TRAINING REPORT

RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDHYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED

23.05.2011-25.07.2011(60 DAYS)

UNDERTAKEN BY:

KIRAN PRAKASH JANGID

EC-1, 2008UEC120

MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR

Introduction to Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)

Communication between various generating and receiving stations is very essential for proper operation of power system. This is more so in the case of large inter connected systems, where a control load dispatch station has to coordinate the working of various units to see that the system is maintained in the optimum working condition, Power Line Carrier Communication has been found to be the most economical and reliable method of communication of medium and long distance in power Network. For short distance the ordinary telephone system is used. Open wires or underground cables and in some cases VHF wireless communication are found to be more economical as they do not involve the use of costly high voltage coupling equipment. In early days of generation and utilization of electric power, the generating station was invariably a thermal one located within or very near a city having industries acting as the consumers of the power. However, with the introduction of hydroelectric generating stations and extension of electricity to suburban and rural areas, the picture radically changed .The various generating stations, located at a great distance among them, and could no longer remain isolated and selfsufficient entities. On the other hand, they soon become interconnected giving rise to what is known as the power grid. This necessitated has economical and dependable means of intercommunication, between various generating stations, substations and control rooms.

LCCS Equipment is used for point to point communication over high voltage power lines. PLCC equipment are used send/receive speech/data/teleprotection signals by using HF carrier signals raging from 50KH. 1) Speech signals 2) Data/telemetering 3) Teleprotection

1. SPEECH SIGNALS:
(i) An input signal of 300-2000HZ band width can be used depending upon the customer requirements. (ii) PLCC has got provision for 2 wire / 4 wire speech from telephone exchanges / other switching equipment , 2 wire/4 wire express telephone communication ( hotline from control desk tc ) and communication through emergency jack telephones to be connected directly to the PLCC terminals.

2. DATA/TELEMETERING:
PLCC terminals can be used for sending/receiving data signals for telemetering and etc. The input signal for this channel will be between 2000-3000 HZ.

3. TVLEPROTECTION:
i) Protection coupler equipment can be used along with PLCC terminals for tele protection requirements. ii) During line fault/other fault occurring in sub stations. Trip signals can be transmitted or received by the protection coupler through PLCC terminals for activating the distant protection relaying equipment. In PLCC the higher mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage power lines for communication and lower attenuation over long distance. The idea of using power lines as transmission lines for communication purpose was the first thought of at about the beginning of the century and the practical applications were made in several countries from 1920 onwards. These systems have now developed into extremely sophisticated and complicated PLCC systems and widely used in all modern power systems. When the distances involved are large, it will not be economical to provide separate wires for communication purpose. In fact, for such large distances, the power lines themselves provide a very good medium of transmission of information. So the POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC) is mostly used

Basic principles of PLCC:Telephone communication system cannot be directly connected to the high voltage power lines, therefore we have to suitably design the coupling devices. These usually consist of high voltage capacitor or capacitor with parasitical devices and used in the conjunction with the suitable line matching unit. For matching the line impedance to that the impedance of the coaxial cable connecting the PLCC equipment. In PLCC system the following Equipment are used: PLCC station Line matching Unit CVT/CC Earth switch Lightning Arrestor Wave trap Co axial Cable

PLCC Station:- It is the station where (modulation) Transmitting, receiving (demodulation),

Amplification, Filtration are performed.

Line Matching Unit: - The output of PLCC is connected to the line matching unit before to
the power lines to achieve the proper impedance matching in between PLCC Equipment and power line.

CVT/CC (Control voltage transformer/Coupling capacitors):It is connected to the line matching unit and the power line this is used for blocking the high voltage entering to the PLCC Equipment.

Earth switch: - This is used at the time of maintenance of LMU. Lightening Arrestor: - This is used for arresting any A.C. high voltage spike entering to the
L.M.U. PLCC unit.

Co-Axial Cable:-This is used for inter connection between PLCC & L.M.U for carrying the
high frequency signal.

THE BASIC ARRANGEMENT OFCONNECTING THE WAVE TRAP AND COUPLING CAPACITOR IN PLCC AS SHOWN

As can be seen from the sketch the power frequency and radio frequency component are sorted out by the arrangement. The RF signal is prevented from entering the station bus & the power frequency is blocked by coupling capacitor.

COUPLING DEVICES
A modern coupling capacitor consist of stack of flat elements of pure cellulose paper and aluminum coils held between insulating roads under optimum pressure to minimize the capacitance that changes with the time and pressure. The interconnection are designed to obtain highest possible range withstand capacity and highest cut off frequency.

TYPES OF COUPLING: 1. PHASE TO GROUND COUPLING

ES

ES LA LA

LMU-line matching unit PLCC-panel-power line carrier communication equipment. CC- coupling capacitor. In this type of coupling out of three phase wire we use only one wire for communication. This is the oldest type of coupling to connect the PLCC & circuit wire in which we use the wave trap to stop HF signal to go in the yard. The coupling capacitor is used for connecting the LMU to the LINE. LMU provides the impedance matching between the line and PPLCC station. PLCC panel does the modulation, filtration, amplification and then transmit the signal to the carrier and to the opposite work at receiving end.

1. PHASE TO PHASE COUPLING

In this type of coupling out of three phase wire we use two wires for communication. The advantage of using such way is that if one wire gets damaged then communication will be carried out by the other wire. We use the wave trap to stop HF signal to go in the yard. The coupling capacitor is used for connecting the LMU to the LINE. LMU provides the impedance matching between the line and PLCC station. PLCC panel does the modulation, filtration, amplification and then transmit the signal to the carrier and do the opposite work at receiving end.

