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Q. 1. Point out the significance of word Free in impact of free jets. Ans.

Free in impact of free jets means constant pressure throughout when the jet impinge upon stationary or moving objects such as flat plates and vanes of different shapes and orientations in the study of impact of jets. Q. 2. Define the term impact of jet. Ans. A fluid jet is a stream of fluid obtained from nozzle. When this jet strikes on flat or curved plate the momentum is changed and a hydrodynamic force is exerted. So Impact of Jet term refers to the study of the effect when a jet strikes on the plate or vane under the various conditions. Q. 3. Explain impulse-momentum equation. Ans. When a force (Push or pull) is applied on the bodies it tries to change the state of rest or state of motion of those bodies. The amount of force applied is equal to the rate of change of momentum. Where momentum is the product of mass and velocity.

So Where product Ft is the impulse and it is equal to the change momentum. Q.4. Determine the force exerted by a jet on a stationary flat plate held normal to the jet. Ans.

Q. 5. Find out the expression for force exerted by a jet on stationary inclined flat plate. Ans.

F = Mass (Initial velocity Final velocity)

(Values of velocities are taken in the direction of the Jets). Q. 6. What db you mean by jet propulsion? Ans. Jet propulsion is a simple application of the impulse-momentum equation wherein the reaction of high velocity jet issuing from a nozzle provides the necessary thrust. The principle is used in propelling ships, air-crafts, and missiles. Q. 7. Show that the efficiency of a force Jet striking normally on a series of flat plates mounted on the periphery of a wheel can never exceed 50%. Ans.

v = Velocity of Jet d = Diameter of Jet

a = Cross-section area of Jet = u = Velocity of vane. Mass of water per second striking the series of vanes = pav.

Also the jet strikes the plates with velocity = v u. After striking the Jet moves tangential to the plate and hence the velocity component in the direction of motion of plate is equal to zero. The force exerted by the Jet in the direction of motion of plate. Fx= Mass per second (Initial velocity - Final velocity) =Pav ((v - u) -0) =pav (v - u) Work done by the Jet= Force x distance per second = Fx u = pay (v - u) x u Kinetic energy of the Jet per second

Efficiency, Condition for maximum efficiency

Or

=0

Or

=0 =0

Or

2v - 4u = 0 =2u or

Or v= Maximum Efficiency: Substituting,

Q. 8. Determine force exerted by a jet on a hinged plate. Ans.

Force on a hinged plate

The plate can swing freely about point A. In the diagram we have, AC = AG = l Force due to Jet,

Under equilibrium, taking moments about hinge A

Q. 9. Determine the force exerted by liquid jet on a moving plate which is vertical and moving along a jet. Ans. Let the velocity of jet is v and velocity of plate is u

Fig. Fluid jet striking a moving fluid plate Relative velocity= v u Mass of water striking the plate (Relative velocity of jet)

Force of striking the jet = Mass of water x Relative velocity

Q. 10. What are the basic components of a turbo machine? How it is classified?

Ans. Turbo Machines: These are the devices in which energy is transferred by the dynamic action of moving blades either to or from a continuously flowing fluid. Turbo means which spins or whirls. These are classified as: (a) Open and enclosed machines (i) Open turbo machines are those which deals with indefinite quantity of fluid e.g. wind mills, propellers etc. These machines come under the category of aerodynamics. (ii) Enclosed turbo machines are those which deal with finite quantity of fluid passes through a casing in unit time. (b) Based on Absorption and production of power: (i) Those which absorb power to increase the fluid pressure or head e.g. pump ducted fans and compressors. (ii) Those which produce power by expanding fluid to a lower pressure or head. E.g. All the turbines. (c) Based on Type of fluid handled: (i) Which handle water e.g. pumps and hydraulic turbines. (ii) Which handle steam e.g. steam boilers. (iii) Which handle air or gas e.g. Fans, Compressors and gas turbines. So there are various types of turbo machines available. e.g. (i) Parts of Pelton turbine, are: 1. Casing 2. Nozzle 3. Spear 4. Breaking Jet 5. Runner 6. Bucket 7. Deftor (ii) Parts of Centrifugal pump 1. Suction pipe 2. Strainer 3. Casing 4. Impeller 5. Shaft 6. Delivery Pipe 7. Delivery Tank. Q. 11. Determine the work done and efficiency when a Jet strikes at the centre of vane for (i) Fixed vane (ii) Moving vane (iii) Series of vanes. Ans. (i) when the vane is fixed

When a fluid jet strikes at centre of a symmetrical fixed vane, it gets split up. The jet leaves at outer tips. If we neglect friction the outgoing velocity should be equal to the incoming velocity. The force exerted by jet in normal to vane, is given by

The outgoing velocity may decrease due to impact and friction. If k is the friction coefficient, whose value is less than unity then, F= (1 + K cos ) (i) If a = 90, the vane becomes a flat plate. F= (1 + cos 90 ) = (ii) If a = 0, the vane becomes semi-circular (ii) When the vane is moving

