1805 kJ/can (Example 9.4)
Today : 1805 kJ/can = 0.53 Earlier : 3396 kJ/can

Savings is 47%

9.7 Using 1.8 million tons/yr of aluminum cans, 63 percent recycled, and Table 9.12:

a. The total primary energy used to make the aluminum for those cans.
New aluminum = 0.37 x 1.6x10 6 tons x 220,600 kJ/kg x kg 2000 lb x = 118.7 x1012 kJ 2.2 lb ton

9.3

Old aluminum = 0.67 x 1.6x10 6 tons x 5060 kJ/kg x

kg 2000 lb x = 4.9 x1012 kJ 2.2 lb ton

Total = (118.7 + 4.9) x 1012 = 123.6 x 1012 kJ b. With no recycling:

All new aluminum = 1.6x10 6 tons x 220,600 kJ/kg x kg 2000 lb x = 320.9 x1012 kJ 2.2 lb ton

c. Using Table 9.8 CO2 emissions that result from that recycling. Recycling = 0.67 x 1.6x106 tons Al x 3.71 MTCE/ton = 3.97 x 106 MTCE As CO2: 3.97x10 6 metric tonsC x
or 14.6x10 6 tonne/yr x 44 tons CO 2 = 14.6x10 6 metric tons/yr 12 tons C

2200 lbs ton x = 16 million U.S. tons/yr tonne 2000 lbs

9.8 With pickups from both sides of the 1-way street:

With pickups on one-side only on the 1-way street, need to make 2 passes

9.9 A 30 yd3 packer truck, 750 lb/yd3, 100 ft stops, 5 mph, 1 min to load 200 lbs:
time/stop = 100 ft mi hr 60 min x x x + 1 min = 1.227 min/stop stop 5280 ft 5 mi hr

9.4

9.10 Route timing:

a. Not collecting = 20min + 3x20min + 2x15min + 15min + 40min = 165 min/day To fill a truck takes:
25yd 3truck x 4 yd 3curb customer stop 1.5 min x x x = 187.5 min/load 3 3 yd truck 0.2yd 4 customer stop

Two loads per day takes:

[2 loads/d x 187.5min/load
b. Customers served:
25yd 3truck x

+165 min(travel,breaks)]x

hr = 9.0 hrs/day 60min

4 yd 3curb customer x = 500 customers/load yd 3truck 0.2yd 3

# customers =

500 customers 2 loads 5 days x x = 5000 customers/truck load day week

$40 8 hrs $60 1hr 5 day 52 wks c. Labor = x + x x = $98,800/yr x hr day week yr hr day

Truck cost =

$10,000 $3500/yr + x 25yd3 = $97,500/yr 3 yr yd

($98,800 + $97,500)/yr = $39.26/yr 5000 customers

Customer cost =

9.11 To avoid overtime pay, working 8 hrs/day and needing 165 min to make runs back and forth to the disposal site, breaks, etc (Problem 9.2):

Collection time = 8 hr/d x 60 min/hr 165 min/d = 315 min/day Customers = 315 min stop 4 customers 5 day x x x = 4200 customers day 1.5 min stop wk

Annual cost of service per customer is now: ($40/hr x 8 hr/wk x 5 d/wk x 52 wk/yr + $97,500/yr)/4200 = $43/yr Cheaper to pay them overtime.

9.5

9.12 So, with 8-hr days a smaller truck can be used. As in Problem 9.11:

Collection time = 8 hr/d x 60 min/hr 165 min/d = 315 min/day With 2 truckloads per day, stop 4 customers 315 min x x = 840 customers/day Customers = day 1.5 min stop or 420 customers per truckload. At 2 loads per day and 5 days per week, that would give 4200 customers once a week service. Truck size needed is therefore,
Truck size = 420 customers 0.2 yd 3 at curb yd 3 in truck x x = 21yd 3 customer 4yd 3at curb truckload

costing:
$10,000 $3500/yd 3 Truck$ = + x 21yd 3 = $83,500/yr yr yr

$40 8hr 5 day 52 weeks Labor$ = x x = $83,200/yr x yr hr day week

Resulting in: Customer$ =

($83,200 +$83,500)/yr = $39.69/yr

4200 customers

(compared with $39.26 per customer in Problem 9.10 and $43 in Problem 9.11.

