221-202 Midterm 2 - Review Sheet

Relevant sections from the text: 1.9 (especially one-to-one and onto), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2.

Terminology: standard matrix for a linear transformation, domain, range, image, one-to-one, onto, invertible (linear transformation and matrix), transpose of a matrix, triangular matrix, diagonal matrix, linear subspace, nullspace and column space of a matrix, linearly independent sets, spanning sets, the span of a set of vectors, basis of a linear subspace, dimension of a linear subspace, rank of a matrix, elementary matrix, cofactor, determinant, eigenvalue, eigenvector, eigenspace, characteristic polynomial of a matrix.

Know how to: Determine whether or not a linear transformation is one-to-one, onto, invertible. Determine whether a matrix is invertible. Compute the inverse of an invertible matrix. Recognize whether or not a subset of Rn is a linear subspace. Describe the nullspace and column space of a matrix, and nd bases for these sets. Perform matrix operations (addition, multiplication, scalar multiplication). Find a linearly independent set of vectors from a given nite collection of vectors. Compute the determinant of a matrix using cofactor expansions. Compute the determinant of a matrix using row operations. Find the characteristic polynomial of a square matrix. Find the eigenvalues of a square matrix. Find eigenvectors of a square matrix. Find a basis for the eigenspace of an eigenvalue of a square matrix.

Important results: Rank-nullity theorem. Properties of determinants. Equivalent notions for a matrix to be invertible. Familiarity with statements (not proofs) of other theorems given in class and from the relevant sections of the text.

1. TRUE or FALSE (a) If A and B are nonzero square matrices of the same size and AB = 0 then A = 0 or B = 0. (b) If A, B and C are invertible square matrices and AB = AC , then B = C . (c) If A, B are invertible n n matrices, then (AB )
1

=A

(d) Every invertible n n matrix is row equivalent to the identity matrix. (e) The transpose of a non-invertible matrix is not invertible. (f) The transpose of an invertible matrix is invertible. (g) If A and B are n n matrices and A is not invertible, then AB is not invertible. (h) If A and B are invertible n n matrices, then A + B is also invertible. (i) If S is a linearly dependent subset of Rn , then S has at most n elements. (j) If S spans Rn , then it has at least n elements. (k) If L : Rn ! Rm is a linear transformation and V Rn is a linear subspace, then L(V ) is a linear subspace of Rm .

(l) The union of two subspaces of Rn is always a subspace. (m) The identity matrix has exactly one eigenvalue. (n) Every matrix is the standard matrix of a linear transformation. (o) The only linear transformation which is both one-to-one and onto is the identity map.

2. For the following linear transformations, nd the standard matrix and also determine if they are one-to-one, onto, and/or invertible. 11 x1 (a) T : R3 ! R with T @@ x2 AA = x2 . x3 00

(b) T : R2 ! R3 with T (e1 ) = e2 + e3 and T (e2 ) = e1 + e2 . x1 x1 + x2 2 2 (c) T : R ! R with T = . x2 x1 x2

3 3. The linear transformation L : R3 ! R2 is given by 00 11 x1 x 1 + 3x 3 @ @ A A x L = . 2 x2 5x3 x3 subspaces. Is L one-to-one? Onto? Invertible? Explain.

Find the standard matrix of L. What is its nullpspace? What is the range of L? Give bases for these linear

4. For each of the following matrices, determine if it is invertible and if so compute the inverse. 0 1 1 1 A 1 0 1 B 0 B @ 3 1 0 3 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 4 C C 1 A 0

1 @ 2 0

1 0 2

5. Find determinants of the following matrices, using dierent methods. 0 0 1 0 0 5 1 1 2 B 0 2 6 B @ 3 0 1 A @ 1 4 7 1 1 1 2 8 14 0

1 5 12 C C 12 A 15

1 T v1 T C B v2 4 C 6. Let A be the matrix A = B T A, where v1 , v2 , v3 , and v4 are vectors in R . Suppose that det(A) = 1. Find @ v3 T v4 det(B ), where B is the matrix: 0 1 T T v1 + 2v 3 T B C 4v3 C B=B T @ A v2 T T T v4 + 13v1 11v2

7. Let W = Is W a subspace of R2 ? Why?

a b

2 R2 : | a | = | b| .

8. Is the following subset of R3 a subspace? Justify your answer: 80 9 1 < x1 = @ x2 A 2 R3 : 3x1 x2 + x3 = 0 . : ; x3

4 9. Describe the range of the linear transformation L(x) = Ax from R4 to R3 as a linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors. 0 A=@ 3 1 0 0 0 6 2 2 9 2 1 2 6 A 1

3 2 10. Consider the matrix A = @ 1 0 0 0 for its corresponding eigenspace.

1 5 7 A. Find its characteristic polynomial. For each eigenvalue, nd a basis 2