INTER LINE OR INTER CIRCUIT COUPLING:

This is the same as phase to phase coupling but with the difference that the two conductors used for communication belong to two different power circuit carriers on common towers. This type of coupling is not employed where the two circuits are carrier on two separate sets of towers as it then behaves more like a double phase to ground coupling &id found as in then behaves more like to ground coupling &is found to be impractical.

This type of coupling is more reliable than phase to phase coupling on the same circuit in that it permits operation with one of the two circuits opened out & founded for maintained purpose .Inter Phase or inter systems coupling are always employed on 220 KV& 440 KV lines where the interface levels &attenuation problem. This type of coupling permit higher reliability of operation under breaker conductors conditions& are always employed where carrier line protection are employed.

COMPARISON BETWEEN PHASE TO GROUND AND PHASE TO PHASE COUPLING:1. The phase to ground coupling has higher attenuation &unlike phase to phase coupling, attenuation & varies with station conditions. 2. Reflections 7echoes due to mismatch difficulties are much greater in phases to ground coupling. 3. S/N ratio is poor due to longitudinal noise voltage induced in line in phase to phase coupling; the noise voltage cancels them because equal voltages are induced in each one conductor which opposes each other in the circuit. 4. Radiation in phase to ground coupling is twice than p-to-p coupling. 5. A break or fault of some other kind in p-to-g coupling much more seriously than in p-to-p coupling.

Hence p-to-g coupling is used due cheapness especially when frequency used and distances to covered are suitable and radiations are not having much harm effect.

Construction:Wave trap is constructed by taking the parallel combination of the inductor and the variable capacitor this will form the tank circuit which form the tuned circuit, which tuned the frequency at 50Hz known as power frequency. The inductors which we are used having the range of 0.5 mH to 500 mH. The capacitors having the range of 4400pfarad to 5500pfarad.the choke coil having the main role in that. This coil may be a single layer or a multi layered coils made of special aluminum alloy and designed to carry the full load current.

Lightening Arrestor:Ground wire over the tower provides an adequate protection against lightening and reduces the induced electrostatics or electromagnetic voltage but such a shield is inadequate to protect any travelling wave which reaches the terminal of the electrical equipment and such a wave can cause the following damage. 1. The high peak of the surge may cause flash over in the internal wiring. Thus it may spoil the insulation of winding. 2. The steep wave font may cause internal flash over between their turns of the transformer.

3. The stop wave front resulting into resonance and high voltages may cause internal and external flash over causing building up the oscillators is the electrical operations.

A Good lightning Arrestor must possess the following properties:It should not absorb any current during normal operation but during the over voltage surge it must provide an easy way to the earth. After the first discharge of the current has taken places through then must be capital of carrying the discharge current for same interval of time without any damage to them. After the over voltage is discharge it must be capable of interrupting the normal frequency of current from flowing to ground as soon as voltage reaches below the break down voltages. In addition to the tuning devices which usually consist of capacitors and inductors. A lightning arrestor is invariable connected across the choke coil of the wave trap. The lightning arrestor used may be as a vacuum type arrestor, over voltage of which lies below the rated value of the tuning capacitor but about the voltage which produce across the coil during a short circuit surge. The lightning arrestor therefore protects the tuning capacitor against the momentary over voltage caused by the travelling wave. Sustained over voltage resulting from the short circuit are not high enough to cause the lightning arrestor to be over voltage. Hence consequent destruction of the arrestor is avoided.

4. The tuning capacitor

For lower voltage class of tuning units polystyrene capacitors are used while for high voltage class tuning unit capacitor with mineral oil impregnated paper dielectric is used which are similar in construction of coupling capacitor. Signal frequency trap have a signal & double frequency trap have a double tuned parallel circuit. All the elements belonging to tuning circuit are usually mounted in a common housing.

5. Transmission system
There are three different transmission methods, which can be employed for PLCC, they are given below:1.) Amplitude modulation with carrier and double side band transmission. 2.) Amplitude modulation with a single side band suppressed carrier transmission. 3.) Frequency modulation The earlier system used the first method. The speech frequencies transmitted were between 300 to 2400 HZ when the carrier modulated with this frequency, the resulting side band took up a maximum band width of 4800 HZ thus the available HF band was divided into no, of channel each having the band of 5 KHZ. Some countries allotted 8 KHZ for each channel. And these channels could naturally transmit the higher voice frequencies up to 3.4 KHZ instead of 2.4 KHZ. This resulted the better voice quality. Almost all the modern PLCC equipment is designed for an amplitude modulation with a single band suppressed carrier transmission. Single side band having following advantages over the double side band:1.) The band width required per channel is exactly half of the double side band transmission. 2.) As the receiver accepts only half band of frequency the noise input to the receiver is correspondingly reduced resulting in better S/N ration. 3.) As the carrier one side band are not transmitted the power required for this also same.

6. Telephone network
Telephony implies both way of communication that is the person at each end of the line must able to speak and listen. The cheapest and simplest way of achieving this working is to have simplex working. Here only one frequency is allotted for given link. Both the terminals issue the same frequency for transmitting and receiving. But in that case only one person can talk or listen at a time. This is achieved by press to talk switch. For a duplex two different carrier frequencies are allotted between two stations. In the system both the parties/persons can speak or listen simultaneously. This arrangement is costlier then simplex and it is almost used in present PLCC system.

