NOTEBOOKS 1914-1916 By LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN Elted by G. H. von WRIGHT ond G. E. M. ANSCOMBE vith a Elise tonltion by G. EM. ANSCOMBE ‘ HARPER TORCHBOOKS “Harper & Row, Publishers New York and EvanstonorEn0088, 19141916 Copriehe© Basi Blakwel, 1961, ined inthe United Sees of Ameren “This book wus ft publibed in 1961 by Basil Blcwl, Oxford, Enslan aod Harper & Row, Polisher, New York, N.Y. ie anpna ToRCHBOOK eon pblibed 1969 by Mapes & Row, Pein Inco oD Ha 33rd See, New York, NY. 10016. EDITORS’ PREFACE, 1a was Wipe’ habit to wotk by watig down sepante pase {gapbs, or oma’ a8 be sometines called them for they might, Comprise more than oe parsgraphon the qucsions tht were xereing hie. Later he woud sek for an atangemet of Mr els Which would mae a sutactory book. hir was at mach hard work 3 the thinking that bad ge iat the “east aad be dd ot sim to fncorporste all he rears that he was sxifed with inthe book that aly emerged. ‘There is 4 grex diference Between » more compilation fom hit ntebooks, ke the Remarks o fs Fomine of ‘Marlena ofthe present volime, and Papal Inestton ot the Trae, ‘Most of the notebooks conaaig his peininay wot, belonging to all his peiods of wring, were derttoyed hy his order in 1939 “Tse indeds lnge mum of otchooks om he ae perme tin of the Tce Three ofthese st suvived,boweves by the decent of having bee left nthe house of bis youngest ster, Me. Stonborough, st Goanen, intend on Views They wer ween in the year tgi-n6 when Wingenteia ‘won 2-7 peas old The ft two ate continuous. They fom the maia body of the preeat wolune. ‘The Appendices compre two sts of note, oe comport in gry and given to Resell andthe other dated to @. Moore in Norway in roa; an, fate, sch pstages fron Whtgentes lemer to Rusu a bear on the Fara "We publish hs mate aan ald to sade ofthe Tract, Most of tb no eis than the Trartatar fel natu shews devel ten; thus when itappeas to present views diferent fom tote oF the Traut, tere sno need to ecole the tr. I shoud nt be ted withoat more ado ar crdence for pan inepreatons the Tratats. Tedoes shew caty, however, what problems formed the contr of Witenes’ eomutla inte Teta in te way wil sve w cut shor some argument where whol levactcon- texts ae suppored by an intepetation ‘We have tated the pergraphe tht are more ot let sia to cates in the Trea, Where whole “teams here practically ‘lentil with «whole nty in the Trae, we have snply given* PREFACE the Tracts suber; wher tis pracy ideovca with par of 2 ‘rata enry, we have put Se bnore the Trt aur, and where tees owe ores Smit, but at asta sigicant dfeeace Jn choice of word or wher something ia the Trav isthe se as pat of remain the notebooks, we have put Comper before the Tras sumer. “We have let out very Ide chat sn the notebooks the omisions almost always were of skeiches of symbolism, which could not be fntepreted or were otherwise uninteresting, Wigenteia’s we of ‘bol in lola formule is often experincatal, oe does be aways Sick to one le, ein the we of dot. We dd not want, however, to inuestre with i sptemaialy. Ta afew places we have come tvideat lpeof the pen or slighty ameaded's formula soso make its igtended meaning moe obvious "The Editors ae obliged vo member of Witgeastia' family, whose propery the MS. notebooks ar, for puting them a thie dapom {the le Profesor GB. Moore for lending the acrbooks diated {0 him to Lord Ruel fr acento and permison to copy Witgea- elas eters to him, and to the Reckefber Foundation for Sana ‘oppor. ‘Thanks ae alto de to Me: M. Sabo for help in poo reading ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ‘Tue Bditors of the Witgenstein Notwoke 194-1976 and Mess Basil Blackwell & Mott ate indebted to Mest, Routledge & Kegan. sl Led. for permission to quote fom Witgenstea's Traut Li Philosophies.aetna, Die Logik mu fir sich selbersorgen. (8. $473] ‘Wenn sich eyntaische Regela fir Funktionen sharp austell aes danni ie gue “Teor, ey, Dige, Figen tbertisig. Es it auch gar maul, daS wede inden “Grune seen” noch in den "Piseipia Mathetacia™ vo dieser Theorie Fede ise Nochmals: dena die Logik mul firs selbst sorgea, in smiles Zzichen 8 auch ‘kianea, Alles, was Ghechau lich tach egitim (als). Beem wit ean i {ldtung, warum “SoLaaes ir Plato” onsnnig ist Nislich dara, well tir eine wilkliche Bestimmung aiche getofen haben, aber NICHT ‘dram, wel dar Zeichen an uad fur sich etwaillegcim sell [Vg §.475 ape ‘Wir mistenincnem gewtsn Sane wns nicht in dee Logi fen inca Dies ist schon tlle dan angedeekt Di Logik mad fora selbst sorgen. Dies ht eine ungein tee und wicge Benn. (Ve a3 rege sage: eer sechmig geile Satz ml cnen Sinn haben, sud ch sage jeder mglche Set cheng pede, und wenn et einen Sit so a das ar dara legen ab Wi igen senet Bestndeien eine Bedeutong par haben. Wean wie auch gauben, fo gota nt ben, (Ugh p43) set Wie st ce mit de Afi dec Piosophis recabr, da de Logik fe ach selbst sorgen aol2 Wenn wir = B.fragen: ist die und dle ‘Tauache von der Subjekt-Pridikae Form, dana mssea wit doch vvssen, wus wir unter der "Subjekt Pediat Form verstchen. Wit Tnses wise, ob es 40 ene Form Ubechanpe gibt, Wie Konnen wit fies wissen? “Aus den Zeichen!” Aber wir Wit haben ja gx keine ‘Zrabervon dese Porm. Wit konnen zwar sagen: Wir haben Zeichen, ‘ie sich to benchmen, wie slche von der SubjekePriikat Form, aber ‘beweist day dad es wirklich Tateachen dieser Fosm geben mod? Namlich wean dise vostndig analyser snd. Und hier tage es ich ‘wieder gibtets0 eine vollstiadige Analyse? Und wn ir: Was ist ‘Sean dann die Aufgabe dee Philosopher? ‘Also kianen wir was fragen: Gibees die Subjekt-Pidikat Poor? Gibtes die Relasoasfonm? Gibe ex Uberhaupe ingnd ene der Formen, pat Logic must ke cae oft, [Se 3.4784] * async a be et pa al then he whole ory of things, proper, re, i eperiunus, eis alo all too vious thar this theory int what sin uerin either the Crane Praia Natoma” Once more: loi mat ale a ft ose sign most aso be capable of sigatyng. Everything that's Possible a all is also legitimate. Let ur remeber the expluntion Why “Socrates is Pato i nonsense. ‘That fy becuse me have not Inade an aay speciation, nor beease sige sll we sy, Igiimae in ise (Gf. ays) ; tome emu in cern ease be impossible for w to go wrong i ‘his is aieay pad expend by sping Logie mut tke cae of sel tency pal and peta ihe 1 a5 Frege sys: Every wellformed sentence mast make sense; and I say: [Bvery posible sentence is well formed, and if it doesnot mae sense that can only come of our aot having ger aay ineaning to certain of its parts, Even when we believe we have done 80. [Cf -47331 How sit conde with the ak of philosophy that og eld take car ofl? If, for example, weak snc and sch 2 8 fatennootar memos Saintes mamrcianney arc, Gane nies eget eamm eine Cunige nenemate tm Seine cies me nie Eaoo seen ec ae Soars Sone oes oats cee a te hyn Ohya aman i vives‘von denen Russell nd ich immee gesprochen habe? (Russell wide eas jaldenn da ie eileucttend” Jeb!) “Ase: wean alts, was gezcgt werden braucht, durch die Bistens det Saljeke Prive Saves ete genege wid, dan ist die Aufpabe det FPhibeopis cine andes als ichwspeonglich nnahm, Wenn dem aber ‘ide 0 i, so lt dar Fehends durch cine Art Esahrung gig rds, ond dar alt ch far asgeschlosen Die Unkle eg efimor in dee Frage, worn eigentlich die logcheIdentat vor Zech und Beseichnctem beset Und dise ge i (mar) ce Hapa eur phere i el cne Page dex Philosophie gegshen tn die ob “A ist gu” cia SubjckePridlat Sate sey oder, ob “A ie eller als BY ia Slaton Sat sell" Pir tb 00 cine Frage serbas etre Was fir ene Evidens aon mich dariber beuhigen, dala Tipit ale ene Frage bea werden mal (Dis it ine angemcin age) etc iene cr leo ri fie “Eilachiee'? Nebmen wit ene nge, ea ier a panne nile! cin Pon user fem Ceachnbll cn siscr Goma, ca Ding Solche Fragen {She eh doch Disher mers de eigeatichen phlosopbitchen fngetehen “und se ind es such gewiS in einem Sinne-—aber noch. fib welded Koons oo ne Page Ubetupt cen? Ait hice niche cn Fehler in der Fragerteung, dea cs scheint als TEncrcte nie ober dire Page gor eb city + scheint als Koaate Ex mit Bestinmthelt sagen, dab diese Fragen Uberhaupt ale cot ‘chicden werden kinaten. a9. ‘Wenn nicht die Buses des Subjke Pediat Joker ales Notige seige daan Keane es doch avr die Eien irgend einer besonderen Fumie ence Foun augea, Und die Kennts ele tolehen Fann ‘cht fir ie Lop weseatich sein, ‘Gest den Fall, wihten cin Zeichen, das wirklich von der Sabjekt- pelt Yom wi, wie ir fr ip Audrd op SMG Pridtat Sitca ingendwie egacter ais unsere Subjeke- Pi TEescheint neal Leg dander beaschnenden Relation? ‘Wenn sich dic Logik obve de Beanrwortng gewiser Fragen atpelleden li, dona base abgeschlosen werden Dic logische Identitit von Zeichen und Bezcichnetem beste dain, sil ad were iy ting sb? (uel woul Ye that’s self-evident.” Weill) « ves ‘Then: if wring that ads o be shewn i shewa by the existence of sabjecs predate serves cy the ak of psnpy ile fem thor gps ti at anew, en ht inlacing wool are oS chown by meas ofvome ind ofcapesone tod that I regards out he queton, “ ‘he cbc eva resi inthe question: what does he ogi! ear of sign and dng sgaied realy const in? And this qucson 's (ar mor main ape ofthe whole Posophl problem: Let some plilsophiel question be given: eg, whether “A is spol i jest pre propo’ or wher “A ghee $Eae Ba loa propostion J con ho gi ed ‘What sor of evidence an sty me that jo came the es pston mast be answered inthe alfetve? Cts ln cremely SEaporant question) Is the oly evidence fe once moe tt erm int “idee? Lets aka genton ste le tt oo Wii toweer sins and ore estas mel he ao pol oe wield a sina 2 gp to no Fare feaye eae such quo athe eal pwplial’ oes an 40 for sate they ate in some seme—but oe moe whatever ‘ould sete a question ofthis sorta alP Ie thee not a mistake mation ef ok i iit al ee ier ne mths queso i looker ant could ey ei ‘tions could never be settled at all. * da tes er the exitnc ofthe sje predicate stn does aot show erry thing rel en tral iyo thew yt cena tone Sod wih sch 2 ‘cannot be essential for logic. “ence safe Suppose we had a sign tht tly was ofthe sbjec prec fora, would tht be somehow bee saed wo expres bjt recs Propositions than oot sbjecepreictesetenes te Te toms tl Dow ths ae fom the aig ron? Iogic an be completed witout neweing cela quis, thn ‘it must be completed without answering them, * ‘The lg identity eeween sgn nd thing sigaed consis iaao mani Zeichen nicht eb ond nicht weniger wiedrekenoea ‘icin im Beste. ‘Waren Zcichen od Beneichntes ni ihrem vollen logichen Ids nach idcnbeh, don mike aoch etwas Fundamestaleres geben as dic Logie 590 ‘2. gh ab — Def Hab] Biagre dich dad ce Wore “Punlcion, “Argument”, “Sats” ee in der Logica rorkomsmen difea! “You zwei Kasten