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CHAPTER 2 DYNAMICS

A. Concept of Force Force can be determined by any kind of a push or a pull on an object. For example when you push or pull a grocery cart, you are exerting a force on it. When an object at rest, to start it moving it requires force that is force is needed to accelerate an object from zero velocity to a nonzero velocity. A force exerted in different directions has a different effect.

The direction of the arrow is the direction of the push or pull, and its length is drawn proportional to the magnitude of the force.

Types of forces:

Type of Force (Symbol) Applied Force Fapp

Description of Force An applied force is a force which is applied to an object by a person or another object. If a person is pushing a desk across the room, then there is applied force acting upon the object. The applied force is the force exerted on the desk by the person. The force of gravity is the force at which the earth, moon, or other massively large object attracts another object towards itself. By definition, this is the weight of the object. All objects upon earth experience a force of gravity which is directed "downward" towards the center of the earth. The force of gravity on earth is always equal to the weight of the object as found by the equation: Fgrav = m * g where g = 9.8 m/s2 (on Earth) and m = mass (in kg)

Gravity Force (also known as Weight) Fgrav

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Normal Force Fnorm

The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object which is in contact with another stable object. For example, if a book is resting upon a surface, then the surface is exerting an upward force upon the book in order to support the weight of the book. On occasions, a normal force is exerted horizontally between two objects which are in contact with each other. The friction force is the force exerted by a surface as an object moves across it or makes an effort to move across it. The friction force opposes the motion of the object. For example, if a book moves across the surface of a desk, then the desk exerts a friction force in the opposite direction of its motion. Friction results from the two surfaces being pressed together closely, causing intermolecular attractive forces between molecules of different surfaces. As such, friction depends upon the nature of the two surfaces and upon the degree to which they are pressed together. The friction force can be calculated using the equation:

Friction Force Ffrict

The air resistance is a special type of frictional force which acts upon objects as they travel through the air. Like all frictional forces, the force of air resistance always opposes the motion of the object. This force will frequently be Air Resistance Force neglected due to its negligible magnitude. It is most noticeable for objects which travel at high speeds (e.g., a skydiver or a downhill skier) or for objects Fair with large surface areas. The tension is the force which is transmitted through a string, rope, or wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting from each end. The tensional force is directed along the wire and pulls equally on the objects on either end of the wire. The spring force is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon any object which is attached to it. An object which compresses or stretches a spring is always acted upon by a force which restores the object to its rest or equilibrium position. For most springs (specifically, for those which are said to obey "Hooke's Law"), the magnitude of the force is directly proportional to the amount of stretch or compression.

Tensional Force Ftens

Spring Force Fspring

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B. Newtons First Law

A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body that is moving will continue to move with constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force.

Refer as Law of Inertia because the tendency of an object to maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion in straight line. According to Newtons First Law of Motion, A stationary object will only move when there is external force acting on it. A moving object will only accelerate or decelerate or change its direction of motion if there is external force acting on the body.

C. Mass and Inertia Inertia is a tendency of an object to continue its motion in the absence of a force. Mass is a measure of the inertia and more mass an object has, the greater the force needed to give it a particular acceleration. The inertia of a body is directly proportional to its mass.

D. Newtons Second Law The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it and is in the same direction as the resultant force. A net force exerted on an object may make its velocity increase or if the net force is in a opposite direction to the motion, it will reduce the objects velocity. A net force also can causes acceleration. The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and is inversely proportional to its mass. The direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on the object Written as an equation:

Rearrange the equation;

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Example 2.1: Determine the average net force required to bring a 1500 kg car to rest from a speed of 100 km/h within a distance of 55 m.

Solutions 100 km/h convert into m/s = V = u + 2 as (0) = (27.78) + 2 (a)(55) 110 a = -771.6 a = -7.01 m/s2 F = ma F = 1500 kg (-7.01 m/s2) = -10515 N ( )( ) = 27.78 m/s

E. Newtons Third Law Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second exerts an equal force in the opposite direction on the first Sometimes paraphrased as to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. As evidence for the validity of Newtons third law, when you push against the edge of a desk, your hands shape is distorted.

Fab = - Fba

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F. Mass and its Relation to Weight The magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an object of mass, m near Earths surface is called the Weight (W) of the object. W = mg (unit: N) Gfuoolv G. Friction Forces An object moving on a surface or through a viscous medium such as air or water encounters resistance as it interacts with its surrounding. Friction is the force that opposes the relative between two surfaces before relative motion occurs. Static friction is the friction between two surfaces before relative motion occurs. - The limiting static friction is the maximum static friction between the two surfaces. - The coefficient of static friction, s depends on the nature of the two surfaces in contact and is independent of the surface area in contact. The value of s is greater for rough surfaces.

