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TESTING APPARATUS
The bamboo joints are held in place through specially welded steel circular sections which are clamped to the oor through 30mm bolts. Displacement transducers placed at heights of 180mm and 40mm above the top culm recorded the displacement and rotation. The test rig seen in the images on the left was set up to be able to test the shear capacity and moment capacity of each joint by adjusting the height of the load cell. The load cell acts at a height of 180mm in the bending tests and a height of 40mm in the shear tests. A steel section was placed between the load cell and the top culm in the shear tests to increase the amount of pure shear the base of the connection was subject to. The images above show the set up for the tension tests. A tensile force was applied to the top culm using a welded square steel section with a part cut out to insert the joint.
CONCRETE FILLED
The connection uses a steel eye bolt and steel dowel to initially secure the joint and then the internodes are lled with concrete. This connection was adapted from previous work done on concrete lled connections into an ortogonal connection. 10mm steel was used for the bolts and dowels and the concrete is mixed to have a compression strength of 45-50N/mm2. In the images below the connection can be seen before it is screwed together and lled with concrete, also shown is the completed concrete lled joint.
STEEL TUBE
This joint is based upon a design for use with green bamboo but adapted to be able to be used with dry seasoned culms. The steel tubing is wrapped in a canvas type material to t the internal diameter of the culm. The adaptation also allows for a larger range of diameter culms to be used and ensures a tighter t between the culm and tubing. 48mm diameter tubing was used with a thickness of 3mm and each leg of the T-joint extends 80mm. The completed steel tube connection and the different stages of construction can be seen in the images below.
THE RESULTS
The results are taken from testing each type of connection three times and observing the failure pattern. The bending moment results show the measured bending moment at the base of the connection against the angle of rotation. The shear test results are shown graphically as the applied shear force against the average displacement of the top part of the joint. Tensile results are shown as the pull-out force applied against the displacement of the top culm. A test was carried out on the tension test rig to ensure that test results would not be impacted by friction this proved to be the case. It should be noted that in some of the tests there is an initial deection of the top culm with very little force applied. This is because of the bottom culm not being right against the end of the steel tube at the start of testing. The strength of each connection can be seen from the graphs shown below. To the right of each graph an image of a typical failure is shown. No tension test was performed for the steel tube as it is assumed to have no tensile strength.
The steel tube joint performed well in the bending tests and the bamboo culms were always the rst to break. If the joint was subject to shear directly at the joint then additional reinforcement of the tubing would be needed to stop the tube buckling. To improve the bending strength of the connection the length of the legs could be increased. The connection has a lack of tensile strength but the addition of a dowel through the steel tube and bamboo culm will bring an element of tensile strength to the joint. This connection could be used in scaffolding construction where the connections are able to be reused and long term durability of the bamboo culms is not an essential quality.
The failure of the joint in bending occurred through the ripping of the canvas as the steel T rotated. A graph showing the bending moment capacity of the modied canvas connection can be seen below as well as an image of the nal failure mode. The improved joint could be modied further by increasing the length of strips B and D to the same length as strip C to allow for more loops of the canvas to be wrapped around the culm. The steel T bar should be sewn in place to try to stop the excessive rotation of the top culm and protect against corrosion. The effects of rain of the canvas have not been explored and this could result in a considerable loss of structural capacity. The same tests should be carried out with a saturated canvas connection. Other materials should also be compared to nd the most suited one. To give the connection some tensile support a hole could be drilled through the top culm just above where the connection ends. Tab C could then be adapted to pass though this hole before it is passed around the bottom culm and strapped up. This would not give very much strength and a new solution would be needed if the connection was to be used as part of a truss.