ma sage, te scien detach, sgt etwas, Von zwei ‘ingen des au sagen soft acho des soa mig de Unnlasighet er Ruslachen Detain, 6.9.4 Der eae St igh nis Andes rie awa gegen die Hdeatitit ia der Mathematik. Namlch der, dal wenn 2 X 2 SEI gh «ote, Gab dies Ss dance er gen wade Kénnte man sagen: Die Logi ktmmert die Analyiesbarkeit der Funktionen, mit denea sie aeie, mi. 291 Bedeake, dad auch cin unanalyserter Subjekt-Peidiat Sate etwas gore Detter Mla sagt. ‘Kann man nicht sages: Es kommt nicht darauf an, dad wit es mit nigh snalyserbarea SubjektPridikat Sitzen zu tun haben, onder ‘enuf dad unseee SobjextPeilkat Sttze sich in jeer Bexihang 0 ‘Se tolche benehmen, dh azo, dad die Logik asrer Subjekt-Priikat Site deselge ist, wie die Logik jener anderen. Bs kommt wns jaar Gf an, le Logik abesclieden, wd ose Haupeineand gegen Ge nicheanalyseven Subjekt-Pradikae Site war der, da wi thre ‘Sexe nicht sufielen Konnen, solange wie le Analyse nicht keanen ub ther nicht tie Logik eiaerscheinbaren Sobjelt-Priikat Satars tice sn ws de gi oe watches? Wenn ne Deaton Seria moglich ss de dem Str die Sujet Pekar Form ibe hoe ‘Das “Binleuchtea”, von dem Russell so vel sprach, kaon aur auch in det Logik entbelich werden, dad die Sprache selbst jeden {oplachen Feiler veshindert. Usd es it Klar, da jenes “Hinleuchten” inner pinlich uogeich it und war. (Vi 54731] it oot being perme to rcogine more oes in he sign ha in ‘what it signifies. * ‘helen than If sign and thing signed were mit in respect of tee total loge cotet the there would ave tobe vomethng sll more ‘names than logis ‘#(a)- $b). aRb = Def g[aRb] vous Remember tht the words “fiction”, “pune cought not oes ingi oof cc ht ew Hea mts og, To sy of eo thing meats noting Tis of fl - ‘Buy of Rants aon ht ew ein oe “The last sentence i really nothing but the old old objection aguast isi in sutra Ny the cbpeion at 8 2 ae ‘er tn i propane wendy 0 ots ou be et: Logic concered with she aly functions with which it works. “ svete ‘Remember that even an unanalysed subject- roped sc sab pate prpeion shart ting fe "eve ay Tall pend aot on our dig with nalyuble sublecpredcate sens, ‘but on the fact that our subject predate stout: bene te way such seen i ey ep ts tee he lope fw jerks wetness the ane we ge oe hp ssn wo comple lege sed ooo Som opnsttmumlyed abject pene eens wus ft rst cso tne ar ng wept ce fe st not the og of aa pare bereits, {Sie he th sea te lope aha ons TFs Seon fring proponent form posse stall 3 “Toe “elvis” of which Ral a ahd so much cn Sel be clspensed wit in logic language elf prevents any logic mite Sis sear ta that “lfciene! and aoa was ody deceptive. (Cf. 5.4731]». in Sat wie “ee Ses ist br” shine ems enon Rome sien: sagen, dean wolen wie sen Str 0 aspreche, da as ‘Sccand gebn ihn Linwendangen, die aus scr Vildcutphet Shape machen Kenn, 9 word e endo langweden moss 20.9. [Dab der Sate cin logiches AbbIM seiner Bedeutung ist, euchtet demunbefangenen Auge cin. Gites Funktionen von Tatsaches? ZB, “Bs it besser, wenn dies dee Fal al wena enes dex Fall ist.” ‘Woria beseht denn die Vetbindung zwischen dem Zeichen p wad den Ubcigen Zechen des Sataes "Es st gt, dal p der Falls”? Worin beste diese Verbindung?? ‘Det Unbefaagene wird sagen: Ofebar in der sumlichen Besich- ung des Buchssben p au dea zwei Nachbarzichen. Wenn aber de ‘Thhache "p” eine solche wise, in welcher keine Dinge vorkommen?? ‘gv, depp" kann wohl analyser werden in “pes st gut, Wr we sr: ps dr Fal es ei ed ce gata sien gn ober ae de Sach pad gh ne wien chp wa oder fled Der esdeack dee Granath “Ein Wore bei sich anf en and wid es blac Es handel sich in den obige allen darn amageben, we Ste in i ce RE Er ue Verkade’ hone Ween ‘Wie kan sich in Fain foie Sat iden? Umer die wnaen Pget Nar sch net von Fagen Gbeshisfon ae; aur sich begem sacl da)" Nebmen wit an, ws si cne Funktion cies Sujet allt ss egeten un wie colin ie An der Beshang dex Paths tus Ge daduch len ab wir agen: De union SEES nieces or af ns Sake des Sujet Pade Soe Sat Sabet das ogee rode aus deter B= Sth td’ Sbjct Satie,” Wean wird un SEE Ts mn finger wean dn Sto crn Tans, A proposition like “this chair is brown” seems to say someting sommoutly complica for fe wanted to expres this poponting in sucha way tht nobody could mie bjecions tie on grou of stmbigiy, it would have te init long Tat wenn is oil potapl of ts mening £8 to the uncaptive eye is obvious ‘Ase there fanctons offic? eg It i ete fo this be he ete than for that to be the case?” i be Wa, the, isthe consenign betwen the sgn p and tie spf he ete and the et of docs tis connexion comeing tP &BE 6 & good”? What The soap ncaptiv jadgenen wil be: Obviwly nthe spa of the lester p to the two a owl in th spat elon ofthe tet po the ve dpa gm. Bot eon he act gph B08 et presumably be aed nt “pie good We ese: pis wor te at: ow what does it meant 9 ‘is good"? Quite obviously we can say that ‘ousion eel thot taowing wither iste oes we P oe «Tl ow eon wat we sayin gamma “One wont ret ‘That i why the point in he above cts it sey how proposons Seger. Hoe ‘poeta oncom oe, ence [Gas] How can a funetion rir a a fancon fr « proper? Always the old old Desmond vith sueniosjoiey. wwe are given a fancton of a subjece predicate ‘proposition and we ty to explain the way the function refers to the ‘proposition by saying: The fonction oaly relates immediately to the ject of the subject predicate proposition, and wha signers the gical product ofthis relation and the subject predicate propositional sign, Now if we say thi, it can be asked If you ean explain the‘varum erblisst du dann nicht auch seine Bedeutung auf die analoge Kee und. Wee? Nimlich “se sei Keine Funktion einer Subjkt, Daidlkat Tatsache, sondern das logitche Produkt einer solchen und ‘et Funktion inves Subjektes"? Mu ache der Einwand, der gegen “lee Exelaang git auch gegen ene gelten? Es scheint mi ett plotalich in igend einem Sinne Kar, dA cine [Bigenschaft eines Sachvethals immer intern sein mu. a, Wb, aR, Man Knnte sagen, der Sachverhalt aRb habe immer ce gevlae Figenschat, wenn die beiden ersten Sitze wahe sind Wen ch ge: Hs it guts ap de Fal an ma es een inh go ci, [Bescheiae mie etat ka, dal es keine Funktionen voa Sachvedhalten geben kann 914 Man kant Fagen: wie Hana des Sachveae p cine Bigenechat tube! wen eam nde gue ich 9 ver 249.14 Die Frage, wie ist eine Zuordaung von Relatonen spit ‘dentsch mt dem Wabi Problem, , 23.9614 ‘Dean dict ist identsch mit der Page, wie ist die Zuordnsng von Sachvezhaltea lich (ener rundenem beeichnetea). nur durch die Zuordaung dec Bestndteile méglichs cin ‘Bcpiel biter de Zoordaung von Namen und Benanatem. (Und es dad such cine Zuordang det Relationen au irgend eine Weise [amb] os Jab) 5 pmaRb Def ies wied ein einfach Zeichen einem Sachvethalt zugeotdaet. 6.9.14 Womuf grindet sich unsere—sicher wohl beprindeto—Zaver- sich dab ‘ir jeden belicigen Sinn in unserer zveidimensionalen Schult wenden ausducken Konnea?! a9. ‘Bin Satz kann einen Sian jam daduech asdicken, dae dessen | logisches Abbid ist! propoion Uke that, chen why not give an analogous explanation [Sf wha sade fr? Namely “es nots fancten of # sujece pes tt exe rac of ach an os tn i sabjoc"? Moreno the objection othe ater explanation ‘against the former too? vec weit [Now it suddenly seems tome in some sese clear that « property yee a ‘situation must always be internal. % vb, ARD. Te cold be sid tha the situation aR aay has a cera property, the fst ew propsions ae tr, han ys god for poe ee, ten i mt bea ‘Tenow seems dea to me tha there cannot be Functions of statins. 1 could be aed: How can the situation p have propety tuo ou tat hesitation doesnt ld tab so “The question how a cortlition of slatins is ponible seal with the problem of truth. Peale For the later is denial with the question how the conliton of siardons is possible (ne tat signifies and one tat sige). Te is only posible by means ofthe conclation of the components, the concation between names and things named give un example, (edits clear thats concaton of elation too aks place omc) [aRb | 5 [abl 5 pm aRb Det ‘Hee a simple sign i conelated with sition. sp4, oat i the ound of outcry wel oddone: at ve shal be able to expres any sense we lke in two-dimensional = pres ay A proposition can expres its sense on) by being the logical por of! being the logical portalAan in de Aah wisghen den Zeichen snd “toR . Reb": 9.5.14 Der allgeacine Begs des Sotaes fOhet auch einen ganealigemacn ‘Begrit €& Zaondmu von Sats und Sachreshal mit sek Die Lisung, {ef mcinee Fragen ub Babi einfach cal Im Sat wid cine Welt probewsise susammengetelt. (Wie wena in Pater Gerichtal ia Rutomobiluaglack mie Pappen et dag Sle winh) (Up. ase] ‘Dazaus mol sich (wean ich sicht blind wire) sofort das Wesea der ‘Wabi xgeben enken wir an hierogipbische Schiten, bel denen jedes Wort spe Beleatng dnl Deaken wir dan, dat teh iui idee von Saclverhalen sinmen und nck simmer Lonaen. [Va ore) “RA Measchen A vorstellt, und beaeichnet der like den Menschen B, so nate ewa das ganae aussagen "A scht mit B". Der Satz in Bilder. schaift kann waht und falsch ei, Le bat einen Sinn unabhing’g vo ‘ier Wahroder Falechheit. An thm mal sich alles Weseaiche ‘Semonstieren lassen. ‘Man Lana sagen, wir haben awa nich die Gewitheit, da 8 wie alle Sachverhalte in Bidem aufs Paper bringen Kénnen, wohl aber die Gevitet, dab wit alle giclee tea det Sachiverbalte in ‘ar zweidimensioaalea Sciftsbblden kane. Wir sind hiee noch immer sehe an der Oberfiche, aber wohl anf sine guten Adee. ‘Wean in diesem Bild der reehte Mann den 0 9 14. Man kaa sagen, in unserem Bide stelle der Rechte etwas da tad such der Linky ar slat wena des nicht der Fall we 2 Knee fice gegeneciige Stelling erwas daclen. (Nemlich ene Bes vung.) Die et cee rnd eS irc: are i ae a ee hoe Ses rg eke cen ke Se Ale deta enn et Ondine peng oe ncaa) ri te tee, striking sate heb 299.18 ‘The general concept ofthe proposition cates with ita quite general concept ofthe co-orination of proposition and station: The solution to all my questions mist be extremely simple In the proposiion a worlds ast were pt together experimentally. (As when inthe law-cou in Pais motorcar heen represented by meant of dlls eee) 1G a0yrd “This mus yield be satureof ath stright away 1 wer not blind). “et us think of hiroglypie wring in which cach word ia repre sentation of what it stands for. Let us think also ofthe fet tht aaa! pictures of situation ean be right and wre. (Cf 4.016] «EEDA stress ee represents the man A, andthe lfthand one stand forthe man B, then the whole might assea, eg: “A is fencing with B”. The proposition in pietare-writing can be true and false. Te has 2sene independent of its teu of falsehood, Te most be possible to demonstate everything ‘essential by considering this ease ‘Ic can be sid that, while we are not certain of being able to tuen al situations into pictures on paper, sill we are cern that we can portray all gi! propecties of situations in twovdimensonal scrip. “Tis is sil very much on the surface, but we are on good ground, soos Tecan sd hatin ou pcre the righ hand igure ep ton of womcthing and alo the lfhand one, ba even see not the cat, hl rato postion coud be seperation of ometng (ism «ston certs genus papas Seem ien ass fe, Sa dV go act fg tf cee He SCTASRLGI RU UR dts machenHin Bild kann Besichungen davtelles, de es nicht gibt! Wie int ies méglih?