9.13 Comparing two truck sizes:

a. Customers for each truck: (A) 27 m3 truck: 27m3 truck x # customers = 4m3curb customer x = 432 customers/load 3 1m in truck 0.25m3 curb

432 customers 2 loads 5 days x x = 4320 customers (27m3 ) truckload day week 4m3curb customer x = 240 customers/load 3 1m in truck 0.25m3 curb

(B) 15 m3 truck: 15m3 truck x # customers =

240 customers 3 loads 5 days x x = 3600 customers (15m3 ) truckload day week

b. Hours per day for the crew: (A) 27 m3 truck: 432 customers 0.4 min 2 loads x x = 346 min customer truckload day
Crew : 346 min +160 min(misc.) = 8.43 hr/day 60 min/hr

9.6

(B) 15 m3 truck:

240 customers 0.4 min 3 loads x x = 288 min customer truckload day
Crew : 288 min + 215 min(misc.) = 8.38 hr/day 60 min/hr

c. Cost per customer: (A) 27 m3 truck: Cost : $40 8.43hr 5 day 52 week x x x + $120,000/yr = $207,672/yr (27m3 ) hr day week yr
$207,672/yr = $48.07/yr (27m3 ) 4320 customers

Customer$ =

(B) 15 m3 truck: Cost : $40 8.38hr 5 day 52 week x x x + $70,000/yr = $157,152/yr (15 m3 ) hr day week yr
$157,152/yr = $43.65/yr (15 m 3 ) 3600 customers

Customer$ =

Cheaper to run 3 trips a day in the smaller 15 m3 truck.

9.14 A $150,000 truck, 2 gal/mi, $2.50/gal, 10,000 mi/yr, $20k maintenance:

a. Amortized at 12%, 8-yr: CRF(8yr,12%) =

i(1 + i)

(1 + i)

0.12(1 + 0.12)

(1 + 0.12)

= 0.201/ yr

Amortization = $150,000 x 0.201/yr = $30,195/yr Fuel = 10,000 mi/yr x 2 gal/mi x $2.50/gal = $50,000/yr Total truck cost = $30,195 + $50,000 + $20,000 (maint) = $100,195/yr b. Labor$ = $25/hr-person x 2 people/truck x 40 hr/wk x 52 wk/yr = $104,000/yr c. Total Cost = $100,195 + $104,000 = $78.54/ton 10 ton/day x 260day/yr

9.15 Reworking Examples 9.5 9.7 to confirm the costs in Table 9.17:

a. One-run per day, t =

150 ft/stop x 3600 s/hr + 4 can/stop x 20s/can = 100.5 s/stop 5 mi/hr x 5280 ft/mi

Time to collect = 8 0.4 (2x1-1)x0.4 0.25 1- 1x0.2 = 5.75 hr/day which allows N stops per day (l-load per day)

9.7

5.75 hr/d x 3600 s/hr = 206 stops/load 100.5 s/stop x 1 load/day Truck volume need is, 4 can/stop x 4 ft 3 /can x 206 stop/load V= = 34.9 yd 3 3 3 3 3 27ft /yd x 3.5 yd curb/yd in truck N= With economics, Labor = $99.840/yr as in Example 9.7 Truck = $25,000/yr + 4000$/yd3yrx34.9 yd3=$164,600/yr 206 stops x 2 cust/stop x 1 load/d x 5 d/wk = 2060 customers
Refuse = 2060 homes x 60 lb/home x 52 weeks/yr = 3214 tons/yr 2000 lb/ton

