INVEST-IN-PENANG BERHAD

STUDY ON THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY PART ONE: INTRODUCTION TO AEROSPACE

Anna Ong Senior Manager, Corporate & Knowledge Management / Events & Communication October 2011

Part One of the Study on the Aerospace Industry is an introduction to the Aerospace Industry. This report, though not comprehensive, attempts to give an explanation on what the aerospace industry entails.

1. 1.1

INTRODUCTION The Aerospace industry is defined as the industry that researches, designs, manufactures, operates and maintains vehicles moving through air and space.1 AEROSPACE INDUSTRY History 2.1.1 The aerospace industry has been around for centuries. However, modern aerospace industry dates back to 1903 when the Wright brothers demonstrated their airplane capable of powered and sustained flight (at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina). Since then, aerospace has grown to be one of the most exciting, diverse and fast paced industry today. 2.1.2 The development of aerospace industry can be seen from the hot-air balloons of the 18th century to the first wood-and-cloth plane of the Wright brothers to the first manned mission to the moon on Apollo 11 in 1969 to the modern aircraft development by companies like Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Airbus, Bombardier and many others. 2.1.3 The manufacture of aerospace equipment and component is a high technology industry, producing aircrafts and aircraft engines, guided missiles, space vehicles, propulsion units and related parts. 2.1.4 Important locations of the civilian aerospace industry worldwide include Washington state (Boeing), California (Boeing, Lockheed Martin, etc.); Montreal, Canada (Bombardier, Pratt & Whitney Canada); Toulouse, France (Airbus/EADS); and Hamburg, Germany (Airbus/EADS); as well as So Jos dos Campos (Brazilian Embraer). 2.1.5 Countries which have large aerospace industries include European Union (France, Germany, Sweden, Italy, Netherland and U.K.) U.S., Canada, India (Bangalore), Russia, Pakistan and China.

2. 2.1

2.2

Aerospace Market 2.2.1 The aerospace market is categorized under Commercial aerospace (narrow body aircraft & wide body aircraft) Regional jet (turbo prop jet2) General aviation (piston turboprop bizjet3) Helicopter (civil military)

Aerospace is not the same as airspace, which is a term used to describe the physical air space directly above a location on the ground. 2 A turbo prop jet is an airplane with external propeller that is driven by a turbojet engine. 3 Bizjet is a term describing a jet aircraft, usually of smaller size, designed for transporting groups of business people or wealthy individuals.

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 2.3

Defense (fighter, ground attacker, bomber, trainer, unmanned aerial vehicles or UAV) Space (satellite, launch vehicle)

Aerospace manufacturing value chain4 comprises the following: 2.3.1 Casting, tooling, precision machining 2.3.2 Heat & surface treatment, composites, plastics & rubber 2.3.3 PCB5 & PCBA6 2.3.4 Equipment build & OEM7

3. 3.1

AVIONICS Avionics is defined as the development and production of electronic equipment for the control of aircraft and spacecraft. The word avionics is a combination of two words, i.e. aviation8 and electronics. Avionics comprises electronic systems for use of aircraft, artificial satellites and spacecraft. It is used for communication, navigation as well as display and management of numerous systems in the aircraft, artificial satellites and spacecraft. There are hundreds of systems fitted in an aircraft, ranging from simple to complicated and tactical systems. History of avionics: 3.4.1 The field of avionics began in World War II. Military aircrafts were operated for the first time using electronic equipment. Rockets were first being developed during that time and the devices required electronic systems to control their flight. 3.4.2 Prior to the 1970s, avionics was not much used in aircraft instruments as they were mainly mechanical systems. These include radios, radar system, fuel system, engine controls and radio navigation. 3.4.3 The growth of avionics was mainly driven by military aviation development. Military aircrafts provide the largest platform for electronics equipment to work together. Today, avionics used in military aircrafts forms the biggest part of any development budget in the military.