Fs = s FN
Fs = Static friction force s = Coefficient of static friction

FN = Normal Force

Friction between two surfaces that slide over each other is known as kinetic friction, Fk. - Gubj/p;klp,[;,.pp

Fk = k FN
Fk = Static friction force k = Coefficient of static friction

FN = Normal Force

Static Friction

Kinetic Friction

-Force parallel to the two surfaces that can be -The magnitude of the force of kinetic friction arises even when they are not sliding. depends on the nature of the two sliding surfaces. -Fs= s FN - s = coefficient of static friction -Fk= s FN k = coefficient of kinetic friction

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Table 1: Example of coefficient of friction

Example 2.2: A 10.0 kg box is pulled along a horizontal surface by a force of 40.0 N applied at a 300 angle. The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.30. Calculate the acceleration. Solutions: Free Body Diagram (FBD) FN Fx = Fa cos 300 - Ff Fa Ff Ff = FN Fa sin 300

30o Fy = Fa sin 300 + FN W Fa cos 300 FN =W - Fa sin 300 W

Fx = Fa cos 300 - (W - Fa sin 300) = ma 40 cos 300- (0.30) ((10)(9.81) - 40 sin 300)) = 10a 34.64 (0.30) (98.1 20) = 10a 34.64 23.43 = 10a 11.21 = 10 a a = 1.12ms-2

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H. Free Body Diagram and Applications of Newtons Law of Motion Free-body diagrams are diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation. Important to get free body diagram correct as this enables the correct applications of Newtons Law.

Example 2.3: Two boxes are connected by a cord running over a pulley. The coefficient of kinetic friction between box A and table is 0.20. Ignore the mass of the cord and pulley and any friction in the pulley, which means we can assume that a force applied to one end of cord will have same magnitude. Determine the acceleration, a of the system as box B moves down and box A moves to the right.

Solutions FBD:

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For object A; Fx = FT - Ff = ma FT - FN = ma FT - (0.20) (5) (9.81) = 5a FT - (0.20) (5) (9.81) = 5a FT - 9.81 = 5a ----------- (1) For object B; Fy = W FT = ma FT = W - ma FT = (2) (9.81) - 2a FT = 19.62 - 2a--------- (insert in (1)) (19.62 - 2a) - 9.81 = 5a 9.81 = 7a a = 1.40 ms-2 , F f = FN

I.

Motion on an Incline Plane An object placed on a tilted surface will often slide down the surface. In physics, a tilted surface is called an inclined plane. Objects are known to accelerate down inclined planes because of an unbalanced force.

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Example 2.4: An object of mass 50kg is pulled with a rope up a plane inclined at 15 to the horizontal. The rope is parallel to the plane and the tension in it is 300N. Determine the acceleration of the object if the coefficient of kinetic friction between the object and the plane is 0.20. Draw complete free body diagram for the object. T

150 Solutions: FBD:

FN

Fa

Ff 15 W

Wcos

Wsin

The frictional force Ff acting on the object is given by Ff = mg cos = (0.2)(50)(9.81) cos15 = 94.76N The net force acting on the object is T Ff mg sin = ma 300 94.76 (50) (9.81) sin 15 = 50a 78.29 = 50a a = 1.57m/s2

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J.

The Concept of Linear Momentum The momentum of a body of mass m moving with a velocity of v is a vector quantity of magnitude mv and its direction is in the direction of the velocity. Momentum, p = mv For a system that consists of a number of bodies, the total m momentum of the system is the vector sum of the momenta of the various bodies. Momentum is a vector quantity and the unit is kgm/s. A force is required to change the momentum of an object, whether it is to increase the momentum, to decrease it or to change its direction. Newtons statement of the second law of motion regarding to the momentum - The rate of change of momentum of an object is equal to the net force applied to it. As an equation; Derive the similar form of the second law; = ; by definition, a = = ma

K. Conservation of Linear Momentum The principle of conservation of linear momentum states that for a closed system, the total linear momentum is constant. A closed system is a system where no external forces act. The principle of conservation of linear momentum can be deduced from Newtons Second and Third Law of Motion. For a collision occurring between object A and object B in an isolated system, the total momentum of the two objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision. That is, the momentum lost by object A is equal to the momentum gained by object B.

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Using Newtons Second and Third Law of Motion; F=

( )

( )

Equation of conservation of linear momentum

-

Example 2.5: A 10000 kg railroad car, A, travelling at a speed of 24.0 m/s strikes an identical car, B, at rest. If the cars lock together as a result of the collision, determine their common speed just afterward.

Solutions Initial total momentum; P= P = (10000 kg)(24.0 m/s) + (10000 kg)(0 m/s) = 240000 kgm/s

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Total momentum after collision; P= (* because two cars become attached, so they will have same speed)

P = (10000 kg + 10000 kg) V = 20000kg. V

20000kg. V = 240000 kgm/s V = 12.0 m/s

L. Elastic and Inelastic Collisions A perfectly elastic collision is defined as one in which there is no loss of kinetic energy in the collision. An elastic collision is a collision where kinetic energy is conserved. In an elastic collision between two bodies, the bodies would move off with different velocities after collision. Elastic Collisions Target Initially at Rest

An inelastic collision is one in which part of the kinetic energy is changed to some other form of energy in the collision.

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