7. Fixed frequency system

In the large network it may be necessary to provide the point to point communication between a large no. of station. For this purpose each carrier link is designed a set send and receive frequency. For duplex working in carrier frequency section between all model points are

separated on 4-wire basis. All inter modulate station required two set of equipment such as PLCC.

8. 4-wire group selectors or electronics switching devices

These are used to connect the PAX to PLCC equipment. A PAX cannot be directly connected to PLCC terminals as the later work on 4-wire basis that is send and receive path are in same that is only two are used for each correction.

9. TRUNKING NETWORK

CONNECTION

FOR

TYPICAL

CLASS

OF

THE

The trucking connection between the heera pura and Ajmer as shown above. For calling Ajmer from telephone no. 23 from heera pura the subscriber will left the telephone & he will dial the direction no. for Ajmer that is 53 & if the line is not busy he will further dial the station no. that is 52. Now the subscriber at the heera pura will receive the station tone of the Ajmer. Now on further dialing the telephone no. 22 the link will be stabilized in between telephone no. 23 of heera pura and if the number 22 of Ajmer in a slimier manner the Ajmer can contact Heera pura by dialing the direction no. 33.The station no. 67 & subscriber no. 23 all the direction are having different direction no. & all stations are allotted different station no.

10.Priority facility:If in the case of dialing the caller gate busy tone. We can use the priority facility if he is provided with the same. This consist a button, which when posed really to send a priority pulse over the carrier link and get himself connected across the channel in use. He can then request the parties using the channel to hand up he as an urgent call to make after the parties using the channel hand up. This can originate a call as usual to get the required party on phone.

11.Carrier Protection:Carrier protection is employed in large power network to trip or block circuit breaker of certain sections of line depending on the requirement for example when the protection relay is faulty section of a line fed from both ends of a section. But if high speed resoling is to be employed the breakers at the both end will have to trip simultaneously to clear the fault & than resoled simultaneously after a few cycle this coordination is best achieved by using a carrier protection scheme.

12.In Carrier Tripping Scheme:

The form of carrier tripping scheme ensures near simultaneous tripping of breakers at both ends of a line even when a fault occurs very near one end of the line. In such a case at the station nearest to the fault the protective relay operate the first one end trip the circuit breaker. The relays at the other hand with how ever sense this fault as the second one fault and breaker at the end would normally trip at the end of definite time delay set by a timer unit which will be in series with M2 unit contact of distance relay. On the receipt of the power line carrier trip signal however a carrier relay short the bypass the timer unit conductor and as the M1 unit contacts trip the breakers as iron a first zone is faulty that is without the trip delay. This one s again ensures simultaneously tripping and later simultaneous reclosing. This type of protective scheme is called permissive carrier enter tripping or permissive under reading or accelerated distance protected scheme. In a carrier blocking scheme of an external fault occurs on a protected span the OM3 unit of the mho distance relay will sense the fault as on the external fault and will in conjunction with the carrier protection transmitter send the carrier signal to the other end of the protected span to block the breakers at the end from tripping.

13.Carrier Blocking Scheme:EXAMPLE: Time line between two power stations the above line is fed from both end at A and D. A fault between section B and C is sensed by the relays connected to the breakers 3 and 4. Which will trip these breakers to isolate them simultaneously? The OM3 unit of mho relay connected to breaker 2 and 5 will sense the fault as an external fault & start the breaker 1 &6 respectively. Thus section of the line between station A and B and between the station C and D will be kept alive and there will be no interruption to any of the load.

14. Carrier Telemetering:Telemetry of the information regarding voltage current and power are reactive power etc. of each generating the station the etc. is absolutely essential for the load dispatch as the work. As the load dispacting office is usually located in the grade and generating station may be quite far. Quantities measured at these places had to be transmitted to the load dispatch office by the telemetry over PLCC network. For transmitting the information by telemetry all the measure ends have to be first converted into the electrical quantities such as voltages, resistances, current and frequencies pulse width etc. by using suitable transducer. Then these electrical quantities will have to be transmitted by PLCC signal over the power line.

15. Digital Telemetring :Telemetry signals are send in the form of pulse train over PLCC channel measure ends are first converted from analogue to digital form by suitable convertors called encoders and then transmitted in the form of numbers in the binary system. The transmission of the binary pulses that is affecting by keying the transmitter between the fixed frequency keying. In one make of equipment an instrument with maximum of 256 scales division can measure any small no of division and transmitted the no. A max of 8 pulses is required for remitting a number up to 255 in a binary system a ninth pulse is added as an priority bit to check the correctness of transmission. These digital techniques give better accuracy and more reliable transmission of information than simplex analog technique. As only presence or absence of pulse matter in this technique & not their magnitude in digital telemetering system tolerate power signal to noise ratio and ideally suited for long distance transmission of telemetry data.

16. Telecontrol :By the same method of transmission on telegram transmission pulses over PLCC tone channels the remote circuit breaker can be closed or opened, and the governor setting of turning can be altered to adjust voltages, power reactive towards the frequency etc. of the system as desired by the load dispatcher.