3.2

3.3

3.4

Source: IE Singapore PCB printed circuit board 6 PCBA printed circuit board assembly 7 OEM original equipment manufacturer 8 Aviation is the activity involving man-made air-borne flying devices (aircraft), including the people, organizations, and regulatory bodies involved with them.
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3.4.4 The civilian market has also seen a growth in the cost of avionics. Due to tighter airspaces, new navigation and flight control systems are required, thus pushing up the costs of development. With the recent boom in consumer flying and entry of low cost carriers into the market, more elaborated methods of controlling aircraft safety in highly restrictive airspaces are required. Thus resulting in more invention of state-of-the-art avionics. 3.5 Categories of Avionics 3.5.1 The main categories of avionics include the following: 3.5.1.1 Aircraft avionics The cockpit of an aircraft is a major location for avionics equipment, including control, monitoring, communication, navigation, weather, and anti-collision systems. The majority of aircraft drive their avionics using 14 or 28 volt DC electrical systems. Larger and more sophisticated aircrafts including military combat aircrafts have AC systems operating at 400 Hz. Major vendors of flight avionics include Honeywell, Rockwell Collins, Thales Group, Garmin, Avidyne Corporation, and Narco Avionics. (a) Communications Communications connect the flight deck to the ground as well as the flight deck to the passengers. On board communications are provided by public address systems and aircraft intercoms. The VHF (very high frequency) band is popular for mobile two-way radio communication. A great deal of satellite communication and broadcasting is done at VHF. The VHF aviation communication system works on the Airband of 118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz.9 Amplitude Modulation (AM) is also used.10 The conversation is performed by simplex mode.11 Aircraft communication can also take place using HF (high frequency)12 especially for trans-oceanic flights or satellite communication. (b) Navigation Navigation is the determination of position and direction on or above the surface of the Earth. Avionics can use satellite-based systems (such as GPS

The VHF (very high frequency) range of the radio spectrum is the band extending from 30 MHz to 300 MHz. Amplitude modulation (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. 11 Simplex mode refers to a single channel for transmitting and receiving. 12 High frequency (HF) radio frequencies are between 3 and 30 MHz. Also known as the decameter band or decameter wave as the wavelengths range from one to ten decameters (ten to one hundred metres).
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global positioning system13 and WAAS wide area augmentation system14), ground-based systems (such as VOR VHF Omnidirectional Range15 or LORAN Long Range Navigation16), or any combination thereof. Older avionics required a pilot or navigator to plot the intersection of signals on a paper map to determine an aircraft's location; modern systems calculate the position automatically and display it to the flight crew on moving map displays. (c) Monitoring
Monitoring equipment includes display systems and display sensor data that allows the aircraft to fly safely. Much information that used to be displayed using mechanical gauges appears on electronic displays in newer aircraft.

(d) Aircraft flight control systems Modern airplanes and helicopters have automatic controlled flight systems. These systems reduce the workload of pilots at critical times like landing or during flight. The aircraft flight control systems help to reduce / remove human errors. The first auto-pilots were used to control flight directions and altitude but had limited influence on thrust and flight control surfaces17. Auto stabilization is used in a similar way in helicopters. (e) Collision avoidance systems The collision avoidance system is used by aircrafts to supplement air traffic control18. The collision avoidance system is able to detect the location of a nearby aircraft and provide instructions to avoid mid-air collision. The various types of collision avoidance systems include traffic alert collision avoidance system (TCAS), traffic proximity alert system (TPAS), ground proximity warning system (GPWS) and terrain awareness warning system (TAWS).

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. 14 The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) is an air navigation aid developed by the Federal Aviation Administration of the U.S. to augment the Global Positioning System (GPS), with the goal of improving its accuracy, integrity, and availability. 15 VOR is a type of radio navigation system for aircraft. 16 LORAN (LOng RAnge Navigation) is a terrestrial radio navigation system using low frequency radio transmitters that use multiple transmitters (multilateration) to determine the location and speed of the receiver. 17 Aircraft flight control surfaces allow a pilot to adjust and control the aircraft's flight altitude. 18 Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircrafts on the ground and in the air. The primary purpose of ATC systems worldwide is to separate aircrafts to prevent collisions, to organize and expedite the flow of traffic, and to provide information and other support for pilots.

