Appendix

1. Sample drag coefficient, lift cofficient Calculation: Clark Y 6 angle of attack case is calculated. The characterisitic area of airfoil can be expressed as planform area(frontal area for spheres): = = 10 3.5 = 35 2 , 2 144

where in general, W=wingspan [in], L=chord length [in]. The velocity can be calculated through dynamic pressure: = 2 = 2 0.097 2 2 = 110 , 0.00233 3

where P=dynamic pressure [psig], =density [slug/ft^3]. The Reynolds number can thus be calculated by:

where, =dynamic viscosity [ft^2/s]. Experimentally, the axial force FA and normal force FN on the sting balance are directly measured, thus the drag force FD and lift force FL can be correlated using the following formla: = cos( ) sin( ). = sin() + cos (). where =angle of attack. For the specified case, we have: = 0.02lbf. = 0.07lbf. = 6 .

0.00233

110 0.292 3 3.8107 2

= 1.96 105 ,

The corresponding forces are:

The corresponding lift and drag coefficients are: = = 2 = 2

= sin() + cos() = 0.03lbf sin6 + 0.09lbf cos6 = 0.09lbf 2 0.03 = 0.008 0.00233 3 (110 )2 0.24 2

= cos( ) sin( ) = 0.03lbf cos6 + 0.09lbf sin6 = 0.02lbf.

2 = 2

2 0.07 = 0.020 0.00233 3 (110 )2 0.24 2

2. Sample Calculation: Uncertainty of a Drag Coefficient

In order to illustrate how this calculation was performed, as each equation is presented, a numerical calculation will be presented as well. The sample calculation is performed for a 4 inch sphere at a velocity of 75.4 ft/s. The equation for a drag coefficient is as follows: CD = 2FD = V 2 A slug ft 2 0.00233 3 75.4 s (0.091 ft 2 ) ft 2(0.31lbf ) = 0.516

The uncertainty of a drag coefficient is: UCD =

The derivatives are as follows:

CD FD V CD CD A

2 2 2 CD CD CD UFD + UV + UA FD V A 2 2

= = =

V2 A 4FD V3 A 2FD

= =

slug ft 2 0.00233 3 75.4 s (0.091 ft2 ) ft

4(0.31lbf ) slug ft 3 0.00233 3 75.4 s (0.091 ft2 ) ft

= 1.659 = 0.0136 = 5.652

2

V2 A2

The uncertainties within are defined as follows: UFD = o o o

FD

2(0.31lbf ) slug ft 2 0.00233 3 75.4 s (0.091 ft2 )2 ft

The derivatives are as follows:

FN FD FD FA FD

FN

UFN +

FD FA

UFA +

FD

= cos() = cos(0) = 1

= sin() = sin(0) = 0

The uncertainties are all from the instrumentation in the experiment.

= FN cos() FA sin() = 0.03 lbf cos(0) 0.31 lbf sin(0) = 0.03 lbf

This means the uncertainty is: o = () + (. ) + (. (. )) = .

V P

The derivatives are as follows: o

V P

UV =

UP

The uncertainty from the pressure is from the instrumentation in the experiment. Thus, = (. )(. ) = . UA = o
D A

= = 2 P 2

(0.046 psi)0.00233

slugs ft3

=68.301

The derivatives are as follows:

D A

UD

The uncertainty in the diameter is from the micrometer. Thus, = (. )(. ) = .

D 2

(0.340 ft) 2

= 0.534 ft

Finally,

= (. (. )) + (. (. )) + (. (. )) = .

All of the drag coefficients and their uncertainties for a smooth four inch sphere are recorded in Table 1. Table 1. This table shows the Reynolds numbers and drag coefficients with calculated uncertainties for different velocities on a smooth sphere. Velocity (ft/s) 75.40 90.32 104.29 117.66 132.02 141.94 Reynolds Number 1.57 x 105 1.88 x 105 2.17 x 105 2.45 x 105 2.75 x 105 2.96 x 105 Drag Coefficient 0.516 0.0167 0.499 0.0117 0.496 0.0867 0.486 0.0070 0.473 0.0056 0.470 0.0095