DISCRIPTION OF PANEL CARDS

PLCC section containing different cards which enable it to do its work properly. This card is specified by some no and contained inbuilt circuit that performs accordingly. Different card have different specification, these specification can be summed in the following way :E3EC N3FL RF hybrid P3EO Transmitter filter E5EA Power supply B5EC 40 volt regulator B3EA 24 volt regulator B3EB Power amplifier P5EA supervision O3EI Receive IF demodulator P3EC Receive IF filter E3ED RF & AGC modulator P3ED Receive IF modulator P3EF Signal output pilot O3EH Telephone adaptor O3EE Rx RF filter TEST Matter

Voice amplifier O3EG Voice filter E3EF Tele operational input O3EA Expander or compander O3ED Signal adaptor O3EC Dial module pilot tone O3ED Transmit IF modulator P3EA Transmit IF filter E3EA Transmit radio frequency modulator P3EB Transmit pre filter E3EB

APPLICATIONS:The ETI series has been designed to cater for a Varity of application where by AF multiplexer section may be separated from the parent section PLCC equipment and operated remotely over a cable connection. As a rule the power line carrier equipment and associated protection signaling units are required to be situated in the area of high voltage apparatus there by facilitating connection to the PLC line coupling equipment.

SPECIFICATIONS OF PLCC:
1. GENERAL Carrier frequency range: 40 KHZ to 512 KHZ Gross channel band width: 4 KHZ Useful AF band: 300 to 3700 KHZ 2. PERMISSIBLE ROOM TEMPERATURE IN CLIMATES Data guarantee within reliable 0 to 45 degree C. Operations guarantees 20 to 45 degree C. Frequently stabile of RF oscillator 5 KHz

3. TRANSMITER (RF TRANSMITING POWER) Peak envelop power 25 watt Side band power 15 watt Auxiliary carrier frequency Pilot tone 3600 Hz Test tone 1000 Hz synthesizer reference frequency 8 KHz Dummy load 20 ohm

4. TRUNK DIALING Shifting the pilot oscillator frequency to 3600 Hz +/-30Hz Transmit dialing criterion of a speed of normality 10 pulse per second 5. POWER SUPPLY DC supply 48 volt to 60 volt Capacity 800 AH AC supply 220+/- 15%.50Hz Power consumption:<80watt

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: GENERAL MODULATION PRINCIPLE The carrier frequency technique with single side band transmission is due the high quality band filters and converter free from disturbing by products and spurious signals optimum selectivity is achieved only in the intermediate frequency stages by the filtering out of the required side band therefore lies the task of the carrier frequency section to move the AF intelligence from its low frequency position of 300 to 3700 Hz frequency respectively 300 to 2200 Hz first to the IF stage and then into carrier frequency band the carrier frequencies are spaced on a 4 kHz raster. This arrangement requires the use of two conversions in each of the transmit and receive directions so that the intermediate frequency is at 16 kHz and the carrier channel has available frequency which can be programmed to provide a large no of HF carriers Fig 5.1 shows the modulation principle of the single channel equipment and the twin channel equipment fig 7.1 shows the loading of 4 kHz band and is valid for both send and receive directions. In the single channel equipment and channel 1 of the twin channel equipment the lower side band is used throughout all the frequency conversions the useful band is inverted IF

stage and HF stage is placed in erect position contrary to this channel 2 is opposite In the following diagram circuit function of PLC equipment ETI 21 and 22 is explained with help of attached block dial Apart from the details for the wiring level setting and control voltages the diagram contains information of the type and position number of plug in units for e.g. Telephone adaptor O3EE tier p7EG-N10. In addition details are given for isolating links all measuring points strapping information and attenuator network specially importing plug in element is shown it bold. AF MULTIPLEXER-TRANSMITTER Speech When the speech circuit of the PLC equipment is switched into a trunk circuit of the PAX or into PLC equipment the function of the control leads is as shown in table:2-WIRE TERMINAL WORKING /4 WIRES TRANSMIT WORKING THE TELEPHONE ADAPTOR UNIT (03EE) provides via isolating links (8-13) the connection between the telephone PAX equipment and the PLC equipment. The so modulated pilot tone arrives at the output TX either over strap P or via the relay in the protection signaling equipment NSD4041 various signaling arrangement are possible using the strapping e and f and a, b, c and d(receive). 4 wire service and emergency call telephone By inserting the service telephone plug into the 4 wire jack HANDSET, the microphone receives a dc energizing current from the voice amplifier the speech signal which is superimposed on the dc feed current is fed via the summating amplifier 3 into the main speech path the CALL button initiates a 1kHz continuous calling tone supplied by generator 12 in dial module and is also fed via amplifier 3 into the main module The 2 wire send and receive speech traffic is separated by the hybrid into the send and receive paths To adjust the input levels to the nominal values of the equipment ,an adjustable attenuator ,is fitted directly after the hybrid and is associated with the measuring jack6 The transmit 2 wire speech is fed via the normally closed contact of the level switching relay v1 to the amplifiers 2 and 3 similarly the transmit 4 wire speech is taken via adjustable attenuator and the normally open contact v1 dial impulse from the PAX are passed over amplifier 8 to the dial module 03ED for further processing To avoid any interference with the auxiliary carrier the speech signals pass via the 300 Hz high pass filter 4 and similarly via the low pass filter 7 to avoid interference in the tele operation band. Additionally, momentary peaks in the speech signals are symmetrically limited by limiter 6. also to reduce the sensitivity noise which may be picked up in the transmission path, the signals can

