EVALUATION OF FILTER DESIGN AND HARMONIC ANALYSIS USING PSCAD/ EMTDC

AIMI SHAKIRA BINTI YUSEH

This thesis is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Power Systems)

Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang

NOVEMBER 2010

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All the trademark and copyrights use herein are property of their respective owner. References of information from the sources are quoted accordingly otherwise the information presented in this report is solely work of the author.

Signature Name Date

: __________________________ : AIMI SHAKIRA BINTI YUSEH : 30 NOVEMBER 2010

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ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

Alhamdulillah, His Willingness made it possible for me to complete this final year project. I would like to express my appreciation to my supervisor, Mr. Mohd Redzuan bin Ahmad for his guidance, advices and motivation to accomplish this project. Without his continued support and interest, this thesis cannot be achieved as presented here. I also appreciated to all my colleagues and others who have provided assistance at various occasions. Their views and help are very useful. I also would like to thank to all UMP lecturers whom had helped directly or indirectly in whatever manner to make this project become a reality. My special thanks to my mother, Mrs. Saiah binti Ahmad and my siblings who are always support and prey on me throughout this project. Their blessing gave me the high-spirit and strength to face any problem occurred and to overcome the rightly. Their great cooperation, kindheartedness and readiness to share worth experiences will be always appreciated and treasured by me. Thank you.

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, electricity becomes one of the most important necessities to the world. Designing of filter is one of the methods to improve power quality in delivering electrical power to the customer. This project presents the evaluation of filter design and harmonic analysis to the system network. Here, it helps the utility system by increase the capability to power supply with fewer losses. The IEEE test system are used in this project as a base line diagram before any analysis which is load flow analysis, transient stability analysis, harmonics analysis according to active filter that approach to the system. The 4-bus test system and 9-bus test system analyzed by using MATLAB and PSCAD. Generally, power transmission and distribution are design for operation with sinusoidal voltage and current waveform at a constant frequency. However, when nonlinear load such as thyristor drives, converters and arc furnace are connected to the system, excessive harmonic currents are generated and this causes both current and voltage distortion. The active filter concept uses power electronics to produce harmonic components which cancel the harmonic components from the nonlinear loads. Evaluation of harmonics filter is crucial to make sure the filter is in optimum design, not under or over design. The result shows the effectiveness of active filter design modeling by PSCAD software and analysis the harmonic in simulation part. As a conclusion, the active filter that design improved the quality of the power system network in distributed electricity to the customer.

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ABSTRAK

Pada masa kini, bekalan elektrik merupakan salah satu keperluan yang amat penting kepada dunia. Penggunaan penapis merupakan salah satu idea untuk membaik pulih kualiti dalam proses menghantar bekalan kuasa kepada pengguna. Projek ini membentangkan tentang penilaian penapis aktif dan analisis selaras kepada sistem. Ini dapat membantu sistem untuk membekalkan kuasa tanpa kerugian dalam usaha untuk meningkatkan keupayaan. Sistem ujian IEEE digunakan dalam projek ini sebagai litar asas untuk analisis berkaitan arus beban, suntikan selaras kepada penapis aktif sebelum dimasukkan ke dalam sistem. Sistem ujian 4-bas dan 9-bas digunakan untuk menganalisis keupayaan dengan menggunakan perisian MATLAB dan PSCAD. Secara umumnya, sistem kuasa direka untuk operasi voltan dan arus gelombang pada frekuensi yang tetap. Apabila beban bukan linear seperti thyristor, pengubah dan pemancar pembakar berhubung dengan sistem, lebihan arus selaras terhasil dan menyebabkan kesemua arus dan voltan berubah. Penapis aktif menghasilkan komponen selaras dengan membatalkannya daripada beban bukan linear. Keberkesanan rekabentuk penapis menggunakan perisian PSCAD dan menganalisis keselarasan terhasil. Kesimpulannya, penapis aktif direka bagi memperbaiki kualiti sesuatu sistem kuasa sebelum di bahagikan kepada pengguna.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

