Measurement of g by Simple Pendulum

I. Purpose of experiment Determine the gravitational acceleration (g) in physics laboratory using a simple pendulum. II. Base Of Theory A simple pendulum may be described ideally as a point mass suspended by a massless string from some point about which it is allowed to swing back and forth in a place. A simple pendulum can be approximated by a small metal sphere which has a small radius and a large mass when compared relatively to the length and mass of the light string from which it is suspended. If a pendulum is set in motion so that is swings back and forth, its motion will be periodic. The time that it takes to make one complete oscillation is defined as the period T. Another useful quantity used to describe periodic motion is the frequency of oscillation. The frequency f of the oscillations is the number of oscillations that occur per unit time and is the inverse of the period, f = 1/T. Similarly, the period is the inverse of the frequency, T = l/f. The maximum distance that the mass is displaced from its equilibrium position is defined as the amplitude of the oscillation. When a simple pendulum is displaced from its equilibrium position, there will be a restoring force that moves the pendulum back towards its equilibrium position. As the motion of the pendulum carries it past the equilibrium position, the restoring force changes its direction so that it is still directed towards the equilibrium position. If the restoring force F is opposite and directly proportional to the displacement x from the equilibrium position, so that it satisfies the relationship F = - k x..(1) then the motion of the pendulum will be simple harmonic motion and its period can be calculated using the equation for the period of simple harmonic motion

T = 2

m .(2) k

It can be shown that if the amplitude of the motion is kept small, Equation (2) will be satisfied and the motion of a simple pendulum will be simple harmonic motion, and Equation (2) can be used.

The restoring force for a simple pendulum is supplied by the vector sum of the gravitational force on the mass. mg, and the tension in the string, T. The magnitude of the restoring force depends on the gravitational force and the displacement of the mass from the equilibrium position. Consider Figure where a mass m is suspended by a string of length l and is displaced from its equilibrium position by an angle and a distance x along the arc through which the mass moves. The gravitational force can be resolved into two components, one along the radial direction, away from the point of suspension, and one along the arc in the direction that the mass moves. The component of the gravitational force along the arc provides the restoring force F and is given by F = - mg sin .(3) where g is the acceleration of gravity, is the angle the pendulum is displaced, and the minus sign indicates that the force is opposite to the displacement. For small amplitudes where is small, sin can be approximated by measured in radians so that Equation (3) can be written as F = - mg (4) The angle in radians is

x , the arc length divided by the length of the pendulum or the radius of the l

circle in which the mass moves. The restoring force is then given by

F = mg

x (5) l mg l

and is directly proportional to the displacement x and is in the form of Equation (1) where k = Substituting this value of k into Equation (2), the period of a simple pendulum. can be found by

T = 2
And

m ( mg l )

T = 2

l .(6) g

Therefore, for small amplitudes the period of a simple pendulum depends only on its length and the value of the acceleration due to gravity. III. Apparatus IV. Method Set the bob oscillating through a small angle, and begin your counting through the equilibrium position of the bob, fine the time for N (e.g. 30) complete oscillations. Measure the length l from the point of suspension to the center of the bob, and enter the result in meter (m). By raising the thread each time, diminish the length of the pendulum and repeat for four times. On each occasion find the length of the pendulum in meters and the time for N complete oscillations. V. An arrangement of data Length l (m) . . VI. Technique of data analysis (Calculation) First of all by doing this experiment we fine the time for N oscillation(s). By this data the value of the period can be know by following equestion: Time for N oscillations (s) Period T (s) T2 (s2) Varieties of g pendulum apparatus Stop-watch Ruler

T=

t n

After we fine period, T (the time for one complete oscillation), then calculate T2 and enter in the table of measurements. The important think we must do to fine the value of the average of period ant T 2 .Its need done to find the uncertainly of T or know as T . The average of T can be determine by using equation :

T =

T
N

The uncertainty in each measurement of time for N oscillations of stopwatch(SMS) is 0.2 s. Thus the uncertainty in any measurement of the period is

T =

SMS N

The period is squared prior to plotting. The relative uncertainty in the period squared is twie the relative uncertainty in the period:

(T 2 ) T =2 2 T T 2 Solving for (T ) (T 2 ) = 2 T 2 T = 2T (T ) T

Plot l vs. T2, and draw the best straight line passing through the points and the origin. See graph in Fig. Measure the gradient, a/b, of the line. Since, T = 2

l g

l a b Fig. 5.2 T2

Then, g =
2

4 2 l T2

g = 4 gradient of line(G ) = ...

VII.