be passed through COMPRESSOR 5 instead of via the strap D and the normally closed contact ht of the BOOSTER relay The 2-wire send and receive speech traffic is separated by the hybrid into the send and receive paths. To adjust the input levels to the nominal values of the equipment , an adjustable attenuator is fitted directly after the hybrid and is associated with the measuring jack6(-18 Dbr, print E3EF/h/l).The transmit 2-wire speech is fed via the normally closed contact of the level switching relay v1 to the amplifiers 2and 3 . Similarly ,the transmit 4-wire speech is taken via the adjustable attenuator (ENF-X157 potentiometer 4W) and the normally open contact v1.dial impulse from the PAX are passed over amplifier 8 to the dial module 03ED for further processing. To avoid any interference with the auxiliary carrier the speech signals pass via the 300Hz high pass filter 4 and similarly via the low pass filter 7 to avoid interference in the teleoperation band. Additionally, momentary peaks in the speech signals are symmetrically limited by limiter 6 also to reduce the sensitivity noise which may be picked up in the transmission path, the signal can be passed through COMPRESSOR 5 (03EB) instead of via the strap NC1 .the clearly defined speech band passes via the strap D and the normally closed contact ht of the BOOSTER relay or exceptionally via strap ND, (non-disconnect able) to the output of AF multiplexer. However with the inclusion of the protection signaling equipment NSD 40/41, both straps are to be removed because the speech path is taken via external contacts of the protection signaling equipment. 4-WIRE TERMINAL WORKING/4-WIRE TRANSIT WORKING: This method of working is different from that described in 5.22; simply because the e strapping is soldered instead of f on the printed board and that via the attenuator (ENF-X156, potentiometer 2W) the local 4-wire level is matched to the working level of the equipment. SIGNALLING The signaling pulses that serve to set up and release a telephone connection are fed to the signaling input. The dc marking passes first to the fixed inverter stage8 and is then amplified by the optional inverter stage 9. It is not, however, transmitted in this form but by the impulse keying of the pilot frequency in the DIAL module 03ED/Q. The 4-wire emergency call telephone set which may be used remotely from the PLCC equipment is in practice, connected in the parallel with the service telephone and works in a similar manner. Due to the switch hook contacts the microphone is only energized after the handset is lifted. It can be used for ex; in emergencies as a direct end to end telephone independently from the PAX circuit.

TELEOPERATION SIGNALS:For the most application the various tele operation signals are connected separately and via isolating links to each of the 5 TELEOPERATION inputs (03EA). Each input is fully decoupled , and adjustable for level setting in the SIGNAL ADAPTOR (03EC),Apart from one resistor to be soldered in (ENF-X) and a potentiometer , each input contains a measuring jack (18 Dbr), On inputs 1 &2 an additional network of resistors is provided for the adjustment of the boosting ratio and includes further measuring jacks a predetermined level will be set to achieve the correct modulation index. While disconnect able tele operation channel are taken via contact D of the boosting relay HT, the non-disconnect able channels as well as the boost channels are taken via contacts ND and B respectively. With all protection signaling equipment, including the NSD40/41 equipment. The input BOOSTER REALAY is used to operate relay HT during the trip condition. Never the less input criteria form theNSD40/41 is taken via separate terminals for ex; VP1/VP16

5.3 Carrier Frequency section Transmitter

5.3.1 AF-IF conversion The speech, tele operation and pilot signals enter the carrier frequency section collectively, The summation amplifier 13 of the TRANSMIT IF MODULATOR (P3EA) these together free of feedback before the multiplexed signal is transferred into the IF stage by AF-IF modulator 14. By its modulation with the 16 KHZ IF frequency generated by the quarts controlled oscillator, two side band are created and the carrier us strongly suppressed. From the two side bands the IF filter 16(TRANSMIT IF FILTER E3EA) SEPARATES OUT the lower one of 12.3 KHZ to 15.7KHZ the succeeding summation amplifier 17 (transmit RF MODULATOR P3EB) pairs the IF signal with 16 KHZ auxiliary carrier which is used as reference frequency for synchronization at the receiver it should be noted with the channel equipment ET122, that channel 1 operates exactly as above, however , in the 2 channel the upper side band from 16.3Khz to 19.7Khz is filtered out (TRANSMIT IF FILTER E3EP) AND VIA THE SECOND INPUT ENTERS the Transmit IF MODULAR (P3EB).with the attenuator strapping CH2 (double channel equipment only) in place CH1 (single channel equipment) the output level of the summation amplifier 17 is reduced by 6 DB.

5.3.2 IF-HF CONVERSION The resulting IF signal from 17 is mixed in the RF modulator 18 with synthesized HF carrier 19 to place it in the desired position of the HF band. Furthermore, the TRANSMIT PRE FILTER (E3EB/Q) filters out only the lower side band and gives it on to preamplifier 21. Here with the aid of the adjustable attenuator network (straps 1-2 and 3-4, potentiometer TX level) the output of the POWER AMPLIFIER (P5EA) can be set to the desired level from the output stage the signal goes via the TRANSMIT FILTER (E5EA). And the RF hybrid (P3EO) for connection to the RF line various tapping of the unbalanced output transformer (IMPEDANCE OF PLCC TERMINALS) and optionally and additional balance transformer, ensures an optimum matching of the line. The transmit filter has the function of suppressing any spurious emissions and, above all through its output impedance characteristic , allows perfect working of several PLC equipment connected in parallel to tjr same line side which can be dangerous to equipment and person . 5.4 CARRIER FREQUENCY SECTION RECEIVER HF-IF CONVERSION The incoming wide band line signal passes first over the RF hybrid 24 (P3EO) which serves to decouple the receiver section from the adjacent transmitter output. with the aid of associated attenuator network RF Rx ATTENUATOR , (straps LP,HP1 , HP2 and potentiometer Rx level) the working point for the level regulation circuit will be sat to -5.0 volt measured on jack AGC AMPLIFIERE(P3ED). The receive RF FILTER B (E3EC/R) separates out the required HF band , and additionally the filter together with the adjacent attenuator will attenuate by 40 DB any high voltage peaks coming in the from the power line. In the RECEIVE RF DE-MODULATOR (P3EC) the programmed HF carrier 27 puts the pre filtered receive frequency back into the IF stage, but, however, without carrier suppression. The main function of the RECEIVE IF FILTER (E3ED) 28 is to be determine the receiver selectively in channel 1 the lower side band 12.3 KHZ to 19.7 KHZ is extracted . Only in channel 1 is the 16 kHz carrier for synchronizing purpose allowed to pass through in channel 2 it is blocked.