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(f) Weather systems Weather systems allow pilots to move away from heavy precipitation and severe turbulence. The weather systems include weather radar19 and lightning detectors20 and they are very important for aircrafts flying at night or in instrument meteorological conditions21. Modern displays also allow information on the weather to be integrated with moving maps, terrain and traffic onto a single screen, thus simplifying navigation. (g) Aircraft management system Aircraft or flight management system (FMS) is a fundamental part of modern aircraft avionics. The FMS automates a wide variety of in-flight tasks, including the management of the flight plan. As such, FMS reduces the workload of the flight crew. Today, some modern aircrafts do not require flight engineers or navigators. The FMS is able to guide the aircrafts autopilot along the flight plan by using various sensors such as global positioning system (GPS) and inertial navigation system (INS22) to determine the aircrafts position. 3.5.1.2 Mission or tactical avionics Mission or tactical avionics are mainly used in military aircrafts which are designed either to deliver weapon(s) or to monitor other weapon systems. Military aircrafts are also equipped with a vast array of sensors for tactical means. Additionally, police aircrafts are also equipped with sophisticated tactical sensors. (a) Military communications Aircraft communications provide the backbone for safe flight. On the other hand tactical systems are designed to withstand the rigours of the battlefield. Systems used in securing communications include ultra high frequency (UHF), very high frequency (VHF) Tactical at 30 88 MHz, SatCom (satellite communication) systems, ECCM23 methods and cryptography24. Data are
A weather radar, or weather surveillance radar (WSR), is a type of radar used to locate precipitation, calculate its motion, estimate its type (rain, snow, hail, etc.), and forecast its future position and intensity. 20 A lightning detector is a device that detects lightning produced by thunderstorms. There are three primary types of detectors: ground-based systems using multiple antennas, mobile systems using a direction and a sense antenna in the same location (often aboard an aircraft), and space-based systems. 21 Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) is sometimes referred to as blind flying, or weather conditions that normally require pilots to fly primarily by reference to instruments. Typically, this means flying in cloud, bad weather or at night. 22 An inertial navigation system (INS) is a navigation aid that uses a computer, motion sensors (accelerometers) and rotation sensors (gyroscopes) to continuously calculate via dead reckoning (the process of estimating one's current position based upon a previously determined position) the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external references. It is used on vehicles such as ships, aircraft, submarines, guided missiles, and spacecraft. 23 Electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) is a part of electronic warfare which includes a variety of practices which attempt to reduce or eliminate the effect of electronic countermeasures (ECM) on electronic
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transmitted via data links like Link 11, 16 and 2225, Bowman26, JTRS27 and TETRA28. (b) Radar Airborne radar29 is one of the first tactical sensors. Radars include Airborne Early Warning30 (AEW), Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW), weather radar31 as well as ground tracking / proximity radar. (c) Sonar Sonar or sound navigation ranging, is a measuring instrument that sends out pulse in water and measures distances in terms of the time for the echo of the pulse to return. Dipping sonar32 devices are fitted to a range of military helicopters to enable the helicopters to protect shipping assets from submarines or surface threats. Maritime support aircrafts can drop active and passive sonar devices and these are also used to determine the location of hostile submarines. (d) Electro-Optics Electro-optic systems are used to provide imagery to aircrafts crews. The imageries are used for everything, from search and rescue to acquiring better resolution on a target. Examples of electro-optic systems include Forward Looking Infrared33 (FLIR) and Passive Infrared Devices34 (PIDS). (e) ESM/DAS Electronic support measures (ESM) and defensive aids (DAS) are used extensively in the military to gather information on threats and possible
sensors aboard vehicles, ships and aircraft and weapons such as missiles. ECCM is also known as electronic protective measures (EPM), chiefly in Europe. In practice, EPM often means resistance to jamming. 24 Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce. 25 Secured radio links used by NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation). 26 Bowman is a tactical communications system used by the British Armed Forces. 27 The Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS, pronounced "jitters") is expected to be the next-generation voice-anddata radio used by the U.S. military in field operations after 2010. 28 Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) is a professional mobile radio and two-way transceiver (walkie-talkie). 29 Radar is an object-detection system which uses electromagnetic waves, specifically radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. 30 The airborne early warning system is used offensively to direct fighters to their target locations, and defensively to counter attacks. It can also be used to carry out surveillance, and C2BM (command and control, battle management) functions. 31 A weather radar, or weather surveillance radar (WSR), is a type of radar used to locate precipitation, calculate its motion, estimate its type (rain, snow, hail, etc.), and forecast its future position and intensity. 32 Sonar transducer that is lowered into the water from a hovering antisubmarine-warfare helicopter and recovered after the search is complete. Dipping sonar is also known as dunking sonar. 33 FLIR is an imaging technology that senses infrared radiation. 34 An electronic device that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view.