| Jetzt scheint es wieder, als maten alle Bexichungen logisch sin, dit thee Existens durch die dea Zeichens verbrgt sel ‘Was ia “aRbSe” a und ¢ vetbnder, st niche das“ Zeichen giles 0 bein cc ‘Man kann geradems sage: stat, dieser Satz hat diesen wnd diesen Sian dieser Set stelt diesen und diesen Sachveshalt dar! (5. 4.051] Br bldet th logsch 2. [Nr so kann der Sai wah oder flch sein mur dadurch kan ex mit er Wartichket shestinetimmen oder nicht Ubereinstimmen, daB et tin Bld cines Sachvezbales it (Vil. 406] sore usin soi it dex Sat in Bl eins Suchvesha, alt exe, Chane athena det och fuss cin) (Vt 4032) ‘Dex Name it hin Bld des Benanoten! Der Sat sag me nomi tar an al on Bild it (5.4051 “Taotologien sagen nicht a, se sind niet Bilder von Suchver tale i Snd Ser logic vollommen neat, (Dat logic Prolke cine Tautologe und ines Satzes sagt nicht mehr och niga ls ser asin) (Vn 4405] aa [Bs st bar, dain “Ry” das beeichaende Element cies Relation ‘enthaltea sein kann, auch wena "3" und “y” nichts beaechaen., Und ‘Gitn ine die Relasoa dav iaaige, was in Jenem Zeichen bezeichnet ind, [Aber wie ist e¢ dann! méglich, da in cinem Code “Kilo” hilt vege Te toh din fb Zen es sw penta, ander erwas mime! — Kann dena in der vorigen Bedeutung das Wort “Kilo” niche wahr coder isch sea?! * msi sich a ete A fan present relations that do not exist! How is bigs poe How is that Now once more it looks a if all sitions mas be lng in onder for their existence to be guaranteed by that of the siga. * What connects and ein “ARRAS” isnot the sgn“. bu curets of the same ete “athe two simple Nese ‘We can say suaight away: Instead ofthis proposition has such and such a sense! this proposition represents such and such a situation, [Sieaosn] Tk poremys it logically. Onin this way cant proprio be treo fale: It can oly agree conchnpee with salty by bg apts ofa station [45 “The proportion i «picture of situation ony in s ors st logical aticalited. (A simple ~non-anclted sign cs be neither tie nor fae) (Cf 4052] “The mame itm picture ofthe thing narod “he proposition ayy mings fora itis pice Se 4.05] Tautologies say nothing, they ate nat pctzes of stations: the a tena pay cps (Te gel pos oft tsstology and «proposition says acter more or les than the ater by itele) [Ser 4462 and 4-465.) i Teis clear dha “Sy” an conti the signing clement of ation even if "x" and “y” do not mand for saying And in that ese the ‘ation is he only thing tha sign tha sig, But in that cate! how i it posible fr “ilo” in a code to mean: “Tima ight? Here surly «simpler doce ate something ands soe ng ifomatin tote eae For can't the word “ilo”, with that meaning, be tre o false?ser0t Jedenflls Kann man doch ea eiafaches Zeichen dem Siane eines Satves uordaen.— [Nur die Witlichkeitineressere die Logik. Also die Sitze won in sowelt se Bldr der Wiklichket sid. “Wie abet KANN cin Wort wale oder flech sia? Bs kann jdenfals sicht den Gedanen sordrScken, dec mit der Wiklichkel bereinstimmt ‘er nicht Ubereinstzwnt. Det mul doch geliedert sia! ‘Bin Wort kann nicht waar oder flsh sein in dem Sinne, da ex nicht anit det Wirklchkelt Ubereintimmen kana, oder das Gegentell 6.10.14 De allgemeine Bei sweie Komples, von denen der eine das logche Bi des ane slats, aia ee Sine Die rwcier Komplee st ofenbar itr wo ano abe sich nngeue sondern har geagt Werden. ‘i st wah, sgt cht Andes as als p Pee iaranke™ ir nach dem objgenaur cin Schein, wie alle fne"Zachenvetbindangen the schiabar eewas sagen Wa BE ‘pod wenden kaa roe ean cin Satz da. egchen ist 20 sind mit hm ape sn lle seine logischen Funktionen (~ gu ee) mutgegeben! [Vi 5-448 intent nny ig Skin aot saree ue ildet.) ‘De Ausdeuck “ihe mehr weiter seslebac auch ier det mit ska’ ‘Ding ete an dm Inder chenden:we sber wed as (Pooh ws it dutch In nck woe? (Olan Laan matilich weder von cise Ding noch von einem caper sages sea nich chr weer eepbar) 910.4 ‘Wenn e cine unmitelbare Zuordnung von Relationen gibe, s0 vwite die Frage: wi sad dana die Dinge mu einander . {i diesen Sieben? Gibt ex cine diekte Zuordaung von ‘elatonea obne Récksicht auf teen Sin? st0.14 ‘At any rate its urely posible to conrelate a simple i oy iy poss ple sign with the Logic interne oly a realy. And tha in senteces ont in $0 fat as they arc pictures of reality. oxy CA asc ee eof? Aa i et epee or doc nt agree wih er te tg tn ce wih realty. That ‘A single word eanaot be ee o file in thi sent: it cannot agree with reality, or the opposite. a 61014 “he general concept of two complexes of which the one an the logical picture of the other, and so in one sense is so. “The agrcoment feo compli vio inland for that reason cannot be epresed bat can only be sewn, Tyrac atin ge is tr” t—by the aboveonly «paudo-propoton ike all shore conaesons of egos which apperendy sy someting at can ‘only be shewn. “en ver st Xf 4 proposition fui gre, then al loi functons (4 ex) abalnah gee wi (nae) ee om cp nt mir vim ou asgoment is porsnyel by faxcioe plas sagen Conten Pl corse ate coreysie ar hee earn (ert iden gel ‘tis not further analysable.) ‘ag or of comes 1 here were sch «thing a an immediate cortlation of elton, the question would be: How are the things tht stand in these relations conclaed with one anther inthis eae? Ts tere rach a thing at a ticexconclation of relations witost consideration of thee dici?(Ob wire det Annahns von wischea Beschungen” 1 teeter de leobare Analog ston fen Ausdricken: “Besiehungea zwischen Dingen”” und “Bezichungen wichen Bezchungen”? cs mace bei alien diesen Oberg irgnde irgend einen Gren coeven Fen, Die Frage nach der Miglichkeit von Existenssten steht nicht in| der Mite sondem am Uranfang der Logik. Alle Probleme, die das “Axiom of Infinity” mit sch bringt, sind schon im Sate “Ghxjx 2x" 20 seal (Vg 4.3354 ro. 10.44, (Oft macht man cine Bemeriwng snd siche est spate, wie waht ‘Unsere Schorcrigheit liegt jetat datin, da in dee Speache allem a Sat tr to, at sre in ani eae Ce fete el Del mer Pe tee Te cote ate nicoe ape ae es eres Se ee oe fx Taine phe nants ete Widen dana tat Zeichen arbi, die niches be: scree [ned bes Peche ecole ncaieeeeie eerie ja) i mete re he hn Sch ere ena Sg see sae es Se Sie ae eee seen a men hb” ale a tee ee ea apm oa Fe Meds st, Sain eon ath Pog Mehl see Zien te op Desa come we oe ea tea meen ten in Mg we Dg tm ners in eo i oe ap sae ane oe 8 an ‘Are we misled into assuming “relations between relations” merely through the apparent analogy berween the expressions : hemeen thine” sand “relations berween seasons"? In all thee comiderations Tam semesbre making some sort of ros- ‘The queso about the posbilty of existence proposons dock nor come inthe mile bu athe very Sst begining of ote All he problems tat go wit the Axiom of Ton the Aviom of Inty have aleadiy tobe soled inthe propoidon “Cxje= a". IGF 5.595] (One ofen makes rer and only ater ses Bo ti Our difficulty now lies in the fact that to all. js anal Y fact that to all appearances syne iyo epost, not reed in ngage Tht it ean m8 acens, uber fom language alone whether for example there areal subject predcate fas or not Buthow Cou. we exps {histor opposite? Ths watt be som ‘But suppose thit we did not bothee at all sbout the question of salyabilty? (We should then wosk with signe that do not stand for anything bot merely lp o express by mean of thei logicl properties) For even the unanalyed proposition mierors logical properties of is ‘meaning. Suppose then we were t0 say: The fat that proposition is further anlysableisshewn in out further analysing i by means of ‘definitions, and we work with iin every case exactly asf were Un scalable ° [Remember thatthe “propositions about safiite numbers” are all sepresented by means offi signs. But do we not—at last according to Frege's method—need 160 nillion signs in order 10 define the number s09,e0000? (Doesn't this depend on whether i is aplied wo clases or to things?) ‘The propositions dealing with infnite numbers, lke a propositions ‘oop, ca be got by eluting the sgn themecives (or tno pnt oes a foreign clement get added to the original primitive signs). Soeiner Sele cin fremdes Element hin) also mbsten auch Nee die {Zeicen se logic Kigenschafen des Dargesten selbe ben. tito. Die trivale Tatiche,da8 ia yollkommen analyser Sate clea soviel Namen ent alg seine Bedetang Ding, tse Taschen ‘piel der allmfascndon Dalian dex Wel durch ie Sprache Man rte jet ciamal genau die Defnionen der Karina shea oon dea cgenichen Sian vom Sitzn wie dem halon of Tat” ma veces. toe Die Logi srge fe sch sels; wit mite tr nur aches, we He cx macht (Val 5-475] Betrchten wi den Sate “Es bt in Klasse mit ur cnem lid”, nea Ssh neste den Sate Gb: eabutyde> y= Bai “Giaje—x" Kinate man vestehed, da er enutologich dcr cehnapt ait hingescticben wesden ante wen et fic Ich weil, da die folgenden Site, wie se stchen, unsnnig sind Kann an Yon den Zable eden, wen nut Dinge ibe Wen ko 2B. die Wel mor aus einem Dinge besiade ud aus sonst nichts, TKennte man sagen en gabe tins Ding? ‘Russell wide wahrschenlich sagen: wenn es cin Ding gibt, dana gibt es auch die Funktion (ls) = sabe — ‘Wena es dese Funktion niche tut, dana kann von der 1 nur die Rede sia, wean es eine ‘Fanktion gibe, die aut von einen ‘Asgument befedige wird. Wie vrhalt es sch mit Sitzen wie: Bee und: (19).8) 4, Ist einer von diesen cine Tautologie? Sind des Site ciner Wise shafted I, sind dics Ubedhupe Same? rinse wic uns aber, daf die Variable und wiht de Allgemeia- hnelsbexichaong die Logik churakterser! 