5.4.2 IF-HF CONVERSION After the filter 28, the signal passes to the IF and AGC AMPLIFIER (P3ED) which has a uniform gain control as soon as its nominal working point is set (-5.0 v on measuring jack AGC), the circuit equalizes perfectly all the level variations in the range +14 DB/-26Db in order to prevent any over controlling effect , the amplifier rapidly increase , conversely any sudden drop in the level is restored slowly and uniformly ,since any uncontrolled swings of the AGC regulation must not , for example , disturb further a protection trip signal originated as a result of power line fault. After conversion by the IF DE-MODULATOR (P3EF) and its associated pre filter 30, the upper side band is removed by the low pass filters 32 and 34 and then finally the transmitted intelligence is restored to its original frequency position. Never the less, it is recommended to compensate frequency dependent level variations caused by the characteristic of the line, by the PLC equalizing amplifier 33. Both speech and tele operation output signals are taken to their respective terminals via a normally closed contact AF BLOCKING .This contact is opened by the SUPER VISION (O3E1/P)circuit if the receiver level is too low or distorted due to noise . From the output of the equalizing amplifier 33, a feedback path is provided via the SIGNAL OUTPUT (03EH/S) where the pilot frequency is separated out by filter 35 and passed to the IF and AGC AMPLIFIER (P3ED). The pilot tone is rectified and amplifier35before being connected to the AGC AMPLIFIER 29. Straps a and b serve to make slight adjustment to the gain of amplifier 29. These are set in the factory test and normally do not require further adjustment. AF MULTIPLEXER-RECEIVER Speech

2-wire terminal/ 4-wire terminal transit working

The multiplexed signal enters the AF section via the Rx lead and from here the low pass filter (E3EF/H/1) separates out the speech band the potentiometer 12 together with amplifier 38 (COMPANDER O3EB) when the compander is not fitted, the level is adjusted with straps NC1,NC2 connected. This level is also measured at output of the amplifier 40 on measuring jack 7, immediately before the attenuator network (strapping c, d potentiometer 4 watt). The attenuator network its self-allow the 2 wire & 4 wire output levelss to be set independently from each other.

The received speech signal passes over the 2/4 wire selection relay output V2, amplifier 41, and contact GA of the hybrid switching relay to the 2 wire output. From here the speech passes via the connected PAX to the telephone subscriber. Relay V2 switches from 2 to 4 wires working according to the criteria signal given out by the PAX. Similarly the relay is operated from the PAX but after the telephone call end to end has been setup .this arrangement prevent any danger of hybrid singing during the setup of the call.

4-wire terminal/ 4-wire transit working:This method of working is slightly different to that describer above because the hybrid switching criteria (GA) is missing & the attenuator network,(straps C, d potentiometer 2 watt) together with strap E is arrange for terminal or transit working.

SIGNALLING:The received dialing signals enters the AF Multiplexer via input R1 & passes to detector 42 (pilot/dial module o3ed/q) where it reforms the dialing impulses. The inverting stage 43 impulses output relay DL which has a potential free contact available (signaling input) for impulse the PAX circuits. Various signals arrangements are possible using a combination of strapping A, B, C & D (receive) & E, F transmit. If the incoming signal is disturbed due, for example, to serve noise on the power line, the supervision unit (o3EI/P) will block the signaling detector 42 via the R3 lead. 4-wire service & telephone is plugged into four wire jack handset. The handset is connected respectively to the output of the receive amplifier 40 , & the output of the transmit amplifier 3, an incoming calling signal of 1000 Hz is delivered in the TELEPHONE ADAPTOR by the frequency selective amplifier 47 to sound the built in buzzer 48. A remote 4-wire telephone set connected to the PLCC equipment & is in effect connected in parallel with the service telephone. Its function is therefore, similar to that described above except that the buzzer is operated via the current amplifier 49. For a quick and simple check of the equipment an audio test circuit is provide. It is only necessary to patch input 11 of the audio test on the front side will be heard in the handset of the service telephone via amplifier 40.

TELEOPERATION:The complete incoming 4 KHz AF band enters the AF multiplexer section via R2 lead & passes via amplifier 45 (signal output O3EH/S) to the tally operation output. Two types of output impedances are available (low <50 ohm) 600 ohm. In certain cases it is required to transmit individual teleportation channels in transit over the further transmission link. For this purpose a transit filter 46 (TRANSIT FILTER E3EE/M/T) is required which filters out the desired transit frequency the filter characteristics i.e. center frequency and the band width, may be chosen over the wide range. The level of all tele operation outputs are adjusted via a common network (straps B1, B2& the potentiometer7).

