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DC-machines
Wildi Chapter 5

Introduction (1)
Background Chapter 4 - DC-generators
Commutator Brush holders Armature

Brushes

Field

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Introduction (2)
Applications Pumps, fans, cars etc. Three types
Shunt Series Compound

Only used for torque-speed characteristics varying over wide range with high efficiency

Introduction (3)
Maintenance of dc-motor vs. induction motors Direct current from ac requires rectifiers - lawnmower motor? Control more simple than ac-motors DC-motor can operate as dc-generator

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DC motor operation

Counter-electromotive force
Also called back-emf Motor action = power connected and armature turns J Moving conductors in magnetic B field experience voltage induced , T in them = back-emf Z = Constant (# turns etc.)
n = Speed of rotation = Flux per pole

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Acceleration of the motor

Net voltage across armature = Es E0 Armature current limited only by resistance: Motor at rest (E0 = 0) and starting current is:

Starting current could be 20 to 30 times full-load current of motor (Fuses?)

Example 5.1

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Mechanical power and torque (1)

Counter emf induced in lap wound armature Electrical power supplied to armature But Thus

Mechanical power and torque (2)

I2R represent heat dissipated in machine

Mechanical power:
P = mechanical power developed (W) E0 = induced voltage in armature (V) I = Total current supplied to armature (A)

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Mechanical power and torque (3)

Mechanical power: P = T = T *n*(2/60)

Thus:
T = Torque (N.m.)

and
+ Example 5.2

Z = # conductors on armature = effective flux per pole (Wb) I = Armature current (A) 6.28 = 2 = constant

Torque vs. speed

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Example 5.2

Speed of rotation
For dc-motor driving load between no-load and full-load IR voltdrop small compared to supply voltage This means cemf is very nearly equal to Es
=

n = speed of rotation (r/min) Es = armature voltage (V) Z = # armature conductors

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Speed control
Armature speed control DIY + Example 5.3
Ward-Leonard Modern electronic converters Rheostat speed control

Field speed control - DIY

Example 5.3

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Shunt motor under load

DC-motor under no-load Ia is low Load suddenly increased armature current too small to provide enough torque Motor slows down Back-emf decreases Current increases Torque increases

Example 5.4

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Series motor (1)

Identical construction to shunt motor except for field being connected in series with the armature Ia = If Field conductors thicker and fewer turns

Series motor (2)

Properties different to that of shunt motor Shunt motor field constant (connected to own supply) Series motor field is function of armature current (thus function of load) Low speed low back-emf high current high torque Light / no-load will cause excessive speed!

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Series motor speed control

Low value shunt resistor in parallel with field (reduces field current and increases speed) External series resistor Increases IRdrop across resistor and field thus reducing the armature voltage (reduces speed)

Example 5.5

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Compound motor (1)

Both series and shunt field present Cumulative compound motor
Mmf of two fields add

Differential compound motor

Total mmf decreases with increased load Speed increases as load increases instability!

Compound motor (2)

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Selfstudy
Reversing direction of rotation Starting a shunt motor Face-plate starter Stopping a motor

Dynamic braking (1)

1. 2.

Motoring mode

Open-circuit armature generating E0 3. Dynamic braking energy dumped into R

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Dynamic braking (2)

Armature current reverses direction Reverse torque decelerates motor Choose R with initial braking current = 2*rated motor current Exponential drop in speed

Plugging (1)
Suddenly reverse armature current by reversing terminals of source (R = armature Normal motoring: resistance)
0

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Plugging (2)
Reverse terminals Voltage acting on armature = (E0 + Es) Enormous reverse current generated! Prevent damage by inserting external resistor R (design same as dynamic braking) Open armature circuit as soon as speed is zero to prevent rotation in opposite direction

Dynamic braking vs. Plugging

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Dynamic braking and mechanical time constant (1)

Exponential decrease in speed T = time for speed to reach 36.8% of initial value T0 = time for speed to decrease to 50% of initial value Relationship between conventional time constant and half-time constant:

Dynamic braking and mechanical time constant (2)

Mechanical time constant:

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Examples 5.6 and 5.7

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Regenerative braking

Armature reaction and flux distortion

No-load flux distribution

Flux created by full-load armature current

Resultant flux distribution of motor running at full-load

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Self study
Commutating poles
Poles between main poles Improve armature reaction Improve commutation

Compensating windings
Slots cut in main pole faces Further improves armature reaction

Basics of variable speed control (1)

Base speed (design speed, V and I)

Constant torque region (P can increase through V)

Constant power region (V and I constant)

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Basics of variable speed control (2)

Permanent magnet motors

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Brushless dc-motors

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