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threats. ESM and DAS can also be used to launch devices manually or automatically to counter direct threats against military aircrafts as well as to determine the state of the threats as well as identify the threats. 3.5.2 Aircraft network The avionics systems in military, commercial and advanced models in civilian, aircraft are interconnected using an avionics data bus. Most avionics buses are serial in nature. It is a serial bus using only a few sets of wires that keep the point-to-point wiring and weight down to a minimum. The trend seems to be moving towards fiber buses. Important factors of avionics buses include deterministic behavior, fault tolerance and redundancy. Common avionics data bus protocols include Aircraft Data Network (ADN)35, various ARINC and military standards. 3.5.3 Police and air ambulance Police and emergency services (EMS) aircrafts, which are mainly helicopters are now a significant market. Most of the police helicopters are fitted with video or thermal imaging (infrared) systems to allow them to track suspects. Police helicopters can also be fitted with searchlights and loudspeakers. As EMS and police helicopters are mostly required to fly in unpleasant conditions, they are also now equipped with aircraft sensors, which were once considered only for military aircrafts (please see 3.5.1.2(b) above). 4. 4.1 Precision Machining for Aerospace Industry The precision machining activities for the aerospace industry includes the following: Conventional milling Computer numeric control (CNC) milling Conventional lathe36 work CNC Lathe Work Fabrication which includes bending, CNC machining, hole punching, manual machining, milling, polishing, turning, water jet cutting, welding, wire electrical discharge machining37 (EDM) Processing Testing Calibration Engineering services

35

Aircraft Data Network (ADN) is a concept introduced by the Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC) Airline Electronics Engineering Committee (AEEC) in the ARINC 664 Specification, which proposes data networking standards recommended for use in commercial aircraft installations. 36 Lathe is a machine tool which rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation. 37 EDM is a manufacturing process whereby a desired shape is obtained using electrical discharges (sparks).

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4.2

Capabilities required in precision machining for aerospace include: Sheet metal work Precision machining of components and parts (generic or customized) Milling and turning Grinding EDM Mechanical component assembly Sub-assembly of modules & equipment Assembly of turnkey projects Clean room assembly Design and built automated machines, equipment, jigs and fixtures, tool & die Electro-mechanical & opto-mechanical design and assembly

5. 5.1

Secondary Processes for Aerospace Capabilities required in secondary process for aerospace Normal & hard anodizing Electro and electroless plating nickel, chrome, cadmium, silver, zinc, gold Stainless steel passivation Electropolishing Powder coating Vacuum heat treatment hardening & tempering, ageing, stress, magnetic annealing Surface treatment

6.

Other Materials in Aircrafts

6.1.1 Composite materials38 6.1.1.1 Lightweight and strong materials that can insulate and protect passengers are required in building aircrafts mainly because aircrafts made of pure metal could fail tragically if a small crack appears in the skin of the aircraft. The wings and fuselage39 of the aircraft are covered by what is referred to as the skin, which are a protective and functional covering. However, aircraft composite materials like fiberglass, graphite and other hybrids will be stronger and less likely to break up at stress points in situations involving turbulences. 6.1.1.2 The greatest advantage of composite materials is the strength and firmness combined with lightweight. It would be less efficient without composite materials in modern aviation, either military or civil.

Composite materials are formed by combining two or more materials that have different properties. The different materials work together to give the composite unique properties, but within the composite the different materials can be differentiated as they do not dissolve or blend into each other. 39 Fuselage is an aircrafts main body section that holds crew and passengers or cargo.