If the vane is moving with velocity u in the direction of jet. The effected velocity will becomes (V u). For exerted on the vane is given by = F p A (V-u) [(V-u)-(-(V-u)cos a)] =pA =pA Kinetic energy of the jet = (1 + cos a) 1+cos a) x u

So, Efficiency,

For maximum efficiency,

=0 =0

=0 =0

We know, So

- 4Vu = 0 (V u) (V 3u) = 0 U= V, U =

If we put u = V. the whole equal will become zero, so we put u =

(iii) Jet striking on series of vanes Initial velocity of jet = V

Efficiency,

For maximum efficiency,

V-2u=0

So, maximum efficiency now depends on the angle . If a = 90, we will have maximum efficiency. This means a 90 (for semi-vane circular yes maximum efficiency Q.12 Explain the term dynamic machines. Ans. Dynamic machines: The term dynamic means power. Dynamic machines meaning power machine, which receives the energy from the flowing fluid in the form of momentum and coverts the change in momentum into useful work. Q. 13. What is an impulse turbine? Ans. In impulse turbine a high velocity jet issued. from nozzle strikes a series of suitably shaped buckets fixed on the periphery of a wheel. The wheel get resulting

momentum and it gets rotated and thus we get the mechanical energy from the turbine. Stationary Flat Plate (1) Flat plate normal to jet, F = (2) Flat plate inclinded at angle to Moving Flat plate jet, F = sin

(3) Flat plate normal to jet, (4) Flat plate inclinded at angle to jet, Stationary Curved vane (Plate) (5) Jet striking symmetrical curved vane at the centre, F = (6) Jet striking an unsymmetrical vane tangentially at one of the tips

Efficiency, (7) Wheel, with radial curved vanes Torque =

Efficiency, Problem 1. A jet of water having a velocity or strikes a curved vane, which is moving with a velocity of 10 . The jet makes on angle of with the direction a motion of vane at inlet and leaves an angle of 130 to the direction of motion of van at outlet, Calculate (1) vane angles, so that the water enters and leaves the vane without shock. (ii) Work done per second per unit weight of water striking (or work done per unit weight of water striking) the vane per second. Solution. Given velocity of jet (1) angle made by jet at inlet, with direction of motion of vane, = 20 (2) angle made by the leaving Jet, with direction of motion = 130 =180 130 = 50

Vane angles means angle made by the relative velocities at inlet and outlet i.e. and From the figure, We have Where

=0.778

From

ABC,

sin =11.14

From

applying sine rule, we have

Or

Velocity triangles (2) Work done per second per unit weight of the water striking the vane per second is given by equation:

(+ Ve sign is taken as Where

is an acute angle)

= 18.794 m/s. = GH-GF= -u2 = 11.14 x cos 6.56 10 = 1.067 m/s

Work done per unit weight of water [18.794 + 1.067] x 10 Nm/N = 20.24 Nm/N. Problem 2. A jet of water moving at 12 M/S impinges on a concave shaped vane to deflect the jet through 1200 when stationary. If the vane is moving at 5 n1s, find the angle of jet so that there is no shock at inlet. Also compute the absolute velocity of the jet at exit both in magnitude and direction, and the work done per second per kg of water. Assume that the vane is smooth. Ans. From inlet and outlet vector diagrams for the vane We have, Assume blades are symmetrical, So

Analysis at Inlet: Applying Sine rule to

Or = 0.2083 30 So, Angle of Jet at Inlet, =12 = (30 12) = 18

7.42 m/s Analysis at outlet: For smooth vane, there is no friction and relative velocity remains constant =7.42 m/s

Angle of jet at outlet, Hence, angle made by Absolute Velocity at exist

(2.613) = 69.06 at outlet with the direction of mo = 180 - 69.06 = 110.94

(3) Since the direction of is opposite to that of motion of vane, the work done per second per kg of water striking is

= 11.41 x 5 + 1.42 x 5 = 64.16 Nmn Problem 3. A jet of water 25 mm in diameter and moving with a velocity of 10 m/s strikes horizontally at the centre of square plate of edge 250 mm. The

plate is of uniform thickness and has a mass of 7 kg. It is suspended vertically by a hinge on its top horizontal edge. Find (a) The force to be applied at the lower edge to keep the plate vertical. (b) The angle of inclination, of the plate if it is allowed to swing freely. Solution.

Force exerted by jet on the plate,

(a) Let P be the force applied the lower edge to keep the plate vertical. Then taking the moments about the hinge Point A

p x 0.25 = 49.08 x (b) Let be the inclination when the plate swings freely and a be the angle between the jet and plate. Normal force on the plate, Taking moments about that high point A W x BG = W x AG AD

(7 x 9.81) x 0.125 sin

= 49.08 sin (90 )

(7 x 9.81) x 0.125 sin = 49.08 cos (68.67) x 0.125 sin = 6.135 = 0.714 = 45.62.

