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WiMAX, meaning Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications technology that provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes, from point-to-multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet access. WiMAX ormed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard.
Usually, the serving BS allocates time intervals known as scanning intervals to the MSs. Unfortunately, channel scanning can be a relatively time-consuming activity; therefore, MSs should process it and obtain the neighboring BSs list before performing handoff. The duration and frequency of scanning should be carefully determined to interleave scanning period and normal operations without affecting the network performances and the provided QoS. It is clear that a long scanning period increases the packets jitter and the end-to-end delay while imposing large buffer sizes. Contrarily, a short scanning period requires multiple iterations and increases the overall scanning duration. The scanning procedure depicted in Figure 1 begins when an MS sends a MOBSCN_REQ message to its serving BS to request the allocation of a group of scanning intervals while indicating the estimated duration of time required for the scan. The serving BS replies by a MOB-SCN_RSP message denying the request or stating the scanning interval duration that should be at least as long as requested by the MS. If no MOB-SCN_RSP message is received within a timer, the MS may retransmit the MOB-SCN_REQ message. The serving BS may also send an unsolicited MOB-SCN_RSP message with a value of zero associated with the scan duration to trigger the MS to report scanning result. Upon the receipt of a positive MOB-SCN_RSP message, the MS may begin scanning for one or more BSs during the time interval stated in that message. The MS may attempt to synchronize with the DL transmission of the scanned BS and estimate the quality of the PHY channel. IEEE 802.16e specifies a default scanning strategy requiring that each MS keeps a nonvolatile storage where it saves the last set of operational parameters. When the MS intends to acquire a DL channel, it should use its stored information. However, if that MS fails to obtain the DL channel, it will continuously scan the possible channels of the DL frequencies until it finds a DL signal. IEEE 802.16e specifications support temporarily suspending the communication between the BS and the MS during the scanning period. The exchange of MOB-SCN_REQ and MOB-SCN_RSP messages enables each entity to buffer packets while the normal communication is temporarily suspended. An MS may end scanning and return to the normal operation mode anytime during any scanning interval; this is achieved by sending a MAC PDU message such as a bandwidth request to the target BS. At the end of scanning, the MS should report the scan status to its serving BS via a MOB-SCN_REP message.
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