Plate Girders: Its a beam built up from plate elements to achieve more efficient arrangement of material than rolled

beam. Plate girders are economical for long span (more than 15-20), plate girders may be riveted, bolted, or welded Tension Field Action: When a girder is loaded until initial buckling occurs, it will not then collapse, because of a phenomenon called tension filed action. ((Post Buckling)) The panels of a built up I shaped Girder located between suitably designed vertical stiffeners will resist much larger shear forces than the theoretical buckling strength of the girders web. If transverse stiffeners have been properly designed , membrane forces or diagonal tension filed will develop in the web between the stiffeners , as illustrated in the fig. below

Used for heavy loads and long spans

Bearing stiffeners: are used under the point loads and over the reactions to distribute the concentrated force into the web. Intermediate stiffeners are used to improve the web effectiveness in resisting shear, moment or combined stress . Intermediate stiffeners are required when:

So

and 3.0 (F 5.1) , other than end panel

Fv may be increased if Cv

Proportion of Plate Girders: 1- Selection of girder web plate: Depend on span d=l/6 to l/15 depending on the condition of the job Depend on web slenderness ratio
a-

For no transverse stiffeners or if a > 1

So,

b-

If transverse stiffeners are provided when a

So, Note: tw min= 3/8 for bridge girders tw min= or 5/16 for other building girders.

2. Selection of girder flange Itotal=Ix web + Ix flange So, I=th3/12 + 2Af(h/2)2 S=I/c=I/(h/2) , f= m/s Sx req=m/(fb) So Sx require= m/fb = twh2 /6 +Afh Af=m/Fbh tw*h/6 or Af Determination of allowable bearing stress when d/tw > 160/ Fb fb Fb Fb= reduced allowable bending stress in comp. flange. Fb=0.6Fy applicable bending stress as in rolled section beams. = plate girder reduction factor

Re= hybrid reduction factor ((non hybrid girder Re=1) = 1-0.0005

Re=

Stiffeners:

Intermediate

stiffeners used when h/tw > 260

If fv>Fv= Design of intermediate stiffeners: Ist

Ast= Ist= m.I of stiffeners Ast= Total cross section area of stiffeners Y=Fy of web/Fy of stiff. D= 1 for pair of stiffeners D=1.8 for single angle stiffener D=2.4 for single plate stiffeners

Bearing stiffeners: 5-81 Local web yielding Due to web yielding, they are required when the stress exceeds the followings (resulted from concentrated loading ) a-) when R is applied at distance > d from member end b) when R is applied near end of member

N= length of B.pt (not less than k for end raction)

Web crippling: Bearing stiffeners shall be provided uner concentrated loads when comp. force > the following
a)

If R applied at a distance ]*

R=67.5 tw2 [1 + b) R is applied at < d/2 R=34tw2 [1+

K 1-5

fyw= yield stress of beam web kis d= overall depth of member in tf= flange thick (in)