4.10. Give es denn cine Wissenschaft der volsindig veraligemeineren Sitze? Dice Hinge hichst anwahescheinich. ete, too, the sigs must themselves posal the lope properties of wha they epee, me “The tiv fact tat «completely analysed proposition contains fst BE stempc of te ahenensngepecnndon ste sond ose an cxmpl epresetaton ofthe world Iangeage. Tt would be necesry to iavetigte the definitions ofthe cardinal srunbers more emcty i order to understand the rel seu of oop {dons lite the Asom of lataty. Logic takes ar of tel all we have todo is o lok and sz ow it does [GF 448] ‘Let us consider the proportion: “there is « css with only one rember" Or, what comes tothe same thing, the propostion: CE Gadtetrde ym If we take “(Gx)x =" it might be understood to be tautological since it could aoe get writen down at alli it wen fase, but Reve! ois proposition canbe iavesigatd in place ofthe Axiom of lay. 1 koow tha the following sentences as they stand are nonsensical: Can we speak of umber tore ar only hing Le iffocenamplethe ‘world ony consived of one thing and of noting cs, could we say that there eas one thing? Resell would probably say If hte one thing the there i also «function (Ha) f= x. But this function does no it hen we can only tlk off theresa smatecl Fonction whichis atisied aly by one guest, How ise with propositions lke: Gnd sce of tse wt Ee 1s one ofthese a astology? Are tee propositions of some scene, ite they popetns a8 Bat et ut remember that it ithe rials and mo he sign of gener Aly tha are characteris of ogi genes i ryt0.14 For is there such thing as a science of completely geaetalized ‘Proposiions? This wounds extremely improbable.Da it hl: Wena es vig velgemeoete Ste pb, dan hingt i peta Dana aber Eton cn wide Zehenerinong de Wel nv doch sr deen [Dguchen Bienscaften dastelen hy sc haan ict falc, ‘lie whe fine Also git» keine volitndig venllgeneineen Sr” Aber ea dle Astwendangt [Nan ber die Soe: 43). 42" wd de ‘Welch von ine ist antologisch, weleer kontihtornck? Timmer wieder entsteht dar Bedifais nach ciner verglichenden | ‘Zavammeastellung von Sitze, die in iateraen Bezichungen sehen. ‘Man Konote nt diesem Bach gerdezu Bidertafelnanlegen. (Die Tautologie ig, was sie mugen scheint, die Kontradition zeigt der Gente von Sen, was sie 20 sagen scheint.) Es ist klar, da wie lle Gbeshaupt mglchen wéllig allgemeinen Site biden Konnen,sabald ons nue ese Space gegeben it Und aru ist cx doch kaum ma glaubea, dad solche Zeihenverbindungen ‘Wiklch egras ter die Wel ausagen sollen. — Anderercts aber ‘ever graducle Oberpang vom cementaren Satz zum véllig alle rmeineal! ‘Man kana sagen de vélligallgemeinen Satze kann man alle piri biden. 5.10.14, Es scheint doch, als Kéante de blofe Existenz der in “(dnd). ge" cauhaltenen Foren die Wabe- oder Falschbet dieses, Sates ‘San cb bestzatoeat Ls cheat also nicht sditar, dad 2, By ic Vemcinang, keine Elementarsstes wahr sel. Aber wirde diese “Xsage mht schoa den x dr Versi Bezel? (Ofenbar kénnen wit jeden gunz allgemeinen Satz aufssen als die oder Verncinung det Existensirgend einer Art von Tat- sachen. Aber gilt des nicht von allen Sit Jede Zeicheaverbindung, dic eowas ther tren eigenen Sinn aus- usagen scheint it cin Sceinsat (wie alle Stas der Logit). Der Satz soll einen Sachvethaltlogisch vorbilden. ‘Das kann er saber doch ur dadurch, dal seinen Elementen wiliilich Gegea- Hinde mugeordnet wurden, Wean des ‘un im ganz allgemeinen ‘This is char YE these se completly generalized propia, then theic sense does not depend on any abitary formation of signs! Tn that case, however, such a connexion of signs can represen the word ‘only by means ofits owa logical properties, Le. iecan not be false, ‘aad not be true. So chee ae no completly generalized properitin, ‘But now the application! "Bat now the propositions: “(H4.x). 4a” ted "~ Gln)". ‘Which ofthese is autologial, which contadicony? We keep on needing 2 comparnive arrangement of propositions sgedeg ital eon Tis bestia bead wh (The tautology sews what i ppeats toy, the contradiction shews ‘the opposite of what itappears tomy.) {tis clear that we can form all the completely general propositions that are possible at alla soon as we are merely given ngage. And ‘that is why itis scarey credible chat such conaesions of signs should seally say anything sbovt the world the other hand, however, this gradual transition fromthe elementary proposition tthe completly ‘general one! Mane Te complet geen! propostin cn alle fomed ‘Yee does mt lok ai the mere existence ofthe forms contained fn "Clnp) fe" could by il dexrnine the teu or Eushood of this propordoa! So does not appear muita at ef the ‘egnton of o cent propontion shuld te tre, Bat wo not {hl aston ful ouch he Ses of mp? COtvioualy we can conceive every quite gee proposition a he, aMizmation oe nenon of th cen of oe and of acs, Ba ee ‘Bisnor ol fl popeion? Every concxon of signs which appears o sy someting about it cown sess pseudo proosio (eal propositions of gi), ‘The proposition supposed to ge a logical motel of «situation 1e can suri only do ths, however, ocaae objets fave een aie tnailyconelated with elements Now if this athe cata doSate sche der Fal iso ite ebmuschen wi etwas aueralb iim data sol Ti Saar stellen wissoneagen—qur Pole dic Dinge zusammen, wwe he och in Wilches aber aie zu veralen brmechen, wit Tees eee Ue, macnn fatten wie in der Spach aut det au, ken Wea Se, Pun ipencte Sts mw “tbe Konsant” ne 0 tana fur ua nicht mer sin ale-cinfac cin “Get, end lg lh et ensue gene onion igemhain v deigen Wena © gan ze iby ellen Wie Fin peoboveve summa? [gl 4231 5.08] ‘Wenn ma sch vor de Wabi rch (wie ich jt), 20 ant sman ede vl Waele Ich habe hier de der SatBlemente mu ion Beden- cungen leichar al Fuber beech, durch welche dex Sate me der ‘Rader in Berra sty ond des Veligemener eines Sates ich dann den Enichen der Fuley bis ceich der pane alls pe Sat ge lier int Aber aint discs Bl? (Ziee eh wk ae Farce, ean oh de hee pens 16, 10,24, Nun shite bes, as sehen gem don Gre ich Beige, de Cid nach Si al Ge Blade Taans und er ac uch ein prandepeaer Peer, Dean See ee tnnaahe, oun gre der cote Str und cht Sst Talope clos, Vega doch ich al uch de Se Fete ake saben kann ad doch set Slogches Geb "Asgeome, da Lie Versaung snes lenses wih sa RR ea a Ying ncn modern Sin ab Exemeereopocmen Palo “Cigya).42"—von deem Sats shin ot ut gel, a wot loge anc cine Roatan wt Hier ptt sch ds Froiem sacra ma ‘Wenn es gaz allgemeine Size ge, s0 scheint es also, als solthe Site probewcie Zusammenselungen “ogicher Kontan- we") spite general proposition, then tis cule to see how it should repre= Stat enthng ute ful Tn the proposiion we—so to speakarange things exprinetaly 4s they db wt ve fo be in reality but we cannot ake ny mga! Sager ctr dot we Hoa hrm bow pe gi in language. —Dot ifthe gute general proposition con: fans ony gia! constants hea i cannot be antag more to os than“sinplyna lope ruc, and cannot do anything mace han thew af fv own logic properies——If there ate gute genenl ropoions-—na! do we asange expedient ia em? [Of 493% tod 303) ‘When one is fight of the truth (at Tam now) then i is never the wil rath that one has an inkling of Hee T egaded the aon of the elemeats of the propoion to thee meanings afc, ot ay, by means of which the proposition isin eomace withthe onter woud andthe genceaizaon of «propos tion isin that cave lke the divving in of files en fal the ‘completely genenl proposition is quite iolated. Buti ths pice i (Fey een iy i 40) ass Now, however, it looks at if exacy the sme gro I produced to shew tat “(yd)” old not be false would bean segumeat shewing that “~ (Hef). 4a could not be fae; and here « fandameatal mistake makes is appearance. For tis quite impossible to see why just the fist proposition and not the second supposed tobea tautology. But do not forget that the contradiction "p.~ p” ce, ete. cannot be tue and is nevertices itself logical strucue. ‘Suppose that 20 negation of an elementary proposition i true, has ‘not “negation” another sen in this ease than inthe opposite case? “(ld)()4e"of this proposition it appears almost cera that it is nether + tautology nor a contaadiction. Here the problem econtes extremely sharp. rrto.14, If there ate quite general propositions, then it looks ay i such Propositions wer experimental combinations of “logical constants")Kann min dean aber nicht de ganze Wel vollstindig mit ganz aligemeinen Sitzen beschteiben? (Dar Problem gt sich von allen Seen) Ja, man Kinate die Welt vollstindig dusch ganz allgemcine Sitze beschelben, also. gan obie legend einen Namen oder sonst cin be- ichnender Zeichen 2 verwenden. Und um auf die gewthaliche vussw (ah 5.3264 ‘Man kana sls cin Bild der Welt entwerfen, oe zo sagen, was was darvell [Nehmen wir zB a, de Welt bestinde aus den Dingen A und B und der Higenschafe Fund es wite F(A) der Fall und niche FB). Diese Welt kdnnten wit auch durch die folgenden Sitzebeschteben: Gayl) ar ye. ~ grdagea wae BOY — 4 Gay@eoxvey Und hice beaucht man auch Sitze von der Act dec leten zve, um die Gegensinde idenifieren za Kénaen. ‘Avs alledem folgentlich, da es gore allem Sate git cen nig de ete Sz Cag f)ieepy.xay)? Die Schwienpieie der Tdenifiiering kana man dadurch wegschalfen, lng mile ae Wel nr agencies sash oc tinge “Cina bf RS nun folge ein topes Pod cc ‘Wenn vic sagen "fist cine Einheitsfuktion und (3).4x", 10 eit swt “ge ma dn Ding! Qin tort tor den Sate "(apy — x" erumgekommes,) wero. ‘Mein Fehler log offenbat in ener falichen Auffssung det logischen Abbildang durch dea Sa ing Aussage kana sicht den logischen Bau der Welt betrefen, ‘dean damit cine Avssage Gberhaupt moplich sei, damit ein Satz Smos haben tars, mol die Welt schon den logischen Bau haben, den se chen hat. Die Logik dee Wet aller Wahe- ad Falschet primi. But is it not possible to describe the whole world completely by smn of compli gen pops (The protien cope Ye ‘Yes, the world could be completely described by completely general propositions, and hence without using any sort of names of other ‘cooing signs. And in order to ative at ordinary language one would fnly need to intoduce names, et. by saying, after an *(s), “and thisais A” and 90 00. (Cf. 9.526] ‘Thus it is possible to devise «picture of the world without saying what is a tepeeventation of what, Let us suppose eg, that the world consisted of the things A and B and the propery F, and chat F(A) were the cate and not FB). This ‘world could also be described by means of the following propositions ay) any de ~ prided me BDOs Gky)@)z ave = y ‘And here one also needs proposition ofthe typeof the lst two, oaly in order to be able to identify the objects. From all this of couss, it follows that srt art completly goeral prpeiions! But in’ che Girt proposition above enough: (xy, Avaya 49? ‘The diicaly of identieation can be done away with by desing the whole word in single general proposition beginning: “CEs y, 21. $yh- ss RS...) and now fllows logical product, te we sy “ps aunt function and (x) 4x that is as much a8 to say: “There is only one thing! (By thie means we ave apporeny got rund the proposition (x)y)y=2".) wr0.4. [My mistake obviously lis in false conception of logical portesyal by the proposition. ‘A statement cannot be conceraed withthe logical stracture of the ‘world, for in order for a statement to be posible at all in order for a propotition to be eavanue of making sxe, the world mut already have just the logical structure tha thas. The logic of the world is por to all tut and falsehood.