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6.1.1.3 It is common for the wings, tail, fuselage, propellers, rotor blades as well as internal structure and fittings to be made from advance composite materials. Some of the small aircrafts have their entire airframes made from composite materials. This is mainly because composite materials are less likely than metal (e.g. aluminium) to break up under stress. In fact, the fibres in the composite materials act to block the widening of any small crack and share the stress around. 6.1.1.4 The right composite materials can also stand heat and corrosion, which make them ideal for use in products that are exposed to extreme environments, such as aircraft and spacecraft. Other than its durability, composite materials can be moulded into complex shapes. 6.1.1.5 However, composite materials are expensive, thus will never totally replace traditional materials, such as metal. Most of the metal used include titanium, stainless steel and inconel40. 6.1.2 Polymer, Plastics & Rubber 6.1.2.1 Polymer41 (a) Today, with rising fuel costs, there are more demands for aircraft designers and engineers to replace metal components with weight saving solutions, such as polymers. (b) The applications of polymers in aerospace include sealants, structural adhesives, foams, primer paint, shape memory alloys, electroactive devices, MEMS (microelectro mechanical systems), vibration damping, NLO42 properties and ablative polymers43. 6.1.2.2 Plastics (a) The World War II accelerated the entry of plastics into aerospace mainly because (i) other materials were scarce and (ii) the possibilities for the use of plastics.

Inconel is a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation that refers to a family of austenitic (a nonmagnetic solid solution of ferric carbide or carbon in iron, used in making corrosion-resistant steel) nickelchromium-based superalloys. Inconel alloys are typically used in high temperature applications. Common trade names for Inconel include: Inconel 625, Chronin 625, Altemp 625, Haynes 625, Nickelvac 625 and Nicrofer 6020. 41 Polymers are materials including plastics, rubbers, fibres, coatings and adhesives. The word polymer is derived from the Greek polys, which means many, and meros, which means part. In short, a polymer is something that consists of many parts. 42 NLO non linear optical. 43 Ablative polymer is a polymer composition, which under the pyrolytic (from pyrolysis, which is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen) conditions encountered in use in space vehicle heat shields, has useful ablation (a well-established method to structure and deposit polymers) properties.

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(b) Plastics is transparent to electromagnetic waves, and thus, the plastic used in radomes44, which housed radar installations, allows the waves to pass through with minimal loss, maximizing transmission to night-flying bombers. The introduction of plastic was hailed as having significantly advanced the technology of airborne radar. (c) Plastics can be flexible enough to withstand helicopter vibration but rigid enough to ensure safe cargo. Plastics can be transparent for easy observation, shatter resistant and offer ballistic protection. More importantly, plastics can be both lightweight and durable. (d) As plastics offer smooth contours that improve aerodynamics, plastics also save fuel and cost. Plastics are relatively cheaper to manufacture than other heavier materials but produce parts that are more resistant to wear, require less maintenance and earlier to repair. (e) Plastics are used in the structures, interiors and functional parts of aircrafts and spacecrafts. 6.1.2.3 Rubber / Elastomer45 (a) The purpose of aerospace elastomer is to protect and to serve. (b) Rubber is able to withstand extreme temperatures. Various types of synthetic rubber can also withstand aggressive aerospace fluids, including engine lubrication oils, hydraulic fluids, jet fuels, oxidizers and rocket propellants. (c) Rubber is used to seal, insulate, isolate and absorb. (d) Seals fabricated with rubber or elastomers are used regularly in commercial and military aircraft turbine engines, hydraulic actuators, auxiliary power units. (e) Various rubber / elastomer products used in the aerospace industry include rubber moulded products, extruded rubber products, rubber coating and rubber flooring / matting. (f) Various applications of rubber / elastomers related to aerospace include auxiliary power units (APU46), hydraulic actuators, aviation gas turbine engines, O-rings used in connectors, pumps, valves and oil reservoirs, bleed air valves and fittings, firewall seals, T-seals, radial lip seals used in pumps, cap seals, manifold gaskets, coated rubber fabric covers for jet engine exhausts between flights, abrasion-resistant solution coating over ignition cable, clips for jet engine wiring, hose for hot engine lubricants. 7. 7.1 Certification for Aerospace Industry In the US, the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) is the government body, which oversees the aviation industry by regulating and promoting it. FAA is also responsible for the safety of civil aviation and amongst its roles are the promotion of safety,

44

A radome or radar dome is a structural, weatherproof enclosure that protects a microwave or radar antenna. The radome is constructed of material that minimally attenuates the electromagnetic signal transmitted or received by the antenna. In other words, the radome is transparent to radar or radio waves. 45 A natural or synthetic polymer having elastic properties, e.g. rubber. 46 The primary purpose of an aircraft APU is to provide power to start the main engines.