Experiment Result Time for 10 Oscillation (s) 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 Time for 10 Oscillation (s) 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.8 Length (m) 0.200.0005 Time for 10 Oscillation (s) 9.0 9.0 9.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.8 8.8 8.8 9.0

Length (m) 0.100.0005

Length (m) 0.150.0005

Length (m) 0.250.0005

Time for 10 Oscillation (s) 10.2 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.8 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.2

Data Analysis Experiment No 1 Length (m) 0.100.0005 Time for 10 Oscillation (s) 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 Period T (s) 0.66 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 T2(s2) 0.44 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46

To find the an average of T1 ( T 1), we use the equation

T =

T
N

T1 =

6.78 10

T1 = 6.78 x10 1 sekon

1 2 Then, T1 = 4.60 x10 s 2

Experiment No 2 Length (m) 0.150.0005 Time for N Oscillation (s) 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.8 Period T (s) 0.80 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.78 T2(s2) 0.64 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.61

To find the an average of T2 ( T ), we use the equation

T =

T
N

T2 =

7.90 10

T2 = 7.90 x10 1 sekon

1 2 Then, T2 = 6.24 x10 s 2

Experiment No 3 Length (m) 0.200.0005 Time for N Oscillation (s) 9.0 9.0 9.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.8 8.8 8.8 9.0 Period T (s) 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.90 T2(s2) 0.81 0.81 0.85 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.81

To find the an average of T3 ( T ), we use the equation

T =

T
N

T3 =

8.96 10

T3 = 8.96 x10 1 sekon

1 2 Then, T3 = 8.03 x10 s 2

Experiment No 4 Length (m) 0.250.0005 Time for N Oscillation (s) 10.2 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.8 Period T (s) 1.02 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 T2(s2) 1.04 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.2

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.02

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.04

To find the an average of T4 ( T ), we use the equation

T =

T
N

T4 =

10.02 10

T4 = 10.02 x10 1 sekon

1 2 Then, T4 = 10 .04 x10 s 2

Table Result Calculation No 1 2 3 4 Length l (m) 0.100.0005 0.150.0005 0.200.0005 0.250.0005 Period T (s) 0.678 0.79 0.896 1.002 T2 (s2) 0.460 0.624 0.803 1.004

The uncertainty in each measurement of length is 0.0005 m. The uncertainty in each measurement of time for 10 oscillations of stopwatch (SMS) is 0.2 s. Thus the uncertainty in any measurement of the period is

0.2 10 T = 0.02 s T =
The period is squared prior to plotting. The relative uncertainty in the period squared is twice the relative uncertainty in the period. The uncertainly of period (T 2 ) can be determine by following equation:

(T 2 ) T =2 2 T T 2 Solving for (T ) T 2 T = 2T (T ) T (T 2 ) = 2T (0.02) (T 2 ) = 2

(T 2 ) = 0.04T
Thus the uncertainty in T2 is proportional to T. The largest data point is for T2 =1.004 s2. The uncertainty in this datum is:

(T 2 ) = 0.04T (T 2 ) = 0.04 (1.004) (T 2 ) = 0.04016 s 2 (T 2 ) x100% T2 0.04016 x100% Percent uncertainty in T2= 1.004
Percent uncertainty in T2= Percent uncertainty in T2=4% The maximum uncertainty in T2 is thus 0.4 %. The error bars associated with T2 are too small to plot on a graph. Similarly, the error bars associated with L are also too small to plot on the graph.
T 2 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.235 0.411 0.597 length (m) 0.812 0.975

(RIN Tolong Sisakan Satu Lembar Wat GRafik)

A straight line fits the data well. The gradient of the line of best fit can be calculated from

rise run (0.098 0.040)s 2 G= (0.40 0.17)m G= G=

And

0.058 m = 0.25m / s 2 2 0.23 s

g = 4 2 gradient of line(G ) g = 4 2 0.25 g = 9.87 m / s 2

To work out the uncertainty in the gradient, an alternative line of best fit was selected, and its gradient is given by

G alt = Galt

rise run (0.25 0.20)m = (1.004 0.803)s 2 0.05s 2 = 0.24 m / s 2 0.201.m

Galt =

The uncertainty in G is the difference of these 2 gradients:

G = (Galt G ) G = (0.24 0.25) G = 0.01 m / s 2

The percent uncertainty in G, and thus in g is

G g 0.01 = = = 4% G g 0.25
Thus the experimentally determined value of the gravitation constant is g = 9.87 m/s2 2 %. VIII. Interpretation data The accepted value of gravitation based on the theory is 9.81 m/s2 (Halliday, Resnick and Walker give g to one decimal place: g = 9.8 m/s2. However, Ohanian gives it to two decimal places: g = 9.81 m/s2.)

%error = %error =

g thoery g exp g exp g thoery g exp g exp

100% 100%