\ Bao 1 bevorirgend cn Sat Gherbapt Sin haben ae ogchen KontanenHedetang haber 9.0.14 Die Beschrebuag der Welt durch Site ist nur dadutch moalich, ‘dad das Besechnete nicht sin eigenes Zeichen ist! Aawendung— Beleuchtung von Kants Frage "Wie ist reine Mathematik méglich?” durch die Theorie der Tautologin! Bs leucte ci da man den Bau der Welt obne irgend welche [Namen ra nomen beschreiben koanen mab. (V7. .526] Aas de at an de open Ba des Suntan, seen te id sagen mi, awe see a ole CTF Dnge en a ae dig tes) st) De Form ds er Koate man die ence, wo dt RSI Git men sf Obert tien mm ie nae) Die These der ogc Bung. rh i Space gi al ret he Wace Withee cho Dis Theo der ogtcten ADbiing durch de Space mgt Pe Ser eee yn Sara oer ch fe pene: Deo ck heise ler cars oe ae bike ned vm (V8) Das, was in “mp veeneint, et nich das “~” vor dem “sondern cater ln Zien ent Noun mit" Br (otend sind, gemeinsam it also das Gemeiasame vor sta aot | eee Spit | Beton, Wet ys) “ Rang speaking: before any proposion can make sate a all the Angel convara mst have reference® ‘The description of the world by means of propotion’ on posible Doae what signed is noe is own ge! Application ight on Kane's guest “How is pe mathematics posible?” through te theory of tautlgicn peste 1k is obvious that we matt be she to describe the structte ofthe ‘word withost mentioning ay names. [Cf 93936] ‘The proposicon must enable ws to se dhe logical structure othe situation hat makes it toe of fale. (As a pcttesnist shew the ‘pal raion ia which the things represented init most sand if ee petri correct (ve)) Te footie hea arn wi iw wr gre wth elit (n onder oe capable of portraying i a al). () eer apable of portraying tat al). (Ch ‘he frst thing that dhe chory of logical poreyal by means of language gies ob ist pico of information sbout the sate ne a FS ‘about the natu of the Tr ge yr! yen nu p an operon! yam of wos ae scr ori ot ern le a cana eee ‘ieee rome net oA ae Fete ome Be sige los genre ss wm P| anne lt ee cart | theme “Et | [cE sr] o bime tae opurieteten eres nade yee Pain a! Atte hac nara es Eade cee iiesicme mriguitema mea ie Slcing wn)" “ eeeScheinstze sind solche, dic, wean analysicrt, das, was se sage" sollten, doch nur wieder zig. as Gefl, da der Satz einen Komplex auf ie Art der Ruselschea ‘Beschreibungen beacheibe, echfetge sich ett: Der Satz bechecbt ‘den Komplex durch seine loischen Kigenschafien. ‘Der Satz Konstruert cine Wel mit Hilfe seneslogichen Gertstes, ‘und daram kan man am Satz auch schen, wie sic alles Logische wethete, wenn ef waht wire man kann aus einem falschen Satz ‘Seb ibn ete. (So kaa ich schen dad, wenn “(G,4)-4x" wabe ‘wire, dieser Satz im Widerprich stiade mit einem Suze “fa") Wal gous) ‘Dad sich von materelenSitzc auf ganz allgemine Site schieBen lage—dad) diese 1 jenen in bdawtapelln interaen Bezichungen stchen Kinnen—seige, da die ganr allgemeinen Site logische ‘Konstruktionen von Sachvezhalten sad. ie i Rwelche Defon de Nal sh us Ka San wont Klawe# (9 erap eden? Kao an enn on cnt Rinne (@onajseledtchanstenoders ene Ponkon von 2? te A Nl de wee ate pe > Jiho UndAndiges wine yo ala andra. Zahen geen. S2a'kth wt cn Lith at de guna Page mach der Esies von ‘aden vou Daye 0 = afCHA Ns) ~ px 1 = a{CSp)(x) gu: y.$ 2. 2. (Du Glechictarchen in der hoc Klammes Ks man set, ean an we o= TMC ~ 4}! ‘De Sats ma le Miglin Wabi ethno mie). ‘Mer ah meh al ie Magi, (Vp 205 905% 318] [Nach meiner Definition der Klassen ist (x) ~A(fx) die Aussage, aig), wd i Def der Nall dato = 4) 3 Del "prc ie Ke le desig Kane der let i wk SEEN Bemene o enoey Peexdo-propostions are such ae, when analyed, tum out afer all ‘only t0 slew what they were supposed t0 7. Here we have a justification forthe fling that the proposition ‘ordinates mus really determine a logical place! (he subjecematter of general propositions is relly the words ‘which makes is appearance in chem by means ofa logialdessipion, “T*had that i why the world does aot really occur in them, jus as the subject ofthe desription doesnot ocer init) “The fact that in a certain sense the logical foum ofp must be present sre A he sew mney gh he a ‘oats "This isthe ditiuly: How can there be such thing as the form of pif thre is no station of this form? And in that case, what docs this form relly consis in? ‘These ate no such things a8 analytic fropaviton oute.t4 Could we may In“ $9)" 9)” images ow thing at mi Bren ia pictre we could preset ngtive at by epee ‘what is not the case. ye * 1, however, we anit hs hod of epesentton, then what it rely cnet ofthe ron of eprom Can't we sty: Its just chat dhere are diferent logical co-ordinate- systems ‘There are diferent ways of giving a epresentation, even by means ‘of a pirate, and what represent isnot merely the sgn or picture but also the method of representation. Wet ir cmon all ripcettion 1 that they a be rigor mron, tor fli ‘Then—pictce and wey of repeetig ace completely ouside what i represented! “The two together are tue ot fle, namely the ptr, in a partic sey. (Of courte this holds forthe elementary proposion toa!) “Ay proportion can be negated. And tis shews that teve™ and “fase”'mean the same forall propositions. (This s of the greatest possible importance.) (Ia contrast to Russell)ie Bedeutung des Sates mul durch ib nd ine Dartelingroice suf ja oder nein fier sin. [V7 4 025] Inder Logik gibt es kein Nebeneinander, kana et keine Klasifiktion geben! [5.5434] puto. 14 Bin Sate we “(india int gerade to gut mesammengeseie wie iglementaer; dies argt sich darn, dad wir in der Klammer “g” und "2 gun erwibnen mlssen, Bide stchen—unabhingig—in be- arichnenden Beschungen mie Wel, gerade wie im Fall eins Elemen- tanatzes “fa”, (Vg. 5.3360] Verhile es sich nich so: Die logichen Konstanten charktersieen die Darstellungsweise der Blementaformen des Sazes? Die Bedeutung des Sates mul duech ihn und seine Di sweieaufja oder nein fier sci, Dama mob se doch hn vollsindig Deschvcben Sein. [Vg 4028] Die Dasstellungswet bilde ni ab; nue der Sat it Bi Die Dartellungsweise bestia, wie die Witklchicit mit dem Bd verlchen werden mul Vor allem mud die Elementarstsform abbilden, alle Abbildung seschiche durch diese. Sche ashe ligt die Verwechslng zwischen der dation Bese des Sates sens Bedestang und der Waibeabeihng Jene ist fir verchiedene Sive vercheden, diese is cine und fe alle Site die Gleiche. Es scheint ale wise “(ug).ga” dic Foun cince Tatstche gag fe ete. (Rhalch wite (Ha)fx de Form von 4s, wie ich ach ‘irc labs) Und hice mud eben mein Feble egen Uatersuche doch den Elementarat: welches itt dean die Form von "fa und wie vechile se sich ma "—~ pa" Jener Prizedeafill auf den man sch immer berufen michte, mu schon im Zeichen elber legen. (Vi. 5.3351 “The reference ofthe proposition must be fted, as conSeming of eon- uadicing it theoughiciopder siti merodofepeetaton. (C4025) In logic there is no side by side, hese canaot be any dlasscation. [See s434] puto. A proposition like “(Th f). 42" i just as complex as an elementacy ‘one THis comes out in our having to mention "g” and "<” explicit Ja the brickes. The two stind—independently—in symbolizing relations to the world, jst ain the ease ofan elementary proposition "Hey" (CF 5.3264) Tt i Hike thst The logical constants signlise the way in which the elementary forms of the proposiion represen? ‘The reference of the proposition must be Sted as coafeming or contzaditing it, by meats of ie and its way of reprcrentng. To this end it must be completely descibed by the proposition. (Cj: 4.025] ‘The way of repeeseating does not poreay; only the proposition is | pierre. ‘The way of repescaing determines how the reality has to be com- pated with the pict, First and foremost the lementary propositional form must portray; all porteaal takes place through i We readily confoe the representing relation which the proposition has fo ite reference, and the truth celation. ‘The foumer is ifeceat fo diferent proposions, the late is one and the same forall propos 1k looks as if “Ca).4x" weee the form of a fact dafo.be ete. (Ginlatly 2x) 4x would be the form of fa, as Tactalychought.) ‘Aad thie muse be where ay mista is Bxamine the clementary proposition: What isthe form of “fa” snd hows it related to" ~ a"? ‘That precedent to which we should always lke to appeal most be involved inthe sign isle. (Cf. 5.5251]Dic logsche Form des Sates mult schon durch die Foren seiner Bestandeile gegeben sein. (Und diese haben aur mit der Sinn det Site, alee mit ther Wabr- ind Falecst tan.) In dec Form des Sabjekts und des Priikats ligt schon die Méitich- leit des SubjeltPridtat Satses etes aber—wie bilig-nichts Sher seine Wahe- oder Falschbet. Das Bild bat die Relation zur Wirkichkit de es nun einmal hat Ud es komme darauf an: wie sll e+ disci, Dastelbe Bild wird mit der Wiklichkeit abercinstimmen oder nicht dberiastinmen je aachdem, wie dartellen rll Analogie zwischen Satz und Beschreibung: Der Komple, slr mit diesem Zeichen kongracat ist, (Genus 40 in dee graphischen Dac- ‘xelong.) "Nur kann man eben niche sap, dieser Komples it mit jenem kongruent (oder derleches), soadera dies zeigt sich. Und daher imme auch die Beschreibung einen anderen Charaktr an.” [V9 4035] Es mu ja die Abbilduagsmethode vollkommen bestimmt sia che man obeshaupt die Wilcke mit dem Satze vergleichen kann, lum zu sehen, ob er wahe oder falsch ist. Die Vergleichemethode ‘mul mi gegchen sein, che ich vergleichen kann, (Ob cia Sate wabs oder falech it, ml sich zeigen, ‘Wir missen aber im Yoraus wisea, si es ich aeigen wied. Dab zwei Lente nih kimpfen, kina man darstllen iadem man sie sight kimpfend darstele und auch so, indem man se krmpfenddartlt land sage das Bid aeige, wie es sich nicht verhal. Man Aion at negatives Tatsachen ebensogut darnellen wie mit positiven. Wit aber wollen blo® die Principe der Darstellung abebaxpe nternichen. Der Satz “ ‘p’ ise war" ist gleichbedeutend mit dem logiechen rodikt von ‘pt und einen Satz *'p'", der den Sez p’ beschrebe, rund einer Ziocdaung der Bestandtle der ‘beiden' Sitze Dic Jntemen Beziehungen von Satz und Bedeatung werden durch die intermen Bezichungea zwischen ‘p und "'p" abgebildet, (Schlecht Bemerkung.) [Nur sich nicht in Teilfagen vesstrcken, sondem immer dort hhinaus flichten, wo maa fcien Uberblick aber das ganze vine grote Problem hat, wenn auch diese Uberblice noch waka ist! Lid “The logal form of the proposition must already be given by the foams of is component pars. (And these have to do only withthe dnt ofthe propositions, not with thee wath and falsehood ) In the form of the subject and of the predicate there alicady lies the possibilty of the subjece predicate