TITLE

PAGE

DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABREVIATION LIST OF APPENDICES

ii iii iv v vi vii x xi xii xiii xiv

INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Project background Problem statement Objectives Scope of project Literature review Thesis outline 1 2 2 3 4 5

viii 2 HARMONIC AND FILTER DESIGN 2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction IEEE standard test system Overview on harmonics 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.4 Definition of harmonics Linear and non-linear load Harmonic current flow 9 9 12 6 7

Harmonic Filter 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 Introduction of filters Passive filter Active filter 14 15 16 17

2.5

Summary

MODELLING OF ACTIVE FILTER USING PSCAD/ EMTDC 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 Introduction Flow chart of project Tools of software MATPOWER PSCAD/ EMTDC Active filter configuration Model active filter Summary 22 23 24 25 27 18
18

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 4.3.1 Introduction IEEE 4-bus test system Load flow analysis Harmonic analysis Transient stability analysis IEEE 9-bus test system Load flow analysis 48 33 38 41 28

ix 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.4 Harmonics analysis Transient stability analysis Summary 54 58 59

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATION 5.1 5.2 Conclusion Recommendation 60 61

REFERENCES APPENDICES

63 66

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO.

TITLE

PAGE

4.1 4.2 4.3(a) 4.3(b) 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7(a) 4.7(b) 4.8

Line data of 4-bus test system Voltage magnitude and voltage angle from MATLAB The load flow in MATLAB The load flow in PSCAD Power losses in MATLAB & PSCAD Line data of 9-bus test system Voltage magnitude and voltage angle from MATLAB The load flow in MATLAB The load flow in PSCAD Power losses in MATLAB & PSCAD

33 35 35 36 38 48 50 50 51 54

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO.

TITLE

PAGE

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

IEEE 4-bus test system IEEE 9-bus test system Voltage and current waveform for linear Voltage and current waveform for non-linear Waveform with symmetrical harmonic component Distorted current included voltage distortion Second order passive low pass filter and Second order active low pass filter

7 8 9 10 11 12 14

3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2(a)

Flow chart of project On-line frequency scanner (FFT) Single line diagram of 4-bus test system Comparison graph of real power from bus injection between MATLAB & PSCAD 4-bus test system

21 27 34 36

4.2(b)

Comparison graph of reactive power from bus injection between MATLAB & PSCAD 4-bus test system

37

4.3(a)

Comparison graph of real power to bus injection between MATLAB & PSCAD 4-bus test system

37

4.3(b)

Comparison graph of reactive power to bus injection between MATLAB & PSCAD 4-bus test system

38

4.4

IEEE 4-bus test system with nonlinear load

39

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4.5

Injection of harmonic current and active filter on 4-bus test system

40

4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9(a)

Control circuit for test system Analysis of 4-bus test system Single line diagram of 9-bus test system Comparison graph of real power from bus injection between MATLAB & PSCAD 9-bus test system

41 42 49 52

4.9(b)

Comparison graph of reactive power from bus injection between MATLAB & PSCAD 9-bus test system

52

4.10(a)

Comparison graph of real power to bus injection between MATLAB & PSCAD 9-bus test system

53

4.10(b)

Comparison graph of reactive power to bus injection between MATLAB & PSCAD 9-bus test system

53

4.11 4.12

IEEE 9-bus test system with nonlinear load Injection of harmonic current and active filter on 9-bus test system

55 56

4.13 4.14

Control circuit for test system Analysis of 9-bus test system

57 58

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

P Q S R L C Vb Sb Ract Lact XLact XCact Lpu XLpu XCpu f b

Real power Reactive power Apparent power Resistance Inductance Capacitance Shunt capacitance Base voltage Base apparent Actual value of resistance Actual value of inductance Actual value of line inductance Actual value of line capacitance Per-unit value of inductance Per-unit value of line inductance Per-unit value of line capacitance Pi Angular frequency Frequency Susceptible line charging

Cshunt -

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

PV PQ

Generator bus Load bus Root-mean-square Direct current

RMS DC -

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Project Background

Power transmission and distribution system are design for operation with sinusoidal voltage and current waveform in constant frequency. However, when nonlinear load like thyristor drives, converters and arc furnace are connected to the system, excessive harmonic currents are generated and this causes both current and voltage distortion. Harmonic filter is the best way to eliminate the distortion from power system network.