FAULT ANALYSIS, TEST EQUIPMENT AND TEST PROCEDURE:TEST EQUIPMENT:TEST OSCILLATOR : Test oscillator enables the commissioning of the PLC link without aid of external signals, pressing the call button initiate a test tone of 1KHz which is fed to the voice amplifier and passes through all transmit stages of the PLC equipment with the exception of the telephone adaptor. It is possible to check any test point dB value printed in the front side of the equipment is against the measured dB reading. DUMMY LOAD AND HF LOOP TEST: fault finding is much simplified than the HF output is connected to a definite resistive load of the more or less ill-defined characteristics of the power line. The ohmic load with additional with isolate the line, takes the form of the 50 ohm artificial load, which is inserted in place of P3EO at the time of testing. Connecting back to back transmitter and receiver can test the complete PLCC equipment. This is achieving by to feeding the reduced transmitting voltage. The dummy load automatically adjusts the receiver to accept the transmitter frequency.

ADVANTAGES:1. This allows the equipment level to be set up. The received frequency response will be affected by the PLC it equalization network and allowance must be made for this back to back testing. 2. The 1KHz test tones originates in the transmitter transverses all stages of modulation and demodulation and upper at the output terminal

AUDIO TEST:For a quick and simple check of equipment and audio test circuit is provided. The audio test(voice amplifier) is to patch on the front is of the equipment to any desired signal path and the received signal will heard in the headset of the service telephone via amplifier. The following signals can be checked in the AF section of the equipment: - speech, tale operation data dialing.

FAULT ANALYSIS:In fault analysis the faulty devices are checked in this serial or manner:1. 2. 3. 4. Telephone or tale operation signal Cabling low frequency circuit or DC power supply PLC equipment HF transmission path

Competition with the transmission levels & working voltages measured under the healthy condition are voluble aids to fault analysis. The back to back testing of equipment using the dummy6 load is also a very useful aid. The presence of AF signals in the various stages of the equipment can be checked using a telephone headset and test load connected between the associated measuring point and audio testing.

BATTERY CHARGER:PLCC works on rectified AC or main, when supply goes off we can make use or a device for proper functioning called battery charger. This is the device that provides supplied to the PLCC equipment for uninterrupted working. It provides DC to the panel by battery of 48 volt. In this type 24 batteries are connected in series and individually per battery has approx. 2V capacity.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:Battery charger consists of four sections 1. 2. 3. 4. Float charger Boost charger section Control section Alarm section

All the four sections are situated and mounted in steel sheet. The sides and tops of the frame are provided with the removable panel suitable recess has been provided in front panel to prevent the component from projecting out. All meters indicating lamps, push button have been mounted on front panel.

TECHNICAL SUERVISION:1. Normal input - 415V AC, 3 phase 2. Input variation - +/- 20% of voltage

FLOAT CHARGER:DC output Output current -50 V +/-1% -20 to 40 Amps.

Line regulation & load regulation - +/- 1% individual Ripple Efficiency Boost charger DC output Output current Over load Efficiency -43.2 to 67.2 V -25 to 70 Amps. -10% ->80% -0.6 Vpp ->70%

1. FLOAT CHARGER
The float charger is basically static type three phase charger with stabilized output DC voltage. The charger output dc voltage is constantly compared with standard DC reference voltage and error voltage is again amplified. The amplified voltage control the trigging signal of all the 3 thyristor of 3 phase bridge control as the output voltage tends to decrease than its selected value, it makes the trigging signal of each thyristor of all three phase to advance for firing them, so that the output voltage remains within the specified accuracy. If the output voltage tends to increase more than the selected value the trigging pulse of these thyristor of all three phase are delayed in the firing operation in such a way so that the output DC voltage is again bought back to the its stabilized value.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:The three phase AC input is applied through the three poles two way switch (RS1) & fuses F18 to F20 to the float input contractor (CON1). The AC input voltage is applied after CON1 to the float transformer TX1. The pilot lamp LED4 to LED6 indicates ON condition of the float charger. The secondary of the TX1 is connected to the 3 phase full wave half controlled bridge rectifier, which consists of a silicon diode D2 to D4 & SCR1 to SCR3, D1 is the freewheeling diode. Fuse F1 to F7 protects all the diodes & SCR special serge circuit has also been provided to protect SCR. The rectified output is filtered output is filtered by the choke XL1 to XL2 & the capacitor bank C1 to C2 which are protected by the HRC fuse F8. The filtered DC output is protected by HRC fuses F9.

CONTROL CIRCUIT OF FLOAT CHARGER

The output of the charger is controlled through the electronic controller using phase control of SCR feedback. The control circuit has plug in type card with hard type connector for external connection. The control circuit consists of following functional circuit 1. Power supply 2. UJT firing for SCR phase control 3. Amplifier 4. DC under voltage lower voltage sensing 5. Auxiliary circuit

POWER SUPPLY:This card provides regulated power supply of 1 to 12 % & unregulated 24 V used of IC & relays respectively. Auxiliary transformer TX5 gets supply from main transformer phase & neutral point. The two identical section circuit consisting of bridge rectifier, filter. & IC regulator provides 1 to 12 volts stabilized output & a 24 Volt unregulated DC output. The output of the bridge is filter using LC filter, compressing of filter chop CH1 & a capacitor C1.The capacitor is protected by HRC fuses. Dummy load connected across DC output the filtered output is than connected to the load circuit or to the battery through a rotary switch. Shunt SH1 is used for current limit control which is also used for measuring output current on ammeter. A DC voltmeter indicates a DC output voltage & indicating DC ON condition. Blocking diodes are used to prevent the reverse current flowing through the battery to the charger. When the charger voltage goes below the battery voltage or charger is off. The DC voltmeter V2 read voltage across the load bus.