Problem 4. A Jet of water of 5 cm diameter impinges on a curved vane and is deflected through on angle of 175. The vane moves in the same direction as that of the jet with a velocity of 35 m/s. If the rate of flow is 170 litres/second, determine the component of force- on the vane in the direction of motion. How much would be the power developed by the vane and what would be the vane efficiency P neglect friction? How these parameters would change if instead of one vane there is a series of vanes fixed to a wheel and wheel in the direction of jet with velocity 35 m/s? Solution: Since the jet of water moves in the same direction so velocity triangle will be a straight line = 0. So inlet

86.8 m/s

=86.8 35 = 51.8 m/s and =86.8m/s

Corresponding to outlet velocity triangle, Further the vane is smooth (no friction), therefore

(a)Force exerted by jet on the vane in the direction of motion is

= 10546 N Work done = Force exerted x vane velocity =10546x35=369110Nm/s Power developed by vane = 369110 W 369 kW

Kinetic energy supplied by jet = =640407 Nm/s. Efficiency of the vane= 56.7% (b) When a series of vanes are fixed to the wheel, then the entire fluid mass pav issuing from the Jet is utilized in striking the vanes. =1000 xO.17 (86.8+16.6) =17578N Work done = F x u = 17578 x 35 = 615230 Nm/s = 615.23kW Water efficiency = =96% Problem5. A metal plate of 10mm thickness and 200mm square is hung so that it can swing freely about the upper horizontal edge. A horizontal jet of water of 20 mm diameter impinges with its axis perpendicular and 50 mm below the edge of the hinge, and keeps it steadily inclined at 30 to the vertical. Find the velocity of the jet if the specific weight of the metal is 75.54 Solution. Weight of the plate = = 30.22 N Area of the jet, a = = 0.000314

Let the velocity of the jet be V m/s, then from equation 20.2 the force exerted by the jet the direction normal to the plate is given as

As shown in the above figure

= 60, by substitution, we get

= 0.272 Taking moments of all the forces about their hinge 0, we have

Velocity of jet V = 9.81m/s Problem 6. A jet of water having a velocity of 45 m/s impinges without shock a series of vanes moving at 15 m/s, the direction of motion of the vanes being inclined at 200 to that of the jet The relative velocity at outlet is 0.9 of that at inlet, and the absolute velocity-of the water at exit is to be normal to motion of the vanes. Find (a) vane angles at entrance and exit; (b) work done on vanes per unit weight of water supplied by the jet; and (c) the hydraulic efficiency. Solution.

Applying the cosine rule at the inlet velocity triangle, we have

= 31.33 m/s Thus From inlet velocity triangle = (0.9 x 31.33) = 28.2 m/s

= 0.5641 From outlet velocity triangle since = 90

i.e., the vane angles at entrance and exit are 2926 and 5752 respectively. Work done on the vane per unit weight of water.

(45cos20)15 = 64.66 N.m/N Hydraulic efficiency

K.E. of jet per unit weight of water per second =103.21 N.m/N l00 = 62.65% Problem 7. A jet of water 15 mm in diameter impinges on a fixed cup which deflects the jet by 165 as shown in the accompanying figure. If the reaction of the cup was found to be 26.5 N, when the discharge from the jet was 980 N per minute, calculate ratio of (a) actual to theoretical force of the jet, (b) velocity at outlet to velocity at inlet.

Solution: Discharge from jet = Velocity of jet For theoretical force it is assumed that the velocity is not reduced as the water passes] round each cup. Change of velocity in direction of jet = 9.39 (1 - cos 165) = 18.46 m/s Hence theoretical force = (mass flowing/second) x (change of Velocity) x 18.46 = 30.74 N

= 0.862

If

is the actual velocity at the outlet, then Actual force = (Mass flowing/second) x (change of velocity)

Or Solving for , we get = 6.76 m/s =0.72 Problem 8. Establish the ratio of forces exerted by a water jet when it is made to strike: (i) A stationary flat plate held normal to it, (ii) a flat plate moving in the direction of jet at one third the velocity of jet, (iii) a series of flat mounted on a wheel and moving at one third the velocity of jet. Solution. From impulse-momentum equation = (mass of water striking the plate) x (change of velocity normal to plate) Where and are the inlet and outlet velocities in a direction normal to the plate. 1. In case of stationary flat plate, =pAV(V-0) (i) In case of flat plate moving at one third the jet velocity,

1.

(V - u) = pA (V - u) (V - u) ...(ii) 1. In case of series of flat plates,

...(iii) Comparing (i), (ii) (iii), the forces exerted are in the ratio

Problem 9. Find the force exerted by a jet of water of diameter 100 mm on a stationary flat plate, when the jet strikes the plate normally with a velocity of 30 m/s. Solution. Given: Diameter of Jet 100 mm = 100 x Area of jet Force exerted by jet striking normally on a fixed plate, =100 x 0.00786 x = 707.4 N Ans. m = 0.1 m

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