LIST OF SYMBOLS

HL MLSS HRT F/M Q YO V SVI Xt Y Ke YE SRT Qw XR V v MLD m/s mg/lit Kw hp hr Kg SHP Kg/d Head loss (m) Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids Hydraulic Retention Time Food to Micro organism ratio Sewage flow in the aeration tank BOD in mg/I of the influent sewage Volume of aeration tank Sludge Volume Index MLSS in aeration tank in mg/I Yield coefficient Endogenous respiration constant BOD of effluent Solids Retention Time Volume of wasted sludge per day Concentration of solids in the returned sludge or in the wasted sludge Velocity of flow through screen (m/s) Velocity of flow before screen (m/s) Million Liters per Day meter per second Milligram per liter Kilowatts horse power hour Kilogram Shafts Horse Power Kilogram per day

Kg/hp/hr m3/day m3/hr m3/day/m ppm QR gm/m3 C Cm/min I/h/d

Kilogram per horse power per hour Cubic meter per day Cubic meter per hour Cubic meter per meter square per day Cubic meter per day per meter parts per million Sludge recirculation rate in m3 per day gram per cubic meter degree centigrade Centimeter per minute liter per head per day

m3/m2/day -

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION
1.1. GENERAL Effluent is a miscue of various types of waste from the industry. The characteristics and composition of effluent mainly depends upon the source. It contains organic and inorganic matter which may be in dissolved, suspended, colloidal state, and various types of bacteria, virus, protozoa, algae, fungi etc. Some of them are pathogens and are harmful to the human and animal life. If the quantity of effluent is more, then the receiving water will become polluted or the land will become sewage sick. In such circumstances, it becomes essential give treatment to the effluent. The treated effluent can be reused for various purposes depending upon the characteristics of the effluent. 1.2. OBJECTIVE To design on effluent Treatment Plant for Steel Mills 1.3. NEED FOR THE STUDY removed by giving suitable treatment. To prevent the pollution of surface and underground water. To reuse the treated effluent. 1.4. GENERAL TYPES OF TREATMENT

To protect the environment, the contaminates present in wastewater must be

1. Primary Treatment 2. Secondary Treatment 3. Tertiary Treatment Advanced Treatment

1.4.1. PRIMARY TREATMENT It consists of removing large suspended organic & inorganic solids and heavy settles able inorganic solids. The treatment reduces the BOD of the wastewater up to 15-30%. The process is carried out with the help of screening, grit chamber, and skimming tanks. 1.4.2. SECONDARY TREATMENT It involves further treatment of the effluent coming from the primary sedimentation tank; this is generally accomplished through biological decomposition of organic matter which can be carried out either under aerobic or anaerobic process. With the help of this treatment, BOD level can be lower. The Treatment units used are Aeration Tank, Secondary Clarifier. 1.4.3. TERITARY TREATNENT This treatment is used to remove the organic load left after the secondary treatment and particularly to kill pathogenic bacteria. It includes advance treatment for the removal of heavy metals.

DESIGN OF SCREEN CHAMBER

Design Consideration Q q = = 180 MLD 2.1 m3/S = 20 mm x 50 mm 30 mm = 1.5 m/s 45 = = 0.75m = 1.5 m

Size of screening bars

Clear spacing between bars (s) = diameter of incoming sewer (ds) Depth of flow through screen d Calculations

Angle of inclination of screen with the horizontal Velocity of flow through the screen (v)

Vertical projected area of screen opening As = 2.1 1.5 As = = 1.4 m2 As x 1000 1.4 x 1000 1.5 x 30

Number of screen opening dxs = = Number of bars = Width of Screen Channel

31.11 or 32 (32-1)= 31

W = (No. of screen opening x s + No. of bars x size of bar) 30 20 1000 1000 = 32 x + 32 x

W = 1.58 m (or) 1.6 m Length of Screen Channel L = (d + s) cot + 1.73 (w + ds) = (1.5 + 0.3) cot 45 + 1.73 (1.6 + 0.75) L = 5.86m (or) 6m Assume top of screen to be 0.5m above highest flow level and free board of 0.5m Total depth of screen channel D D = d + (0.5 + 0.5) = 2.5 m = 1.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 Q Velocity of flow in screen channel 180 wxd = = 1.6 x 1.5 = 0.87 m/s Head loss through the screen hL hL hL = = = 0.0729 x (V2 V) 0.1088 m 108.8 mm

Hydraulic loading for peak flow Q 180 wxd 1.6 x 1.5 = = = 75ml / d / m2 Dimensions Screen Chamber No. of bars = = 6m x 1.6 m x 2.5 m 31 nos

DESIGN OF SKIMMING TANK

Design Considerations Q q = = 180 MLD 125 m3 / min

Raising velocity, VR = 0.25m / min Calculations Area of skimming tank A = 0.00622 125 0.25 = = d = = 0.006622 3.11 m2 3.11 1.77 (or) 2m 2m q VR

Diameter of tank = Dimensions Diameter =

2m

DESIGN OF PRIMARY SETTLING TANK

Design Considerations Q (q) = = 180 MLD 125 m3 / min = 5m = 2m 2.5 hours = 150 min 1m / min

Depth of Sewage (d) Depth of sediment Detention period = Velocity of flow Calculations =

Capacity of tank = = = Surface area required =

qxt 125 x 150 18750 m3

Capacity of tank Depth of sewage

18750 5

= q Area of flow Section V Af =

= 3750 m2

125 1

= 125 m2

I.e.

Bxd

125 125 5

B Length of tank L =

= B 3750 = 25

25 m

Surface area

= 150 m

Q Overflow rate of tank LxB = 180x103 = 25x150 = 48 m3 / d / m2

Dimensions: 150 m x 25 m x 5m

Steel Plants Wastes

17.0 INTRODUCTION Integrated steel plants in India, as it stands now, are probably the largest industrial complexes in the country, with a large number of their subsidiaries and supporting industries. The production of steel in India is not so high, compared to that in other advanced countries. But the use of large volume of water and the consequent waste discharges induces a tremendous effect on the water resources of the locality. A large volume of waste water, originating from different unit operations and containing mostly suspended solids, lubrication oils and several toxic substances are produced from an integrated steel plant. It is very important therefore to have the knowledge of the manufacturing processes, for establishing an effective and economical means for pollution control. Integrated steel plants usually consist of five main units, viz., coal washery, coke oven, blast furnace, steel melting shop, and rolling mills (hot and cold). In addition to the above the plants may have auxiliary units like oxygen plant and power plant for their own uses.

VSP QA & TD Effluent Water analysis Norms (At Boundary) Characteristics Temperature pH TSS Og BOD (3 days at 29C) COD Phenol Free Ammonia Ammonium Nitrate Cyanide Thiocyanate Sulphide Fluoride Phenolic C Colour TDS As Cu rg Zn Ni Pb Chromium (hexavalent) Values < 40 C 6-8.5 100 10 30.0 250.0 1.0 1.5 50.0 0.2 1.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 > 250 > 5000 0.2 J 0.01 5 3 0.1 0.1 Na : 2000 (Approx) K : 5 (Approx) Fe : 20 (Approx) Colour > 250