Lecture 1 - Summary page 1

Lecture 1 Introduction to timber engineering & limit states design

Introduction to timber structures Form of timber structures Nomenclature of members in timber structures Limit states summary - serviceability, stability, strength Strength limit state design equation Capacity factors

Lecture Summary
Aims of Timber Engineering Segment At the completion of the course, participants should have: an appreciation of the potential of timber engineering structures an appreciation of the types of members in which timber is used a sound understanding of the behaviour of timber in structural elements ability to calculate the capacity of tension, compression and bending members an appreciation of the important factors to be considered in the design of timber connections ability to find the capacity of simple connections Environmental Considerations for Timber Structures Structural timber is sourced from managed native forests and plantations. Managed native forests - logged to minimise impact on native flora and fauna - regeneration rates planned to exceed logging rates Plantation forests - specifically planted and farmed trees for timber Managed forests function as carbon dioxide sinks. rapidly growing trees fix carbon in the wood carbon exported from forest in the timber low production energy - more carbon stored in wood than released during production carbon stored in structural elements Energy required and carbon equivalents for beams and claddings

Mass (kg) Prodn energy (MJ) Carbon released (kg) Carbon stored (kg) net Carbon (kg)

Light beam Steel 200/19 purlin 5.6 330 6.0 0 6.0

(1 metre) Timber 300x50 7.5 18 0.3 3.8 -3.4

Heavy beam Steel 310UB40 40.0 2360 42.8 0 42.8

(1 metre) Glulam 550x135 37.0 333 5.9 18.5 -12.6

sheeting Steel 0.5 mm 4.7 173 3.2 0 3.2

(1 m Plywood 12 mm 6.0 113 2.1 3.0 -0.9

Lecture 1 - Summary page 2

1500 1000 500 0 -500

Net carbon emission (kg C)

timber

-2500 -3000 -3500

steel

-2000

Wall Frames

Floors

Wall Claddings

Roof Cladding

Window Frames

Carbon dioxide emissions for manufacture of various building components Timber Structures Formwork for concrete Light framing - residential, multi-residential, commercial Portals - industrial, commercial, swimming pools Trusses - large span roofs, floors Arches - very large spans Nomenclature for framing

Roofing

Battens Rafters Ceiling battens Hanging beams First floor wall frames
Ceiling External cladding Internal cladding Flooring

Ridge beam
Ceiling Flooring

Ceiling battens Floor joists Lintel Wall stud Wall frame Floor joists Bearers

Stumps or piles

aluminium

-1500

corrugated steel

weatherboards

-1000

concrete tiles

brick veneer

concrete

concrete

timber

timber

Lecture 1 - Summary page 3

Process of design

Problem!

Includes: setting criteria, constraints functional and structural requirements

Definition of problem
(Design brief)

Information search
Includes: design data, information from other consultants, loads

Preliminary designs and selection Structural systems

(Conceptual design)

Detailed design Drawings and specifications Advice on construction Solution

(completed job)

Includes: type of system, spacing of major members, fixity of connections construction techniques

Limit states design Serviceability limit state - appropriate (deflection, vibration) under day to day loads Strength limit state - extremely low probability of failure (< 5% in lifetime of structure) Stability limit state - all parts of structure remain attached Fire loading limit state - during a fire, structure must not collapse for a given period Fatigue limit state - under appropriate load cycling at working loads - no fatigue failure Serviceability Limit State eg. short-term serviceability load = G = + s Q <AS1170.1 section 2.4> long-term serviceability load = G = + l Q
4

<AS1170.1 section 2.4>

and want

5 j 2 wL max (for simply supported beams with a uniformly distributed load) 384 j 6 E I

Strength Limit State eg. short-term strength limit state load = 1.25 G + 1.5 Q eg. and want R P *

long-term strength limit state load = 1.25G +1.5( c Q ) <AS1170.1 2.2>

<AS1170.1 2.2>

(Reduced Capacity exceeds factored load effect)

Capacity Factor Primary elements in structures with special post-disaster functions. structure has post-disaster importance AND no parallel elements to share load @ failure, OR failure of the element may cause collapse of a significant part of the structure. Primary elements in normal structures. structure is not a house structure and has no post-disaster importance AND no parallel elements to share load @ failure, OR failure of the element may cause collapse of a significant part of the structure.

Lecture 1 - Summary page 4

Secondary elements in all structures. similar parallel elements can share load @ failure AND failure of the element will not cause collapse of a significant part of the structure. Housing elements includes all structural elements in houses. Grading Method Emphasis is on properties used for design. The properties are assigned on the basis of the grade awarded to the timber by the producer. The grade and the grading method will be part of the specification that a designer will develop for the detailed member at the completion of the design. (In all but F-graded timber, the grading method is implied by the grade). An Australian Standard number is included for each grading method in <Table 2.5> and the same number is included in the grade stamp on the timber.

Capacity factors for structural timber

Timber product grading and mark Strength properties Secondary elements/all elements in houses 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.90 0.80 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.90 0.80 0.85 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.85 0.75 Primary elements, normal structures 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.75 0.65 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.80 0.65 0.70 0.65 0.85 0.85 0.65 0.80 0.65 Primary elements, important structures 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.65 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.65 0.60 0.60 0.75 0.60 0.65 0.60 0.80 0.80 0.60 0.75 0.60

Timber members Unsure of grading Visually-graded AS2082 or AS2858 Machine-graded AS1748 MGP material AS1748 Proof-graded AS3519 Plywood AS/NZS2269 Glulam AS/NZS1328 LVL AS/NZS4357 properties from m'fr
properties from code

f 'b f 'c f 't f 's f 'p f 'l f 'sj f 'tp f 'b f 'c f 't f 's f 'p f 'l f 'sj f 'tp f 'b f 'c f 't f 's f 'p f 'l f 'sj f 'tp f 'b f 'c f 't f 's f 'p f 'l f 'sj f 'tp f 'b f 'c f 't f 's f 'p f 'l f 'sj f 'tp f 'b f 'c f 't f 's f 'p f 'l f 'sj f 'tp f 'b f 'c f 't f 's f 'p f 'l f 'sj f 'tp f 'b f 'c f 't f 's f 'p f 'l f 'sj f 'tp f 'p f 'l f 'sj f 'tp Qk Qk

Connections Nails and screws Bolts and other fasteners

D:\My Documents\TimberEd\Resources\IntroEng ppt\IntroEng Sum1.doc gnb 22 Jul 00