UJT FIRING CARD:There are three identical firing cards, each for trigging one SCR in the main bridge. Zener diode DZ1 to DZ6 and resistance R15, R16, R17 connected to the secondary of the TX2, TX3, and TX4 clamped the positive half of the input sine wave to the zener voltage. RV1 and RV2 are adjusting to equals the conduction angle of the SCRs resulting in low ripples. All SCR at the same conduction angle +1-10% input and output is adjusted to 5 volt. RV2 again adjusted in full load to keep conduction angle of SCRs equal. C1 begins charging at the start of the cycle through current supplied by the R2, RV2 and TR1 when voltage across C1 reaches the threshold value, UJT fires and C1 discharge through the pulse transformer. This pulse fire the main SCR via auxiliary transistor. Output voltage control obtained by varying the base emitter bias of TR1. An increase or decrease in charging currents leads to decrease or increase in firing angle and the corresponding increase or decrease in the output voltage. Zener OZ1 limits the gate voltage of the main SCR to the zener voltage.

AMPLIFIER CRAD:This card consist of two operational amplifier IC1 and IC2 reference zener diode OZ1,emitter follower TRJ and buffer amplifier TR3 and TR4,IC1 is error detected amplifier. A negative reference by a zener diode OZ1 and voltage sensing signal are given to the inverting input of op-amp ICI the output is taken through diode OJ2 to the base of the transistor Tr1 from

whose emitter, the output is taken to the UJT driver card. Ratio of R$ and R5 determine the voltage gain of op-amp and RV1 is used offset mulling. The voltage sensing input is supplied to the op-amp IC2 through an OR gate formed by diode OZ2 and OJ5, which ever signal is higher the amplifier will responded to that signal. OZ2 accepts the battery current signal while OIS accepts the float voltage limit signal at any time only one of the above signal will be commanding the amplifier. The overall working of the feedback control can be explained as follows:If the inverting output is tends to rise in the loading during current limit the output of op-amp IC1 decrease which in turns makes the emitter voltage TR1 lower. This reduces the bias on transistor TR1 on firing cards so that charging current supplied by them to the capacitor is reduced. Hence the triggering pulses are reported and make the output lower. Thus the negative feedback is complete so that increase in output voltage will reduce or if the unit is in the load limit condition. The increase in output will also be reduced to bring the current to the original condition. R3, capacitor C2 and resistance R2, capacitor care incorporated to remove the instability like hunting. Op-amp IC2 linear amplifier, the mV drop across shunt. The ratio of R14/R15 determine the gain of amplifier and RV2 0.1 subassembly sets the charging current. When charging current increases the mV drop across pin no2 and 3 will be increase. This voltage is applied to the base of TR4 through R11 transistor TR4 will be base current of TR3 and TR4 will increase the voltage from D2 will control the voltage correcting amplifier IC1. It is desired that the output of rectifier attains its steady state values slowly rather than by step.

FUSE FAIL ALARM

Fuse fail alarm is also available in float charger in the invent of any HRC fuse failure corresponding type fuse blows and trip corresponding relay.

BOOST CHARGE SECTION

The battery can be charged by using two rotary switches provided on the front panel for coarse and fine control the charging current can be read by emitter A3 provided at the front panel. The operator must ensure that the rotary switches are in minimum position before switching on the boost charger.

OPERATION OF CHARGER:
The flow or boost charger can be switches ON by means of selector switch RS1. Thus at a time only charger either float or boost we can operate. When the charger is operated in the float mode the battery is on float charger all the VDDs are by passed through the connects of DC contactor. This enables complete voltage appearing on the load. In case of mains fail also the entire battery voltage is available on the load through the contacts of DC contactor when the charger is operated in boost mode, the contacts of DC contactor opens.

MAINTANCE AND FAULT TRACKING PROCEDURE

1. All connection should be checked. The control circuit boards should be inserted far firmly in their respective socket before energizing the battery charger. 2. All mounting bolts should be checked before energizing as loose mounting will causes vibrations. 3. The charger should be switched off. Once in every month connection and mounting should be checked. 4. The battery terminals should be connected first and the AC input after that.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PLCC

ADVANTAGES:1. No separate wires are needed for communication purpose. As the power lines them carry power as well as communication signal. Hence the cost of constructing separated telephone line is saved. 2. When compared with ordinary line the power line having higher mechanical strength. They would normally remain unaffected under condition, which might seriously damage the telephone line. 3. Power line usually provides the shortest route between the power stations. 4. Power lines have long cross sectional area resulting in low resistance per unit length consequently the carrier signal suffered much less attenuation than they travel in ordinary telephone line. 5. Largest spacing between conductors reduces capacitance which resulting smaller attenuation at high frequency. The largest spacing also reduces the crosstalk to a considerable extent. 6. Power line is insulated to provide only negligible leakage between conductor and ground even in adverse weather conditions.

DISVANTAGES:1. Proper has to be taken to guard carrier equipment and persons using them against the voltages

and currents on the line. 2. Reflection is produced on spur lines connected to high voltage line. This increases the attenuation of other line. 3. High voltage line has transformer connections which attenuates the carrier signal. 4. Noise introduce by power line is far more than in case of telephone line. This is due to noise generated by the discharge across the insulators and switch process. So it is obvious that an effective power lines carrier system must overcome these and many difficulties also.