Cost/ton =

(164,600 + 99,840) $/yr = $82.25/ton (OK) 3214 ton/yr

b. Three-runs per day: 100.5 s/stop Time to collect = 8 0.4 (2x3-1)x0.4 0.25 1- 3x0.2 = 3.75 hr/day which allows N stops per day (3-load per day) 3.75 hr/d x 3600 s/hr = 44.8 stops/load 100.5 s/stop x 3 load/day Truck volume need is, 4 can/stop x 4 ft 3 /can x 44.8 stop/load V= = 7.6 yd 3 27ft 3 /yd 3 x 3.5 yd 3 curb/yd 3in truck N= With economics, Labor = $99.840/yr as in Example 9.7 Truck = $25,000/yr + 4000$/yd3yr x7.6yd3=$55,400/yr 44.8 stops x 2 cust/stop x 3 load/d x 5 d/wk = 1344 customers
Refuse = 1344 homes x 60 lb/home x 52 weeks/yr = 2096 tons/yr 2000 lb/ton

Cost/ton =

(99,840 + 55,400) $/yr = $74/ton 2096 ton/yr

(OK)

9.16 Transfer station: 200 tons/day, 5d/wk, $3 million, $100,000/yr, trucks $120,000, 20 ton/trip, $80k/yr, 4 trip/day, 5d/wk, 10%, 10-yr amortization. n 10 i(1 + i) 0.10(1 + 0.10) = = 0.16275 / yr Station costs: CRF(10yr,10%) = n 10 (1 + i) 1 (1 + 0.10) 1

9.8

$3 million x 0.16275/yr + $100,000/yr = $588,236/yr to handel: which is Truck costs: Depreciation = $120,000 x CRF = $120,000 x 0.16275 = $19,530/yr (Driver+Maint)+Depreciation = $80,000 + $19,530 = $99,530 to haul: which is for a total of 20 tons/trip x 4 trip/d x 5 d/wk x 52 wk/yr = 20,800 ton/truck-yr total truck cost = $99530/yr = $4.79/ton 20,800 ton/yr 5 ton/d x 5 d/wk x 52 wk/yr = 52,000 tons/yr cost = $588,236/yr = $11.31/ton 52,000 tons/yr

$4.79/ton (truck) + $11.31/ton (station) = $16.10/ton

9.17 Distance for an economic transfer station:

a. Cost of direct haul to the disposal site, $40 + 30 t1 = 40 + 30x1.5 = $85/ton b. Transfer station 0.3 hr from a collection route, $40 + 30 t1 = 40 + 30x0.3 = $49/ton to get to the transfer station for the transfer station $10 + 10 t2 = 10 + 10(1.5 0.3 hr) = $22/ton total cost with transfer station = $49 + $22 = $71/ton c. Minimum distance from the transfer station to the disposal site, direct haul $ = $ to transfer station + $ for transfer station $40 + $30/hr x 1.5 hr = ($40 + 30 t1) + $10 + 10(1.5 - t1) 85 = 40 + 10 + 15 + 30 t1 10 t1 = 65 + 20 t1 t1 = 1 hr t2 = 1.5 1 = 0.5 hr That is, the transfer station must be no more than 1 hour away from the collection route (or, the transfer station should be more than 0.5 hr from the disposal site).

9.9

9.18 Newsprint: 5.97% moisture, HHV = 18,540 kJ/kg, 6.1% H.

Starting with 1 kg of as received waste: Energy to vaporize moisture = 0.0597 kg H2O x 2440 kJ/kg = 145.6 kJ Dry weight = 1 0.0597 = 0.9403 kg Hydrogen in the dry waste = 0.061 x 0.9403 = 0.0574 kg As H becomes H2O = 0.0574 kgH x 9 kgH2O/kgH x 2440 kJ/kgH2O = 1259.6 kJ Total energy lost in water vapor = 145.6 + 1259.6 = 1405 kJ per kg of newsprint LHV = HHV 1405 = 18,540 1,405 = 17,135 kJ/kg
9.19 Corrugated boxes, 5.2% moisture, HHV = 16,380 kJ/kg, 5.7% H in dried material:

Could use the procedure shown in Prob. 9.18, or use (9.7) LHV = HHV 2440(W+9H) W = 0.052 kgH2O/kg waste H = (1-0.052)x 0.057 = 0.054 kgH/kg waste LHV = 16,380 2440 (0.052 + 9x0.054) = 16380 1313 = 15,067 kJ/kg
9.20

2 L PET bottle, 54 g, 14% H, HHV = 43,500 kJ/kg, QL = energy lost in vaporized H2O

QL =

2440 kJ 18 kgH 2O 0.14 kgH 54g PET x x x = 166 kJ/bottle kg H 2O kg PET 10 3 g/kg 2 kgH
43,500 kJ 54 gPET/bottle x 166 kJ/bottle = 2183 kJ/bottle kgPET 10 3 g/kg

LHV =
9.21

Energy estimates based on HHV = 339(C ) + 1440 (H) 139 (O) + 105 (S) a. Corrugated boxes: based on dry weight, HHV(dry)= 339x43.73 + 1440x5.70 139x44.93 + 105x0.21 = 16,809 kJ/kg There are (1-0.052) = 0.948 kg dry material per kg as received HHV as received = 0.948 kg(dry) x 16,809 kJ/kg(dry) = 15,935 kJ/kg b. Junk mail: HHV(dry)= 339x37.87 + 1440x5.41 139x42.74 + 105x0.09 = 14,697 kJ/kg HHV as received = (1 - 0.0456) x 14,697 = 15,935 kJ/kg c. Mixed garbage: HHV(dry)= 339x44.99 + 1440x6.43 139x28.76 + 105x0.52 = 20,568 kJ/kg HHV as received = (1 - 0.72) x 20,568 = 5,759 kJ/kg

9.10

d. Lawn grass: HHV(dry)= 339x46.18 + 1440x5.96 139x36.43 + 105x0.42 = 19,218 kJ/kg HHV as received = (1 - 0.7524) x 19,218 = 4,758 kJ/kg e. Demolition softwood: HHV(dry)= 339x51.0 + 1440x6.2 139x41.8 + 105x0.1 = 20,417 kJ/kg HHV as received = (1 - 0.077) x 20,417 = 18,845 kJ/kg f. Tires: HHV(dry)= 339x79.1 + 1440x6.8 139x5.9 + 105x1.5 = 35,944 kJ/kg HHV as received = (1 - 0.0102) x 35,944 = 35,578 kJ/kg g. Polystyrene: HHV(dry)= 339x87.10 + 1440x8.45 139x3.96 + 105x0.02 = 41,147 kJ/kg HHV as received = (1 - 0.002) x 41,147 = 41,064 kJ/kg

9.22

Draw the chemical structures: a. 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

b. 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

c. Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

d. 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran

9.11

e. 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran

9.23

U.S. 129 million tons, 800 lb/yd3, cell 10-ft, 1 lift/yr, 80% is MSW, 1000 people: 129x10 6 ton 2000 lb yd 3 VMSW = x x = 8.71x10 9 ft 3 /yr 3 27 ft yr ton @ 80% per cell, Vlandfill = 8.71 x 109 ft 3 /yr = 10.9x10 9 ft 3 /yr 0.80

Alift =

10.9 x 109 ft 3 /yr acre x = 24,987 acres/yr 43,560 ft 2 10 ft/lift

No population is specified, but at roughly 300 million people, the area per 1000 people would be about Alift per 1000 =
9.24

24,987 acres/yr 0.08 acre/yr per 1000 people 300,000 thousand people

50,000 people, 40,000 tons/yr, 22% recovery, 1000 lb/yd3, 10-ft lift, 80% MSW:

40,000(1- 0.22)ton 2000 lb yd 3 27ft 3 ft 3 landfill VLandfill = x x x x = 2.11x10 6 ft 3 /yr 3 3 0.80ft MSW 1000 lb yd yr ton

a.

