1.

0:Introduction This apparatus is designed to allow the detailed study of the fluid friction head losses which occur when incompressible fluid flows through pipes, bends, valves and pipe flow metering devices. Friction head losses in straight pipe of different sizes can be investigated over a range of Reynolds numbers from to nearly , thereby covering the laminar, transitional and

turbulent flow regimes in smooth pipes. In addition, an artificially roughened pipe is supplied which, at the higher Reynolds numbers, show a clear departure from the typical smooth bore pipe characteristics. Pipe friction is one of the classic laboratory experiments and has always found a place in the practical teaching of fluid mechanics. The results and underlying principles are of the greatest importance to engineers in the aeronautical, civil, mechanical, marine, agricultural and hydraulic fields. Osborne Reynolds distinguished between laminar and turbulent flow in pipes in his publication in 1883. Ludwig Prandtl, Thomas Stanton and Paul Blasius later analyzed pipe flow data in the early part of this century and produced the plot known as the Stanton diagram. John Nikuradse extended to work to cover the case of tough pipes and one such pipe supplied with this equipment has been roughened for flow comparison purposes. In addition to the equipment for the study of losses in straight pipes, a wide range of accessories is available including pipe fittings and control valves, a venture tube and orifice plate assembly.

2.0:Objective To determine the relationship between head loss due to fluid friction and velocity for flow of water through smooth bore pipes.

3.0Material and Apparatus

Figure 1: Fluid Friction Measurement Apparatus (Model : FM100) 1.0 Fluid Friction Measurement Apparatus 1.0.1 6mm Smooth Bore Pipes 1.0.2 10mm Smooth Bore Pipes 1.0.3 17mm Smooth Bore Pipes 1.0.3 Various Pipe Fittings 2.1 Water

4.0 :Procedure: 1. Start-up the apparatus by following the general start-up procedures below: a) Ensure that the equipment is set up properly and the Hydraulic Bench is placed close to the apparatus. b) Fill the water into the sump tank of the Hydraulic Bench until approximately 90% full. c) Connect the water supply from Hydraulics Bench to Fluid Friction Measurement using flexible hose. d) Connect flexible hose to the outlet and make sure that it is directed into the volumetric tank. e) Fully open the outlet flow control valve at the apparatus and direct the water flow through the test section by switching the valves. f) Fully close the bench flow control valve. g) Connect the main power supply and then switch on the pump. h) Gradually open the Flow Control Valve for inlet flow and allow the piping to fill with water until all air has been expelled from the system. 2. Open and close the appropriate valves to obtain flow of water through the required test pipe. 3. Measure flow rates using the volumetric tank together with flow control. For small flow rates using measuring cylinder in conjunction with flow control. 4. Measure head loss between the tapings using the portable pressure meter or pressurized water manometer as appropriate. 5. Repeat the experiment for 3 times for every test section, in order to obtain the accurate readings. The readings recorded in the table. 6. By using the Vernier Caliper, measures the internal diameter of each test pipe section.
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7. Shut down the Fluid Friction Measurement Apparatus (Model FM100) in appropriates way as shown below: a) Turn off the water supply. b) To remove all the water inside from the piping, fully open all the valves. After that, fully close the inlet water supply valve on the hydraulics bench. c) Finally, switch off the main power supply. 8. While conducting this Fluid Friction Measurement Apparatus (Model FM100), below are a few safety precaution need to be consider: a) To avoid the apparatus damage, it is necessary to remove all the water in the pipe when it is not in operation. b) Clean and wipe the apparatus with the dry cloth. c) Protect the apparatus from any shock and stresses. d) It is important to prime the pump each time after draining or filling up the sump tank. To prime the pump, loosen the air bleed screw on the pump housing to release air trap, then tighten the screw.

Figure 2 : measurement of volumetric flow rate

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Figure 3: The measurement of volume of water.