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aeronautics47 technology, air traffic control, research & development in aeronautics as well as regulating air space in the US. 7.2 FAA is responsible for the FAA certification such as Aircraft Certification, encompassing aircraft registration, air worthiness certification, continued operational safety, design approvals, international aircraft certification, and production approvals. In addition to FAA, there is also the Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) in the US. The AIAs standards include the National Aerospace Standards (NAS), NASM, NA and NAM standards covering airframe structural components; bushings; liquid propellant fuels and oxidizers; equipment, components and accessories; packing & gasket materials; parachutes, aerial pick-up, delivery & recovery systems; rivets; and switches. The International Register of Certified Auditors (IRCA) certification programme is recognised by the International Aerospace Quality Group (IAQG) and the European Association of Aerospace Industries (AECMA). IRCA is also operated with the approval of the Society of British Aerospace Companies (SBAC). IRCAs certification programme includes the AS/EN/JISQ 9100, 9110 & 9120 standards48. Other Quality Standards include AS 9101 (Quality Management System Audit Requirements for Aviation, Space and Defense Organisations), AS 9003 (Inspection and Test Quality System), AS 9006 (Deliverable Aerospace Software Supplement for AS9100), and AS 5553 (Counterfeit Electronic Parts; Avoidance, Detection, Mitigation and Disposition). Some other related standards which are applicable to the aerospace industry include: 7.6.1 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) : Def Stan 59-41 / 59-411, MIL STD 461 and RTCA DO160 7.6.2 Environmental: RTCA DO160, MIL STD 810, DEF STAN 00-34, DEF STAN 00-35 and AECTP 300 & 400 7.6.3 Radio: EN 300330 and EN 301489-x series 7.6.4 Safety: RTCA DO160 7.7 NADCAP or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program is a global cooperative standards-setting program for aerospace engineering,

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

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Aeronautics is the study of the science of flight and is the method of designing an airplane or other flying machine. 48 AS/EN/JISQ 9100; Aerospace Series Quality Systems - Model for quality assurance in design, development, production, installation and servicing. AS/EN/JISQ 9110; Aerospace Series Quality Systems - Model for quality assurance applicable to maintenance organisations. AS/EN/JISQ 9120; Aerospace Series Quality Systems Model for quality assurance applicable to stockist distributors.

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defense and related industries. The NADCAP program gives accreditation for special processes in aerospace and military industry, such as:

Chemical Processing Coatings Composites Deicing (removing existing snow, ice, frost or anti-icing) Elastomer Seals Electronics Fasteners Fluid Distribution Systems
Heat Treating Materials Testing Laboratories Non-Metallic Materials Testing Non-Destructive Testing Nonconventional Machining (including EDM, ECM, ECG, LBM)49 Sealants Surface Enhancement (including shot peening50, peen forming) Welding (WLD)

8.

Aerospace Market

8.1.1 The US and European countries have been the prominent markets for the global aerospace industry. The countries also act as catalyst for the growth of the industry. 8.1.2 The past few years show an uptrend in the aerospace market (despite the recent economic crisis) and significant increase in military budget coupled with the growth in air traffic in the US have provided the impetus for further growth in the industry. It is anticipated that US will sustain its market leadership with a compound annual growth rate of 4.7% through 201351. 8.1.3 The Americas, particularly US and Canada is estimated to account for 57% of the aerospace market at the end of 2009, encompassing the global aerospace and defense industry.52 8.1.4 Airbus projects a demand for 22,700 new aircrafts between 2006 and 2025 with a total of US$2.6 trillion in sales. Of the total, 747+ will account for 10%, twin aisle 45%, regional jets - 4% and single aisle 41%.53

EDM electrical discharge machining, ECM electrochemical machining, ECG electro chemical grinding, LBM laser beam machining. 50 Peening is the process of working a metal's surface to improve its material properties, usually by mechanical means such as hammer blows or by blasting with shot (shot peening). Peening is normally a cold work process. 51 US to lead global aerospace industry, Free Press Release, June 9, 2010. 52 Derived from Americas to drive the growth of global aerospace industry, the Free Press, February 8, 2011. 53 Derived from AZ Aerospace, Defense and Avionics Industry Study: Final Report, Angle Technology Group, February 29, 2008.

