6.

Design detailing of major steel components

This chapter gives a comparative study of detailing practices for major steel components such as beams, girders, columns, trusses, and various fastenings. Three major codes are considered and they are based on British, European and American practices. Both bolted and welded connections or fastenings are given as practised under the BS 5950, EC3 and AISC and LRFD Codes.

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6.1. Beams and girders

Fig. 6.1.1. Notching of anges bolted connection, all beams grade S275 (based on EC3 specications)

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Fig. 6.1.2. Beam fabrication details (based on AISC specications)

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Fig. 6.1.3. End plate shear connections of wide ange beams bolted and welded connections (based on AISC specications)

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Fig. 6.1.4. Bolted framed beam connection: (a) semi-rigid connection; (b) moment connection (based on AISC/LRFD specications)

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Fig. 6.1.5. Sloped and canted beam connections (based on AISC/LRFD specications)

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Fig. 6.1.6. Web reinforcement of coped beams (based on AISC/LRFD specications)

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Fig. 6.1.7. Sloping beam connections using Saxe seats (based on AISC specications). Figure used with permission of The Lincoln Electric Company

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DETAILING OF MAJOR COMPONENTS

Fig. 6.1.8. Miscellaneous connections assembled with Saxe seats and clips (based on AISC specications). Figure used with permission of The Lincoln Electric Company

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Fig. 6.1.9. Flexible and rigid connections: (a) beamseat connections exible; (b) beam-to-column ange connections moment-resistant; (c) beam-to-column web connections moment-resistant (based on AISC/LRFD specications)

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DETAILING OF MAJOR COMPONENTS

Fig. 6.1.10. Beamcolumn welded and bolted connections: (a) welded connections; (b) bolted connections (based on AISC/LRFD specications)

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Fig. 6.1.11. Beamcolumn seated and spliced connections: (a) end beam to column welded connection; (b) beamcolumn connection with splice beam connection (eld/shop welding) (based on EC3 specications)

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Fig. 6.1.12. End beamcolumn connection projected views (based on BS 5950 specications)

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6.1A. Detailing of welded plate girders

Fig. 6.1.13. Spandrel beam to columns (based on BS 5950 specications)

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Fig. 6.1.13. Continued

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Fig. 6.1.14. Beam to column connection all welds 68 mm (based on EC3 specications)

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Fig. 6.1.15. Sample shop detail drawing beams (based on AISC specications)

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Fig. 6.1.16. Detailing of typical beam with bolted angle cleats: all bolts are HD20 grade 4.6; the beam is S275; all angles/channels S275 (based on EC3 specications)

DETAILING OF MAJOR COMPONENTS

Fig. 6.1.17. Summary of plate girders bridge (AWS and AASHTO specications)

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Fig. 6.1.18. Summary of plate girders building (AISC and AWS specications)

DETAILING OF MAJOR COMPONENTS

Fig. 6.1.19. Plate girders (symmetrical anges), welded (based on BS 5950 specications)

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Fig. 6.1.20. Beam splice details over supports (continuous over three spans) (based on AISC and AASHTO specications). From Standard Specication for Highway Bridges, Copyright 1996, by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Ofcials, Washington, D.C. Used by permission

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6.2. Columns and portal frames

Fig. 6.2.1. Types of column, holding down bolts and gantry girders (BS 5950 specication)

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W column splices Two cases are described below, namely splice plates shop welded and eld bolted and shop welded and eld welded. First case Flange plates shop welded, eld bolted Depth DU and DL nominally the same Case 1 1 5 DL = (DU + 4) to (DU + 8) No lls. 1 1 Furnish sufcient 22 8 strip shims to 1 obtain 0 to 16 clearance on each side. *Splice plates, welds and fasteners: (1) Select width of splice plate, number and gage of fasteners, and length LU in accordance with upper shaft size. (2) Select thickness of splice plates, size A and lengths (X and Y ) of welds and lengths LL in accordance with lower shaft size. (3) Add LU + LL to obtain length of splice plates. *Splice plates, welds and fasteners: Same as for Case 1, except use weld size (A + t) on lower shaft. FILLS (shop welded under splice plates): Fill thickness t: 1 3 Where DL = (DU 4), use 16 1 3 DL = (DU 8), use 16 1 DL = DU, use 8 1 1 DL = (DU + 8), use 8 Fill width: same as splice plate. Fill length: (LL 2) *Splice plates, welds and fasteners: Same as for Case 1. FILLS (shop welded to upper shaft): 1 1 3 Fill thickness t: 2(DL DU ) 8 or 16, whichever results 1 in 8-in. multiples of ll thickness. Weld size B: Weld length: (LU 4) Fill width: Width of splice plate 1 Fill length: (LU 4) Second case Flange plates shop and eld welded Depth DU nominally 2 in. less than depth DL Case 4 Fills on upper shaft, developed for bearing. Fill width less than upper shaft ange width. *Splice plates and splice welds: Same as Case 1. FILLS (shop welded to upper shaft): 1 1 Fill thickness: t: 2(DL DU ) 16 Weld size B: Max.: 16 (preferred) or (t 16) or t, Weld length LB (Af fp )/2fR (L/2 + 12) in which Af = nished contact area of one ll, fR = allowable shear value of one linear inch of weld, size B, and fp = computed bearing stress in ll Fill width Min.: (Splice plate width) + 2N Max.: (Upper shaft g. width) 2M Fill length: LB Case 5 Fills on upper shaft, developed for bearing. Fill width greater than upper shaft ange width. Use Case 5 only when spaces M and N, Case 4, are inadequate for welds B and A, or when lls must be widened to obtain additional bearing area. *Splice plates and splice welds: Same as Case 1. FILLS (shop welded to upper shaft): 1 1 Fill thickness: 2(DL DU ) 16 Weld size B: Max.: 16 (preferred) or (TU 16) or TU . Weld length LB : Same as Case 4 Fill width: (Splice plate width) + 2N, or (Upper shaft gure width) + 2M Round greater value up to next quarter inch. Fill length: LB
5 1 1 5 1 1