5.0 :Result Table 1: Input data from the experiment for pipe with diameter 17mm Volume, V( ) Average time, t (s) Flow rate, Q ( ) Pipe diameter, d (m) Velocity, u (m/s) Head loss, h (mm ) Log u Log h

0.01

334

0.132

1.02

-.0.879

0.0086

0.01

207 0.017

0.213

2.57

-0.672

0.4099

0.01

86

0.512

15.65

-0.291

1.1945

Graph of h versus u
18 16 head loss, h (mmH2O) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.132 0.213 velocity, u (m/s) 0.512 laminar hu transition turbulent hu^n

Figure 1.1: Graph of head loss, h (mm

) against velocity, u (m/s) for 17mm diameter pipe

Graph of H versus u
18 16 14 12 log h 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.132 0.213 log u 0.512 laminar hu transition turbulent hu^n

Figure 1.2: A plot of log h versus log u

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At the start of transition phase (lower critical flow); u=0.1928 m/s

2847 At the start of transition phase (upper critical flow); u=0.2878 m/s

4250

Table 2: Input data from the experiment for pipe with diameter 10mm Volume, V( ) Average time, t (s) Flow rate, Q ( ) Pipe diameter, d (m) Velocity, u (m/s) Head loss, h (m ) Log u Log h

0.01

584

0.218

2.41

-0.661

0.3820

0.01

332 0.010

0.383

8.87

-0.417

0.9479

0.01

156

0.816

40.72

-0.088

1.6098

Graph of h vs u
45 40 head loss, h (mmH2O) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0.218 0.383 velocity, u (m/s) 0.816 laminar hu transition turbulent hu^n

Figure 2.1: Graph of head loss, h (mm

) against velocity, u (m/s) for 10mm diameter pipe

Graph of log h vs log u

1.7 1.5 1.3 log h 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 -0.661 -0.417 log u -0.088 laminar hu transition turbulent hu^n

Figure 2.2: A plot of log h versus log u

At the start of transition phase (lower critical flow); u=0.3418

2969 At the start of transition phase (upper critical flow); u=0.4913 m/s

4268

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Table 3: Input data from the experiment for pipe with diameter 6mm Volume, V( ) Average time, t (s) Flow rate, Q ( ) Pipe diameter, d (m) Velocity, u (m/s) Head loss, h (mm ) Log u Log h

0.01

917

0.386

9.09

-0.413

0.9586

0.01

591 0.006

0.598

20.81

-0.223

1.3183

0.01

266

1.330

107.13

0.124

2.0299

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Graph of h vs u
120 100 head loss, h (mmH2O) 80 60 40 transition 20 0 0.386 0.598 velocity, u (m/s) 1.33 laminar hu turbulent hu^n

Figure 3.1: Graph of head loss, h (mm

) against velocity, u (m/s) for 6mm diameter pipe

Graph of log h vs log u

2.1 1.9 1.7 log h 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.7 -0.413 -0.223 log u 0.124 laminar hu transition turbulent hu^n

Figure 3.2: A plot of log h versus log u

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At the start of transition phase (lower critical flow); u=0.5450 m/s

At the start of transition phase (upper critical flow); u=0.7810 m/s

4071

Assumption: Density of fluid (water), Molecular viscosity, is is at at

Lower critical velocity to be at u = Upper critical velocity to be at u =

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Figure 4: Visualization of laminar flow, transitional flow and turbulent flow

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6.0: Discussion In this experiment, three types of pipes is used with three different diameters, that is 17mm,10mm and 6mm. this experiment is to show that there are two types of flow may exist in pipes, its either laminar flow or turbulent flow. To identify whether the flow is laminar or turbulent is by determining the Reynolds number. Reynolds number is important in analyzing any type of flow in a pipe when there is a substantial velocity gradient. It indicates the relative significance of the viscous effect compared to the inertia effect. When the flow is laminar, the Reynolds number is less than 2300, when the flow is transient, the reynokds number is in between 2300 and 4000, and when the flow is turbulent, the Reynolds number is more than 4000. The higher the velocity, the higher the head lost. In this experiment, the Reynolds number is obtained by plugging into the

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7.0: Conclusion Group 4 Chemical Engineering 1st year 12/13 was doing a experiment to measured the head lost in pipes.So different pipes with different sizes will affect the head loss in the pipes.That was what we wanted to investigated.From experiment,the group was observed that the small size pipes will produce laminar flow with calculation and that same with theory then turbulent flow happens in general at high flow rates and with larger pipes.Besides that,on this experiment our group that calculate head loss with different pipe size,so the result show that when the size of pipes smaller,so the head loss of the pipe is high.

8.0: References Available at: http://me.yeditepe.edu.tr/courses/me401/ME401_FluidFriction.pdf. Accessed on 16th Mac 2013. Available at: http://www.solution.com.my/pdf/FM100(A4).pdf. Accessed on 16th Mac 2013 Availabe at : http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/laminar-transitional-turbulent-flowd_577.html Prof Madya Dr Mohammad Omar Abdullah, Laboratory manual, Chemical Engineering Laboratory 1 (KNC1101), Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)

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