This project presents a design of an active filter following to harmonic analysis. It focuses on the performance of active filter through the IEEE standard test system by generating the harmonic analysis. It is one of the methods in reducing the harmonic distortion following the system design. The calculation of design parameters for filter component of harmonic active filter are applied in this project.

1.2

Problem Statement

Harmonic distortion can cause severe disturbance to certain electrical equipment. It is the duty of the electric utility to provide a clean supply. Many countries now set limits to the harmonic distortion allowed on the distribution networks. Evaluation of harmonics filter is crucial to make sure the filter is in optimum design, not under or over design. This project is essential in terms of power efficiency and power handling deliver system network. It is important because this aspect related to the most transmission and distribution system requirement.

1.3

Objectives

The aim of this project is to evaluate the performance of active filters and also to analyze the harmonic distortion cause by harmonic source. To achieve this aim, the project is carried out for the following objectives:

i.

to design an active filter in order to reduced harmonic distortion through to the power system network.

ii.

to ensure the performance of filter design that approach to the system is efficient.

iii.

to determine the distortion that existed through the system by analyze the harmonic.

1.4

Scope of Project

The main focus in this project is by the calculation of design parameters for filter component of harmonic active filter. It affects overall result when any mistakes error forms the calculation. By using PSCAD/ EMTDC, the IEEE standard test system which is 4 bus and 9 bus constructed together with filter circuit before continue the harmonic analysis as the result. An active filter is limited to the performance in test system as power system network using proportional design.

1.5

Literature Review

In electrical power system, transmission and distribution networks are designed to operate with sinusoidal voltage and current having constant frequency. However there are number of non -linear loads, such as thyristor drives and converters that generate harmonics on the network, causing distortion in the voltage and current waveforms.

The harmonic voltage levels on electric power distribution systems are generally increasing due to the changing nature of the system load. Hence, harmonics levels will soon require reduction through the application of tuned filters. Harmonic distortion in electric power systems affects the whole system environment, often at large distances from the original sources. Like many other forms of pollution, harmonics are a form of electrical pollution in the power system.

Harmonic distortion in power systems is increasing with the wide use of nonlinear loads in solid state power devices. Thus it is important to analyze the various harmonic problems, to evaluate the harmonic level and to eliminate harmonics prior to their becoming a serious problem.

Harmonic distortion in power distribution systems can be suppressed using two approaches namely, passive and active powering. Remarkable progress in power electronics had spurred interest in active power filter (APF) for harmonic distortion mitigation. The basic principle of APF is to utilize power electronics technologies to produce specific currents components that cancel the harmonic currents components caused by the nonlinear load. [1]

The filter is design used when the main objective is not the reactive power compensation at the fundamental frequency, but to reduce the harmonic distortion in the supply system. The harmonic filtering is one of the solutions to prevent the troublesome harmonics from entering the rest of the system. [2]

Harmonic filters provide low impedance paths to harmonic currents and thus prevent them from flowing into the power network. Harmonic analysis program computes indices such as total voltage harmonic distortion factor at system buses to evaluate the effect of the harmonic sources and to evaluate the effectiveness of the harmonic filters. [3]

1.6

Report Outline

This report covers all part of evaluation of filter design and harmonic analysis. It is about the quality of power system network that used in daily life. The distortion existed to the system on the harmonic analysis. So that, this project taken for reducing the distortion by design and evaluate the filter as a method to overcome this problem of the system.

Chapter 1 is a brief review of this project. It includes the basic needed for this project. It also mention about the general concept for this project.

Chapter 2 describe about the main topic of this project that is harmonic and filter design. It includes overview of harmonic which is definition, linear and nonlinear load concept and harmonic current flow. Besides the harmonic elimination explain about filters which is passive and active filter.

Chapter 3 describe about the modeling of active filter by using PSCAD software. This chapter includes developing the tools that approach to this project which is MATPOWER and PSCAD software. The methodology for this project also explains here.

Chapter 4 describe about result and discussion for this project. The result includes results that show such the configuration of the IEEE 4-bus test system and IEEE 9-bus test system. It also covered the load flow analysis, transient stability analysis and harmonic analysis.