Case 2 1 DL = (DU 4) 1 DL = (DU 8) DL = DU 1 DL = (DU + 8) Fills on lower shaft.

Case 3 3 DL = (DU + 4) and over. Fills on upper shaft, minimum welds.

Note: 1. *Min. AISC, ASD and LRFD specication. 2. 1 inch = 25.4 mm. 1 1 3. If LB = ll length is excessive place weld size B across and ofll and reduce LB by 2 or to L/2 + 12. Disregard return welds in Case 2.

Fig. 6.2.2A. W column splice construction examples

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Fig. 6.2.2B. Miscellaneous specication)

column

splicesprojected

view

(AISC

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Fig. 6.2.3. Built up compression membersprojected view (AISC specication)

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Splice Plate Column Size Width W14 455 & over W14 311 to 426 W14 211 to 283 W14 90 to 193 W14 61 to 82 W14 43 to 53 W12 120 to 336 W12 53 to 106 W12 40 to 50 W10 49 to 112 W10 33 to 45 W8 31 to 67 W8 24 & 28 14 12 12 12 8 6 8 8 6 8 6 6 5 Thk. LU
5 8 5 8 1 2 3 8 3 8 5 16 1 2 3 8 5 16 3 8 5 16 3 8 5 16

Fasteners Length LL 9 8 8 8 8 7 8 8 7 8 7 7 6 No. of Rows 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Welds Length

Gage G 11 9 9 9 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

Size A
1 2 1 2 3 8 5 16 5 16 1 4 3 8 5 16 1 4 5 16 1 4 5 16 1 4

X 5 4 4 4 3 2 4 3 2 3 2 2 2

Y 7 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 5 6 5 5 4

12 12 12 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4

Gages shown may be modied if necessary to accommodate ttings elsewhere on the columns.

Fig. 6.2.4. Column member splices (based on AISC/ASD specications, adapted by LRFD)
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Fig. 6.2.5. Column splice fabrication details (based on AISC/LRFD specications). Figure used with permission of The Lincoln Electric Company

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Fig. 6.2.6. Column bases (based on EC3 specications)

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Fig. 6.2.7. Miscellaneous column base details (based on AISC and EC3 specications). Figure used with permission of The Lincoln Electric Company

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Fig. 6.2.8. Miscellaneous column base details (based on AISC/BS 5950 specications)

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Fig. 6.2.9. Column base details (based on AISC and EC3 specications)

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Fig. 6.2.10. Multi-storey building column: (a) column schedule; (b) key plan grid (based on BS 5950 and EC3 specications); (c) detailing

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Fig. 6.2.11. Column detailing practice trussed column (based on BS 5950 and EC3 specications)

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Fig. 6.2.12. Design details of portal frames and projections (based on BS 5950 specications): (a)(c) isomeric views; (d) sectional elevation

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Fig. 6.2.13. Structural details of portal frames (based on BS 5950 and EC3 specications)

Fig. 6.2.14. Pre-set of portal frames fabrication drawing (based on BS 5950 and EC3 specications)

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Fig. 6.2.15. Computer-aided structural details of portal frames MasterSeries (based on BS 5950 specications)

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6.3. Trusses, lattice girders and trussed frames

Fig. 6.3.1. Types of truss and lattice girder and truss joints isometric views

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Fig. 6.3.2. Chord and bracing sections and details (based on BS 5950, EC3 and AISC specications)

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Fig. 6.3.3. Node points bolted construction (based on BS 5950 and EC3 specications)

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Fig. 6.3.4. Detailing of bolted truss (based on EC3 specications)

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Fig. 6.3.5. Node points welded construction of an arched truss (based on Lincoln Electric Co. specications). Figure used with permission of The Lincoln Electric Company

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DETAILING OF MAJOR COMPONENTS

Fig. 6.3.6. Typical roof truss and details (based on AISC and Lincoln Electric Co. specications). Figure used with permission of The Lincoln Electric Company
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Fig. 6.3.7. Welded truss and details (based on AISC and Lincoln Electric Co. specications). Figure used with permission of The Lincoln Electric Company

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Fig. 6.3.8. Detailing of a bolted roof girder (based on EC3 specications)

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6.4. Welded tubular steel construction

Fig. 6.4.1. Welded tubular steel construction (based on Lincoln Electric Co.). Figure used with permission of The Lincoln Electric Company

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Fig. 6.4.2. Welded tubular steel splices (based on AISC specications). Copyright: American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved

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