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8.1.5 Boeing projects a demand for 28,600 new aircrafts between 2007 and 2026 with a total of US$2.8 trillion in sales. The breakdown is as follows, A380 and other larger jets 22%, twin aisle 38% and single aisle 40%.54 8.1.6 Honeywell projects delivery of approximately 4,450 new helicopters for civil use between 2008 and 2012. This projection is driven by strong demand for light single and intermediate twin-engine models offering newer technology. Emergency medical services (EMS) and law enforcement helicopters, combined are expected to account for more than 65% of all new civil helicopter sales. Civil helicopter deliveries for the period 2008 2012 are expected to increase to 50% higher than in the previous 5-year period, 2003 2007. Global demand for new civil helicopters is projected to exceed 10,000 for the 2008 2012 period.55 8.1.7 Composite materials are important in the manufacturing of aircrafts. Total demand for composites in commercial aerospace, regional jets, defense, general aviation, helicopter and other segments of aerospace market is expected to be worth US$41.8 billion over the next 10 years.56 8.1.8 The thriving aerospace industry also has a positive impact on the maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO57) segment, which holds abundance opportunities for players in the technical services outsourcing business. The global MRO market is forecasted to surpass US$45 million by the end of 2013.58 8.1.9 Asia Pacific airlines will need 10,320 new aircrafts, valued at more than US$1.3 trillion over the next 20 years. The number of aircrafts is expected to triple from 4,110 in 2009 to 12,200 in 2029.59

References
Angle Technology Group, February 29, 2008, AZ Aerospace, Defense and Avionics Industry Study: Final Report Aerospace manufacturing, Aircraft design, September 16, 2010, Economic growth stimulates Asian aerospace industry for 2011, (http://arnoldeng.wordpress.com) Honeywell Aerospace, April 2008, (http://www.avbuyer.com/articles)
54

Honeywell

Helicopter

Forecast

2008

2012,

Derived from AZ Aerospace, Defense and Avionics Industry Study: Final Report, Angle Technology Group, February 29, 2008. 55 Derived from Honeywell Aerospace, April 2008, Honeywell Helicopter Forecast 2008 2012. 56 Derived from Opportunities for composite materials in aerospace market to top $41.8 billion, Free Press Release, February 23, 2011. 57 MRO refers to services provided for aircraft, relating to the regular upkeep and airworthiness using specially trained personnel and equipment. 58 Booming aerospace industry to fuel MRO market, Nov 12, 2010, http://www.upvery.com/27296-boomingaerospace-industry-to-fuel-mro-market.html 59 Derived from Economic growth stimulates Asian aerospace industry for 2011, Aerospace manufacturing, Aircraft design, September 16, 2010 (http://arnoldeng.wordpress.com)

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http://avionics0.blogspot.com/2010/08/main-categories-of-avionics.html http://business.highbeam.com/438325/article-1G1-7952429/reliable-rubber-aerospace http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/VHF http://standardsforum.com

http://www.aerospace-technology.com/glossary/avionics.html http://www.aia-aerospace.org/standards/ http://www.answers.com/topic/aerospace-industry http://www.associatedcontent.com/pop_print.html?content_type=article&content_type_id =1153778

http://www.aviation-database.com http://www.faa.gov http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/airplane.html

http://www.irca.org/certification/certification_4.html http://www.lucintel.com/is_aerospace.aspx
http://www.rapra.net/transport/transport-aerospace.asp http://www.science.org.au

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/aviationhttp://www.tracglobal.com/aerospace.html http://www.tracglobal.com/aerospace.html Joel Fried, Polymers in Aerospace Applications, Rapra Review Report 192, Vol. 16, No. 12, 2010 (extract) L. Urech, T. Lippert , C.R. Phipps,, A. Wokaun, Polymer ablation: From fundamentals of polymer design to laser plasma thruster, Science Direct, Jan 21, 2008 Mark S. M. Alger, Polymer Science Dictionary (http://books.google.com.my/books?id)

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Note: Part Two of the Study on the Aerospace Industry will attempt discuss the local aerospace scenario in Penang.

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