proposition, ete; betfair ‘enoigh-nothing about is ruth or falselioo. “The pierre has whatever zlation to reality it does have. And the point i how ite supposed to sepresat. ‘The same picture wil agree (rfl o agree with realty according to how itis supposed to sepre~ Analogy between proposition and description: Tie coupler which iscongrocnt with hissign. (Eaacly atin the graphical repeseatation) ‘Only ie just cannot be said that this complex is congruent with that (or anything of the kind), but this shew. And for this reason the ‘description assumes a dierent characer. (Cf. 4.0254] "The method of portal must be completely detezmiaate before wwe can compare reality with the proposiuon at all in order to sce ‘whether ii ese or falbe. The method of comparison must be given sme before I can make the comparison, ‘Whether proposition is tue or fale someting that has to appeat ‘We must however know in advance dow i will appear. ‘That ewo people are not fighting can be repeesened by sepresenting | * nem as not fighting and slzo by representing them as fighting and saying thatthe picture shews how things are wf. We cad represent by means of negative ft jor sx mich a by means of positive ones — Howeves, all we want i o investigate the principles of representing aria. “The proposition“ ‘pis trae” has the same reference a the logical prociact of‘, and a proposion 'p'" which describes the propo tion'p’, and a corelation ofthe components of ther propositions. — ‘The intemal relations between proposition and reference are portrayed bbymeans of the internal lations beeween and p’". (Bad emake) [Don't get involved in partial problems, but always take fight ro where thee it a five view over the whole singe geeat problem, even FF thie view is tll not a dear one) “Fin Sacherhalt ist deakbae" (*vorstlae”) hele: Wir Kéanen uns in Bild von that machen. (3.008) Deer Sate mu einen logischen Ort bestimmen, Die Existna dieses logichen Ore ist durch die Existens dee Be- standicile alin verblrgt durch die Exists dee sinnvollea Satz, ‘Wenn auch kein Komplex in dem lopischen Orit, ot doch Hine sich in dem logischen Or. (Vp. 54) aan. In dee Taolope eben die Bedingungen der Ubecinsinentng mat der Wel (Qe Walthesbedingunges) de dastellenden Be Biehangea~cinandes sf soda i lace dantelenden Besichung, zr Wektct whe (aes sage) [Vg wate) ict in deme Sine cine Tntologie wie pp. Dad cin Satz wae ist, beset nicht atin, da ex cine bsinmte Beschung aur Wirklichice ap snden tata, dal ee mt ee Insti Beichung witch i Ves es sich nice so: Des fiche Sat hat, wie dee ware und engi von seiner Fach oer Wale, sine Sn, abe ene Bedeutung? (st iernchten besser Gebrauch des Workes“Bedeu. ane) ‘ante man sagen: sbald mi Subjeke und Pit gepcben snd, soist mi cae Reltion gehen, de aischen ine Suber Pediat Stu und ener Dedcuung testhen odes nicht ben irk Soba ich nur Subjelt und Prat Leas, kann ich ach om je Reaton wisn le aah fur den Fal a der Subj Poti Sat fac [Be enc unumgangliche Vornseiung jetta amit es den negativen Sachvesale geben kann, mud es das Bild es positiven geben [Vih 3.3132] Dic Kenntnis der darellenden Relation der sich ja auch aur auf dic Kenntnis der Bestandtie des Sachveralts grinden! ‘Kante man also sages: Die Keanna dt Subjeke Pediat Sates wodlyon Suge und Pat gic une die Kean ce tren “hoch dy itt seg genommen sic sig, de wie kin be snunes Sobek or elt a esmen brahsa “A situation is thinkable' imaginable’) means: We can make ous selves picture of [3.008] “The proposition mast determine a logical place ‘The existence of this logial place is guaranteed by the existence of ‘the component parts alone, by the existence ofthe significant propos ‘Supposiag there is no complex inthe logical place, there i one the ‘hat not in that logical place. [Cf 5.41] Jn he aoa the condos of greet with te word te smuth-coaddons)he represcating. fetionscancel oac another tut 20 that i doesnot stand in ay representing relstion to fealty (cage nothing). [CF 4462 ‘isnot a autology in the same sense as p> P. Fora proposition tobe true does aot consis ints having «partialar seltion to sealey but in its realy Aevgg a pacculae elatio, Isn't ike this: che fale proposition makes sense lke the true and independently of its falihood or truth, but it has no eeference? (Ie there not here a better we of the word “reference"?) Could we say: As sooa as am given subject and predicate Tam given| 4 telation which will exit or aot exie between a subject predicate proporiton and its reference. Ax soon a8 I relly know tubject and predicate, lean also know about the relation, which ian indispensable presupposition even forthe cate of che subject predicate proposition’ boeing false. san Ia order frit to be posible for « negutve steton to xi, the picture ofthe posive situation must exist (Cf 93358) ‘The knowledge of the repesatng ration mat be founded only on the knowlege of he component parts of e saan! ‘Then woud i be possible to say: the knowledge ofthe subject predic proposiion snd of subj ad price ges us he now. [edge of an internal reson, ee? ‘Bren this is noe sly correct sce we do not aed to know any paralar subject o predateOffnbr, da wir den Elementarsats als das Bild cines Sachveshalts ‘empfinden.—Wie ght das mu? [Vg 4.2] ‘Mut aiche die Miglichkeit der darstellenden Bexichang durch dea Sut elit gegeben sein? Deer Satz ser scheidet das mit thm Kongruerende von dem icht ‘am ist also der Satz gegchea und Kongrocn, dann ist der Sut wahr, wenn dee Sachwecit me Im kongrecnt 1, oder eS Sind geben der Sats und Nice Kongracnm dan i er Sate abs, ‘vena er Sucve thm nic npr he Wie sber wird uas die Kongrocaz oder Nicht Kongricas oder eslechengegeben? ‘Wie ann mr mit werden, wi dee Sate dati? Oder kana amir das Obethaupeaiche gay werderd Und wenn dem so is, kann Ich es “sey? Wen cs mir geagt werdea sali, so mike des durch cinen Sate gescchen; dee te es sber mur agen. Was gesagt werden kan, kana mie durch caen Sats gesagt werden, also kana ics, was mum Vertindnis slr Sate nog st get werden Jee willkiliche Zuordnung von Zeichen und Bensichnetx, dic die Moglchict dee Sitze beings, und dc ich ia den quae allge trenen Siten vermilte, geet dor daceh die Algemeahet: tecichnang geraeso wie beim Elements durch Namen ean die Algeneinictsberechnung peor nike ram Bild, Dahes emp fand man auch inet, da die Allgemeine pas wie cin Argument aufee [Va 5.528] ‘Verncinen tan man nur einen fertigen Sate. (Bhaliches git von Alen sb-Fuahtionen*) (Val. 40644 42640] er Satz ist ds logsche Bid eines Sachse, Dic Verntinung beaiche sich auf den firtgn Sian des verneinten Satzes wad niche auf dessen Darstellongrwize (Vl. 4.064 4.0641) ‘Wenn cin Bild auf die vorhin erwthate Weise dase was-icht dderFallis, so geschicht dies auch mar dadurch, dad) es dayne ‘dase, dis niche der Fall i ‘Dena das Bild sage glechsame win x mis", und aut de rage “wie ist es nich?” ist chen die Antwort der postive Satz. "a-Fukton sn e Waiafnloe, 5. Agent eam) Ie is vide that we fea the elementary proposition as the picture of| ‘siuation.How is thi’ (Cf 4012] Mast not the potty ofthe representing relation be given by the proposition iff? "The proposition if sanders what is congrocat with it from what is not congruent. For example: ifthe proposition is given, and congruence, then the proposition is trueif dhe situation 1 congrucat wit t- Os the propost- fion is given and non-congruence; thea the proposition is tue the situation isnot congruent with But how is congruence or non-congrvence of the like given i? “How can Ibe fal ow the proposition represents? Or ean this aot be sito me at al? And if chat i 50 an I “how” io IF itwas supposed to be said to me, then this would have to be done by means of a proposition; but the proposition could only shew i. ‘What can be said can only be sid by means ofa proposition, and 0 nothing that ie neerary forthe understanding ofall propositions canbe sad “That atbittary conelation of sign and thing signed which is a condition of the possiblity of the propositions, and which I found lacking inthe completely general proposition, occurs theze by means of the generality notation, just atin the elementary proposition it fccars by means oF names. (For the generality notation does not belong tothe pict) Hence the constant feeling that generality makes is appearance quite lke an argument. [Cf 5.525] (Only a finished proposition can be negated. (And similarly forall sbsfuncions) (Cf. 4064 and 4.0641) “The proposition isthe logical picte of a situation. [Negation refers to the finibed sense of the negated proposition and not tos way of presenting. (Cf. 4064 and 4.0641] If spicrare presents what i-aotthe-case in the foremeationed way, ‘this only happens through its presenting sat which i aot the ese Por the picture sys, at were: “Thi is how itis mt, and tothe question “Flow bs it no” just the postive proposition isthe answer. infincioo athe thnnes. CE Appentie_(B)Man Konate sagen: Die Verninung besicht sich schon auf den logischen Ort, den dee vereine Satz bestimant. [54.0541 Nar den fsten Grand, auf dem man cima gestanden is, nicht ver- lieea! Der vemeinende Satz bestimmt einen andr logischen Ort als dee vernsints, (5.40641) Dee verninte Satz sieht nicht nar die Greaslinie mvischen dem ‘vereinten Gebit und dem dbrigea, soadera ex deutet auch schon ssf das vemeate Gebiet Der verneinende Sate bestimmt seinen logischen Ort mit, Hilfe des logischen Ores des veeneiaten Satzes. Tndem er jenen als dea szutethal diesem liegenden beschreb. [5.4.64], Der Satz ist wah, wenn es dat gibt, was er vortelt ‘Wie bestimmt der Sate den logschen Ont? ‘Wie reprsentier das Bild einen Sachverhal? Scbst ates doch nicht der Sachvesal, ja dieser braucht gat nicht der Fall usin ‘Bin Name repeisentert ein Ding, cin anders ein anderes Ding und selbst sin sie verbundeh; so stelle das Gaase—wie cin lebendes Bild — den Sachvethale vor. (Gf 40511) Dic logische Verbindang muB aatislich unter den repelsentierten Dingen iiglch sen, und dies wird immer dee Fall sein, wenn die Dinge witlich repesentier sind. Wohigemeke, ene Verbindung it ‘eine Relation, sondern nur das Bev ciner Relation. So sell dee Satz den Sachveshale gleichsam anf cigend Faust at, Weon ich aber sage: Die Verbindung der Satibetandeile mu fr di tepriseneren Dinge mogich nse ict hitn das gaze Problem! Wie kann cine Verbindung ‘wischen Gepensanden smoglch si, die niche ia? Die Verbindung mu méglich sei, hid: der Satz und die Bestand- tele des Sachverte mines in cnr besten Reaton eben 7 Ie might be sid The negtion refers to the very log place which ts eternined bythe nega proposon. (Se 4.264" aly don’t lose the solid ground on which you have just been sanding! “The negating proposition determines & dire! Logi place from tbe negated