Area of lift needed each year

Alift =

2.11 x 106 ft 3 /yr acre x = 4.83 acre/yr 43,560 ft 2 10 ft/lift

40 acre/lift x 2 lifts remaining = 16.5 yrs 4.83 acre/yr

b. To complete the landfill will take: time remaining =

9.25

By increasing the recovery rate from 22% to 40%,

40,000(1- 0.40)ton 2000 lb yd 3 27ft 3 ft 3 landfill x x x x = 1.62x10 6 ft 3 /yr 1000 lb yd 3 0.80ft 3MSW yr ton

VLandfill =

Alift =

1.62 x 106 ft 3 /yr acre x = 3.72 acre/yr 43,560 ft 2 10 ft/lift

9.12

time remaining =

40 acre/lift x 2 lifts remaining = 21.5 yrs 3.72 acre/yr

So the landfill will last 5 more years because of the program (21.5 16.5 yrs).
9.26

Lawn trimmings: Per kg, 620g moisture and 330g decompostables represented by C12.76H21.28O9.26N0.54. 1 mol trimmings = 12x12.76 + 1x21.28 + 16x9.26 + 14x0.54 = 330.2 g//mol That is, 1 kg of as received trimmings has 330g of decompostibles, which turns out to be1 mole of decompostibles. Using (9.8) gives C12.76H21.28O9.26N0.54 + n H2O m CH4 + s CO2 + d NH3 where m = (4x12.76 + 21.28 2x9.26 3x0.54)/8 = 6.5225 So, 6.5225 moles of CH4 are produced per mole (330g) of decompostibles. So, 1 kg of lawn trimmings, with 330g of decomposbiles, results in 6.5225 moles of CH4. a. Volume of methane:
VCH 4 = 0.0224 m3CH 4 6.5225 molCH 4 x = 0.146m3CH 4 /kg lawn trimmings mol CH 4 kg"asreceived"

b. Energy content: CH 4 energy =

6.5225 molCH 4 890 kJ x = 5,805 kJ/kg kg "as received" mol

9.27 1 kg of food wastes, with 720g water and 280g of CaHbOcNd:

a.

C H O N

45%

0.45 x 280 = 126g

6.4% 0.064 x 280 = 17.92g 28.8% 0.288 x 280 = 80.64g 3.3% 0.033 x 280 = 9.24g Total = 233.8 g/mol

C: H: O: N:

12g/mol x a mol = 126g 1 g/mol x b mol = 17.92g 16g/mol x c mol = 80.64g 14g/mol x d mol = 9.24g

so a = 126/12 = 10.5 mol so b = 17.92/1 = 17.92 mol so c = 80.64/16 = 5.04 mol so d = 9.24/14 = 0.66 mol

The chemical formula for dry food wastes: C10.5H17.92O5.04N0.66 b. Chemical reaction: C10.5H17.92O5.04N0.66 + n H2O m CH4 + s CO2 + d NH3

9.13

where

n = (4x10.5 17.92 2x5.04 + 3x0.66)/4 = 3.995 m = (4x10.5 + 17.92 2x5.04 3x0.66)/8 = 5.9825 s = (4x10.5 17.92 + 2x5.04 + 3x0.66)/8 = 4.5175 d = 0.66

Methane producing reaction is therefore: C10.5H17.92O5.04N0.66 + 3.995 H2O 5.9825 CH4 + 4.5175 CO2 + 0.66 NH3 c. Fraction of the resulting gas that is methane: CH 4 = 5.9825 mol CH 4 = 0.536 = 53.6% (5.9825 + 4.5175 +0.66) moles gas

d. Volume of methane per kg of food waste:

VCH 4 = 0.0224 m3CH 4 5.9825 molCH 4 x = 0.134m3 CH 4 /kg food wastes mol CH 4 kg"as received"

e. HHV value of methane produced: CH 4 energy = 5.9825 mol CH 4 890 kJ x = 5,324 kJ/kg food waste kg "as received" mol

9.14