Chapter 5 includes the conclusion for overall project and also future recommendation.

CHAPTER 2

HARMONIC AND FILTER DESIGN

2.1

Introduction

This chapter explains about the overall overview of this project. The first is about test system that being used in this project which is IEEE 4-bus test system and 9-bus test system. It describes overall function of the test system. The data for the system attached in appendix. Next is about the overview of harmonics includes the definition, linear and nonlinear configuration and also harmonic current flow. It more shows on how harmonic existed to the system. Then, this chapter also includes the harmonic filter by further explanation on passive filter and active filter.

2.2

IEEE Standard Test System

A single line diagram of the IEEE 4-bus standard test system is shown in Figure 2.1. It consists of three synchronous machines with IEEE type-1 exciters, three of which are synchronous compensators used only for reactive power support. There are 4 loads in the system totaling 500 MW and 309.9 Mvar. The dynamic data for the generators exciters was selected. The model details are discussed in the following sections, and the corresponding data is given in Appendices A.

Figure 2.1

IEEE 4-bus test system

A single line diagram of the IEEE 9-bus standard test system extracted from [6] is shown in Figure 2.2. It consists of three synchronous machines with IEEE type-1 exciters, three synchronous generators total up by 820 MW and -900 to 900 Mvar, 3 loads in the system totaling 315 MW and 115 Mvar. The model details are discussed in the following sections, and the corresponding data is given in Appendices B.

Figure 2.2

IEEE 9-bus test system

2.3

Overview on Harmonics

In this part, the theoretical of harmonics attached. In practically, power system network still have distortion that came from harmonic although theoretically say that harmonic can be cancel up using some kind of method. This part shows the definition of harmonics, types of load and also harmonic current to clearly understand the project.

2.3.1

Definition of Harmonics

Harmonics are the odd integral multiples of fundamental frequency resulting in the distortion of supply waveform due to interference by superposition. Harmonics are defined as the sinusoidal components of a repetitive waveform which consist of frequencies that are exact multiples or harmonic orders of fundamental frequency. [6] A complete set of harmonics then makes up a Fourier series which together represent the original waveform. Harmonics are currents, usually in multiples of the supply

fundamental frequency, produced by non-linear loads such as the AC to DC power conversion circuits. For example a 50Hz supply, the 5th harmonic is 250 Hz, 7th harmonic is 350 Hz and other order harmonics.

2.3.2

Linear and Non-linear Load

A linear element in a power system is a component in which the current is proportional to the voltage. In general, this means that the current wave shape will be the same as the voltage. Typical examples of linear loads include motors, heaters and incandescent lamps.

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200

100

0 0 100 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

200 voltage linearloadcurrent

Figure 2.3

Voltage and current waveforms for linear

In the other side, the current wave shape on a non-linear load is not the same as the voltage. Typical examples of non-linear loads include rectifiers like power supplies, discharge lighting, adjustable speed motor drives, ferromagnetic devices, DC motor drives and arcing equipment.

200

100

0 0 100 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

200 voltage nonlinearloadcurrent

Figure 2.4

Voltage and current waveforms for non-linear loads

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The current drawn by non-linear loads is not sinusoidal but it is periodic meaning that the current wave looks the same from cycle to cycle. Periodic waveforms were described mathematically as a series of sinusoidal waveforms that have been summed together. The sinusoidal components are integer multiples of the fundamental where the fundamental, in the United States, is 60 Hz and Malaysia is 50 Hz. The only way to measure a voltage or current that contains harmonics is by using a true-RMS reading meter. If an averaging meter is used, which is the most common type, the error can be significant.

Figure 2.5

Waveform with symmetrical harmonic components

Each term in the series referred as a harmonic of the fundamental. The third harmonic would have a frequency of three times 60 Hz or 180 Hz. Symmetrical waves contain only odd harmonics and un-symmetrical waves contain even and odd harmonics.

A symmetrical wave is one in which the positive portion of the wave is identical to the negative portion of the wave. An un-symmetrical wave contains a DC component or the load is such that the positive portion of the wave is different than the negative portion. An example of un-symmetrical wave would be a half wave rectifier.