propostion. [Sw 40641) “The negated proposition not only mus the boundary betwen he ced Goa decoy po ot ee oa “The nepuing proposion ses the Topic place of the negated proposiion to determine is own lopel place. By desing the Eteas the plac that outside the former. [Se 4.06] “The proposition is trv when wha it images exists an. How does the propoition detemine the logical place? How does the picture preseat a situation? Ic is afer all self not the situation, which need not be the case seal One name is representative of one thing, another of another thing, and they themselves are connected; in this way che whole images the snaton Hike a tblon vine. (Cf. 4.0512) ‘The logis! connexion mus, of course, be one that is posible as Derween the things that the nares are representatives of, and this wll ‘be the case if the names relly ae epresetaive of the things. [NIB that connexion isnot relation but only the lig oF elation. In this way the proposition represents the station as it were off fas own bat, But when I say: che connesion of the propositional componeats| smut be possble for the represented things does this not contain the ‘whole problem? How can a nonexistent connexion between objects be possible? “The connexion must be possible” means: The proposition and the components ofthe situation mst standin a parcslar elation,Danica cia Sate ence Sacheesale dase st ur tg, dat sche Besandtele die der Sachresale reprasetiten wad da jene {i Ghar far dem mogichen Verbadung neko as Satzacihen verge die Mog der Tach, welch o darvel (aicht, aad dive Tasch sielich dor Fal in ep ash fete Stee Den, eine pte Taste da etn, eh aie apie fs Oger ~ClObs pete ee a fogichte Konstan sed Sse i Elataete ete) (ae sant Socnetcht das Bild, ‘Um mit dem Bld cine logic Ox xu bezichnen, men wit su lm cos Beackhoungovel soaen (le postve ooguie ch) “Man kane 2B. miteltfeetenden Puppen xigen, wi an wth fechen sll ren ais 611.14, Und der Fall st hier ganz der glkiche, wie bei ~da, obwok as Bild'von dem handel, was nicht geechehen sll, sate von dem, was nicht gechicht. ‘Dad man den verncinten Satz wieder verninen kann, 2g dt das, ‘was vemeint wird, schon cin Satz und nicht est die Vorbesceang 20 ‘einem Satz ie [5.40641] Konate man sages! Hier ist das Bild, aber ob es stimmt oder sick, kann man nicht sagen, ehe man weil, was damit gesage sein fall ‘Das Bild nud aun wieder sinen Schatten auf die Welt weefen, ae De tuliche und de logiche Or snmen din eri, dad bie dis Mpls cies Bxitens snd (Val 542¢] ‘Was sich in den Sitzen ober Wahrschcinlichkeit dusch das Expesi- sent besttige lib, kana whmdglich Mathematik sein (Vf 5.154] ‘Wahtachtinlichkeissitee sind Avsnige nararwstenichafiicher Ge- see, [Val 5.2561 Sie sind Venllgemeinerungen und dricken eine unvolstindige Kenntnisjner Gesetse aus [Vg 5.156] ‘Thea in order for 2 proposition to presat situation it i only ccessary for its component pars to zepesentthore of the station fad forthe former 0 rand in connexion which it posible forthe later ‘The propositional sgn guarantees the possibilty of the fact which it presents (aot, that ths fact is actualy the cae)—this holds forthe ‘general proposition to, For f the postive fice $a i given then 20 ie the pariiliy of (2) 4, ~Gls). gx, maf. ete. (All logical constants ae already con tained inthe elementary proposition) (Cf. s-47] ‘That is how the picture aise In onde to designate logical place with the picture we must attach 4 way of symboliaing oi (the positive, the negative, ee). ‘We might, eg, shew how m to fence by means of feacing puppets. Garg ‘And ics just the same with thie ate as with —a, although the picture deals with wha bald notappen instead of with what doesnot bappen. ‘The possibilty of negating the negeted proposiion in its tum shews that what is negated isalteady& proposition and not metly the pecliniaary 0 a proposition. [See 464n] Cou we say: Here is the picture, but we cannot tll whether it i sight or not until we know what itis suppored to a4. ‘The picture must now ints tur cast its shadow on the wot. gant Spatial and logical place agree in both being the possibilty of an existence. [GF 3.411) aang What can be confiemed by experiment, in propositions about probability, cannot possibly be mathematics. [Cf 5.134] Probability propositions ate abstracts of cient laws. (Cf 536] “They ae geneltions and express an incomplete knowledge of those laws. [Cf 5.156] *‘Wen ich xB. schwaros und wee Bll aus ener Une 2ihe, so lan ich nicht yor einen Zap sagen ob ich einen weibea det ‘hose Balen chen wend da ich hier de N sie fetau genughenoe, aber der wf 4 c,d, im Fale glch vel ‘Stee ul wee Bl vorunden ad i Za es Ronee or ‘Was ich nun in den Wahrechialicheisitzen keane, sind gewisse aligemeine Figenschafen der unverllgemeinerten naturwissenschafe lichen Site, wie», B. ihe S Sn gewisen Besichangen, ize ‘Asymmetric in anderen ete (20. $136] ‘Vexiethilder und dae Schen von Sachveshalten. (Vl 5.54281] Ee war das, was ich mein stakes scholastisches Gefthl nennen mite, was die Urache meiner besten Entdeekungen Wat. “Nicht p" und “p" widersprechen einander, beide Kianen nicht ‘wahr sein; abor doch kana ich eide sosprechen, Bede Bilder ie er. Sie legen aebencinander (Oder veimehe “ip” und “~p” sad wie cin Bild und die uaendiche Bene aulestal dieses Bild: (ogischer On) ‘Dea unendlichen Raum asfethal kana ich aur mit Hilfe des Bids bertllen ndemn ich hn durch dieses bepresze. ‘eit das ‘“p" hat einen Sina’? , eodab also For seinen Sinn die ean ich sage “p ist mitch” Role fact St vba er Eisen tines Sauztichers (Ep) wesentieh it (Dann wie er gunz “unwichtig) Aber wil er let vslmehe das sagen, was “PY ~ B™ sig? Entsprcht nicht mein Studiom der Zeichensprache dem Studium dct Denipoasse, welder ie Philsophen fir de Philosophie der logic numer fr so.weseatlich or verwln ih immer in unwesenlichepeychologsche Untemuchungen und eine tuloge Gefahr gibt es auch bel meiner Method. (5. 4121] neg 2 "hin Sa ee kon it Se “=klaese¥ (¢— 3)" ein Unding und cheno die sogenannte Nols (Man hatte Gbegens immer schoa das Gefthl, a8 aberall da, wo 16 es Take lack and wit balls out of nom I canoe ty before taking ne ot wheter Il get whi oa bck balsam tot well eooogh seqsind with the astral le forth, bt all (Besume I he that tee ae eualy many Sack and te balls ‘Serer the numbers of Back bls that se dawn wil apron te fume of whit ones if the deeving ootinuedTdevtaow the stu le acura ir [CP 55 se Now what I koow in probability statneats a cern genta properties of ungecralnel propositions of atl sent, sch shy ag tr symmetry incerta tape and symmetry in ers, ee. (Fi sasel Pune pictures and he ing of sinaton. (Gf 3.483] thas been what I should like to cll my strong scholastic feling ‘that hat occasioned my bes discoveries. “Not p” and “p” contradict one another, both cannot be tre; ‘but T ean suely express both, lid pice ir. ‘They ate be found side by side (Or rather “p” and “mp” ae like a picture and the infite plane ‘outside this picture. (Logical place.) ‘Tean construct the infinite space outside only by using the pierre ‘0 bound that space roars ‘When Tsay “pis posible", does that mean that ‘p' makes sense”? 1s the former proposition about language, so thatthe existence of « propositional sign (“p") is essential for its sense? (In that ce it ‘would be quite unimportant) But does it not rather ty to say what “pr ~ PP shows? Does not my study of sign language correspond to the study of the processes of thought, which plosophers Bave always taken a8 50 ‘sential for philosophy of logic?—Only they always got involved in a= ‘sential peyehologial investigations, and theses an analogous danger ‘with my method oo, [Ser 4.2830) Since “ab” is nota proposition, nor “x=” a funtion, 2 “lass S23)" is chimera, and $0 equally isthe so-called mull elas. (One‘man sich in Satzkonstruktionen mit x = x, a = a, et. half, dad es Sich in allen solchen Fallen um ein schheraueachwindeln handelte; ‘0 wean man sagte “a existent”, helt “(Es)x — 2") Dit it falc ade Definition der Kazim sel dito er wirk- eben Fanksonnserbeg? ‘Wena ich aua cine Funktion von der Nulltlasse auszusagen scheine, so sage ich, da dese Funktion von allen Funktionen waht ist, welche tll sod~—und dies kana ich auch dana sagen, wena vine Funktion alli. Ie xf ge ieatisch mit Gore"? Gewin! Deer Sate deutet auf die Mplichkt dal es sich o und so vest tent Die Verneinung ist im selbenSiane ene Becribng wie det Elemen- tarts selbst ‘Man konnte die Wahrheit eines Sazes magic, die einer Tastologie evi, und die einer Koatradiion unmbglich nennen. Hier ett Schon das Anaeichen einer Gradatoa auf, de wie ia dee Wahrschein- lichkeitrechaung brauchen. (Vg. 4464] In der Tastologie bildet der Elementarat selbstverstinlich noch immer ab, aber er ist mit der Wirkichit so lore verbunden, dal icc unbeschrinkteFrehet hat, Die Kontradition wieder sett slche ‘Schranken, dab keine Wirklicheit in inen exstiren kann. Ex ist, als projaieten dic logschen Konstaten dae Bild des ‘Hlemeatrsatzes auf die Wirklehkeit—die dann mit disee Projeltion ssimmen oder nicht-immen kana, ‘Obwohl im einfachen Satz bereits alle logschen Konstanten vor- kommen, s0 suf in ihm doch auch sein egenes Urbidd ganz und unedegt vorkommen! Tet alo etwa nicht dec cifache Sate das Bild roodern vilmehe sein Usbild, wees inun vorkommen mul? izes Ushi itt dann wisklich kei Sas, (at aber die Gestalt eines Sates) und ee kinate de Fregeichea “Anaabme” entsprechen patra did indeed always have the fling chat wherever ‘were sed in the construction of sentence, in all such cates one was only geting out ofa dificult by means of a swindle; as though ae said “a exists” means "(lex a) "This ir wrong ince the dpiion of clases itl arate the existe of te real fenton. ‘When I appear to asec «function of the aul clas, I atm saying ‘that chis function is trce of all fonctions that are nll—and I can say that even ifm function is al, Tex 4 x=, $e ideticl with (de ”? Ceraialy! ‘The proposition points to the possbity that such and such isthe “he aegtion drip te sane vee oe Senctey poops ac ‘The truth of the propoition might be called possible, chat of a tautology certain, and that of a eontadicion impossible’ Here we already get the hint of « gradation that we need inthe probabiiy cleats. (Gf 4.464) In the tutology the elementary proposition does, of course, sil porta, but it i 50 lovely connected with realty that reality has Unlimited fcedom, Contradiction in te tum imposes euch limitations ‘that no relity can exst under them, Teisat if the logical constants projected the picture ofthe elementary ‘proposition onto realsy which may then aceoed or aot accord with ‘this projection, ‘Although all logical constants must alteady occur ia the simple proposition, its own peculiar prot-picture mur surly also occur Init whole and undivided “Thea isthe picture pechaps ao thesiemple propoiton, but rather ie roto-piture which mst oecar init? ‘Thea, this protopictare is aot actually a proposition (though it has the aspect of « proposition) and it might coteespond to Frege’s “evumption”Dee Satz bestinde dann aus Ushi, die auf die Weleprojiien| wren, we, Bei dies Acbeitohat es sich mehr al bei jeder anderen, Fragen, ie ‘maa fi gloet al, immer wieder von neuen Seiten als engelt ma be- achten” Denke an de Darstellung mater Tasachen, duch Modale twa: So uad to disfen zwei Eisenbalaaoge nicht auf den Gleisen sehen. Der Satz, das Bild, das Modell sind im negaiven Sinn—wie ein fester Kerper, der die Bewegungsrehet de anderen bescheinkt im ea Sinn, wie dee von fer Substanz begeenzte Raum, worn la Koxper Plat hat. [Vl 4 455] yy, ao lel Diese Vorstellong irt br deutch und mite ur Lisung fohren. sea te Projehtion des Biles auf die Wilichkeit Wri - Model (Bild) (Maxwells Methode der mechanischen Modele) [ar sich nicht um das Limmern, was man einmal geschrieben hat! [Nar immet von fschem anfangen 2u deen, als ob noch gat nichts geschchen ‘wire ener Schatten, welchen das Bild plechsam auf die Wele wie: Wie sollich hn ext fassen? Hier ist cin defer Geheimais, Es it das Geheimais der Ne [Bs vehi sich nicht s0, und doch Kian Wie sagen, wi es sich nih vert. — Deer Satz ist eben nus die Becca eines Sachverhalts. (Aber das fst alles aoch an der Obertiche) (Va 40351] In that cate the proposition would consist of proto-piarer, which were projected on tothe word tng In this work more than any other it is warding to keep on looking 1 questions, which one considers solved, from another quarter, a if they were uncolved yang. “Think of the representation of mtv facte by means of models. Eig: two malay tune mast not stad onthe ral in such and-such a way. The proposition, the picture, the model are—in the negative sense—like a sold body retictng the freedom of movement af othees in the positive sens, like the space bounded by solid substance, in ‘shich there is room fora bod. (CF 4-465 WA Y iP “This image is very cleae and must lad tothe sluion. Projection ofthe picture on to reality. Realty Model (Pictur) (Maxwell's method of mechanical models) Don’t woery about what you have already written. Just keep on beginning to think afresh as if nothing tall had happened yt. "That shadow which the pcrare ast were caste upon the wold: How am Ito getan exact grup of 2 Hire is deep mystery. It isthe mystery of negation: “This is aot how things arc, and yet we can say bow things ate mot For the proportion is only the drip of sation. (But thie i all sit only on the surface) (Gf 4055.1Bie Binsicht am Uniprang ist mehe weet als aoch so viele irgendwo in der Mite 6th infuhrung des Zeicheas “o wm die Devimalaoaion méplich su machen: Bic logsche Bedeutung dieses Vorgehens rae Angeaommen “fa” ist wah Was heidt cs zu sagen ~fa ist age“ (Gis selbergleichbedeutend mit ~(~fs).) og Fs handet sich da immer nur um die Existens des logichen Or Wasaum Teall aber dieser “logische Ont"? ry. 14 Det Satz und die logischen Koordinaten: das ist der logiche Ort Walser) 20.11. Dic Realist, die dem Sinne des Sates entsprcht, kann doch nichts ‘Andere sein, sls seine Bestandtele, da wir doch aller Andere nicht ‘Wenn die Reaiie in noch erwas Anderem bestcht, so kann dis "weder bezcchnet noch ausgedrickt werden, dena im ersten Fall ware es noch ein Besandte em aweiten wise der Avsdruck cin Sats fur den wieder datelbe Problem bestinde, wie fr den weeping: lichen, ‘Was weil ich eigentlich, wenn ich den Sinn von “a” verstehe, aber nicht wei, ob ex waht ode fulich i? Daan wei ich doch nicht mee als ga ¥ ga und das eid, ih wef chs [Da die Reaititen, die dem Sinn des Sates ensprechen, nr seine ‘Koordiaten Bestandele sad, s0 Koanen sich auch die logischen ‘nur auf jene beriehen. ‘An diese Stelle versoche ich wieder erwas avsmadricken, sieht asedricken Lge 3.184 CObveo der Sate nur auf einen Ore des Ramer desten sant, 9 mud doch doch ibn toe der pase lopeche Ram gegen nani A single insight atthe saris worth more than eve so may some- ‘where in the middle 6.21.4 ‘The introduction of the sign “2” in order to. make the decimal notation possible: the logical sigalicance ofthis procedure. rye Suppose "faite: what docs it mean to say ~a is posit (Gen full equivalent in teasing wth (42) Mane Tes al simply a mater of the exitence ofthe logical place But was the dv this “ogi place" rong ‘The proposition andthe logical co-ordinates: chat i the lagi place. [G54] soase “The seat that coespods tothe sense ofthe proposton can sey te othing but is component par snce we are suey gered of oworting te. Tr the relity const in anything clic as well this cant any rate aciter be denote! nor exprese for in the fie cae fe would be a farther component, inthe second the expression would bea propos thn for wich the ae problem woud cst in turn for he opal [What do 1 seally Laow when T understand the sense of “fa” but do not know whether i is true or false? Ia that ce I surly know ‘no more dhan da va; and that means I Aw athing. As the realities coresponding to the sense of a proposition ae only ts component parts, the logical co-ordinates too can only seer t0 these saan, {Av this point Tam aguia tying to expres something that cannot be expested, ante, Although the propoiton mast only poin toa region of logical space, sill the whole of logical space mus lady be given by means of t—sein.—Sonst widen duich Verneinung, Dijuakiton etc. immer nie Elenente—und war in Koordinaios—ciagefih, was tatrlich riche geschchen dae. [Vl 3-421] ayn Satz und Sachverhalt vethalen sich zoeinander, wie der Meterta su der au mesenden Linge Daf man aus dem Sat "(e) 4 af den Sat fa” acheten haa, daa wipe oe hlgelah ach in Zit 9G)” votes ‘Ud das Gleiche git nausich fie die Allgemeinitsbeasichnang, serhaupt. [Im Sate legen wie cia Ushild an die Wisklickeit an (Grace wieder ict es cioem bei der Untersuchung der negativen| ‘Tatsachen, ale ob sie die Existens des Satzcichens vorausetten,) ‘Mag das Zechen des negativenSatves mit dem Zeichen ds positiven echt werden? (ch lane, st) ‘Warum solle man den nepatven Satz nicht durch eine ne ‘Tatsache ausdricken Kinaenst Bs it wie wenn san stat des Meter tubes den Raum avethal des Meterstabes als Vergleichsobjekt rahe. [Ve 5.5850] ‘Wie wideespricht eigentic iternen Relatonen der ch dee Sate “wp” dem Sutee “pi? Die eichen sine Widersprashbedeuten. Frelch m0 aach jodem acgativen Satz gefrage werden binnen: Wir ves cs sich nd aber ie Antwort birt tj nu wieder en Sat (Dies Bemering savoliiadig) ssn Jener negative Tathestand, decals Zeiche dient, kann sock wohl betcea he inn Sas det hn wiedram ausdreck Immer wieder ist es bei der Untersuchung diser Probleme, als weiter sie thom got, ud disse Taorhung komme date, dad die robe oft gut unser Bicken enichinden Dad ~a der Fall ist, kaon ich dutch de Beobacheang von 4 wads dit eechen. Die Frage ist hier: Ist die postive Tatsache primis, de negative sckandis eet snd se glescberectgt? Und wenn #0, wie it © dina mit dea Tatachen Pv gy PD q et sind diese nicht mit ~P wanes Otherwise aw clements—and in co-ordination—would keep on being introdoced by means of aegtion, disjunction, et: which, of course, sort aot happen. (Cj. 342] sant, Proposition and situation ate related to one another lke the pard- ‘Hick andthe length to be measured. ‘That the proposition "a" can be inferred feom the propuion “(ede shews how generality is preseat even in the sgn “(s).40”. “And the sane thing, of courte, holds for any generality notation. Jin the proposition we old «proto-picrae up agains realy (When investigating negative facts one Keeps oa feling as if they presupposed the exinence of the proposition! sign) _Mac the sgn ofthe negative proposition be coastructed by means of the sign of the postive one? (I belive s.) ‘Why shoulda’t one be able to express the negutive proposition bby means ofa negative fice It's if one were to take the space out side the yardstick a the object of comparison instead ofthe yardstick [Ge ssi] How does the proprton “~p relly contradict the prpuriti ‘ip’? ‘The internal tations of the wo sigas must mean conteadic: sion. (Of couse it must he posible to ask whenever we have a negative proposition: Wh is it tat isnt the case? But the answer to thi is ff course, ints tum only a proposition (This remark incomplete) syn ‘That negative state of afrs that serves as a sign can, of course, perfectly wel exist without a proposition to expres i in turn In investigating these problems i's constantly a if they were already selved, an illusion which arses from the fact thatthe problems often {quite disappear from our view. Tea see that ~ is the cas ust by observing 4 anda, "The question here i: Is the positive fact primary, the negative secondary, or ae they on the sae level’ And if 0, how ist withthe facts peg, pq, ete? Aren't these on the same level as ~ p? But theaieichberechtig’? Aber mito dena nicht ale Terake gleichberech- {igt sca’ Die Frage ist eigentlich des Gib ex Tateachen auler den positven? (Ee it ntmlich schwer, das was sich der Fal ist, nicht En verwechecln mit dem was sttedesren det Fall) is iat ja Wa, dal ale die ab-Funksonea aus so viele verschiedene ‘Medinethoden der Wisiichter sind.—Und gewi0 haben die Me- rethoden durch p und ~p etwas Beronderes allen anderen voras.—— Er ist der Duis, postive und aepative Tatsachen, der mich sicht sir Rue kommen ast. So einen Dvalims kann ‘es ja nicht geben. Aber wie ihm entgehen? Alles das wrde sich von selbst lisea durch cin Verstindni des ‘Wesens des Satzs! 26.18 ‘Wenn von cinem Dinge alle postven Aussagen gemacht sad, sad doch nih schon le Negatives auch gemacht Und dasa kommt Sls an Dex gefarchete Dualsms von postv und negativ beste niche dean (Sige ete ete ind wederposiiy noch negativ eon schon der postive Sat nicht im negativen vorkommen sear icin ede Fal das Url des postven Sats im eg ‘Brea vorkomment Tadem wir—nd swat in jeder miglchen Notaton-—wiachen [oR ERs Sern sen i Cine olin ne inane Zaordaung von Agputnet und Arguments im a tren Satz worn ce ju dar Uc des veracinen positive Sates somachn lit alo sich jene Zuordnung der Besundtsile des Sates, mit ‘welche noch mcs gags, das eigentlich ld im Sate? (Ob nicht meine Unklaht af dem Unvertindnis des Wesens det Relsionea bern? Kann man denn cin Bid verncinen? Nein, Und dasin lige dee Unterichied svschen Bild und Sate Das Bild ana als Sa ‘Dann tit aber etwas zu thm higz, was macht, da es nun etwas se. ‘Kar Ieh ana nar verneinen, da as Bild stint, aber das Bid kaa, ‘eh nice vercinen. Dadutch dat ich den Bestandelen des Bildes Gegenstinde uordae,

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