nh l Nyquist v ly mu nh l ca Nyquist: Bt k 1 tn hiu no cng c th c biu din bi nhng mu ri rc nu tn s ly mu t nht ln gp 2 ln bng thng ca tn hiu.

Mt tn hiu x(t) c bin i Fuorier l X(f), c gi l bng tn hn ch nu X(f) = 0 vi |f| > W, trong W l tn s ln nht cha trong x(t). Tn hiu c bng tn hn ch nh th biu din duy nht c bi cc gi tr mu ca x(t) vi tc fs 2W mu trong mt giy. Tc ly mu ti thiu FN=2W trong mt giy c gi l tc Nyquist. Vic ly mu vi tc thp hn tc Nyquist dn n mo gp ph. Nu ly mu vi tc ln hn tc Nyquist th s tng tn s ly mu trn mt giys dn n tng ph tn chim, v vy s c hin tng chng ln ln nhau gia cc ph tn hiu, hin tng ny gi l s chng ph. Tn hiu x(t) nh trn biu din c theo:

n ) n 2 W x (t ) x ( ) n 2 W n 2 W (t ) 2W

sin 2 W (t

(2.1)

Trong x(

n ) l cc gi tr mu ca x(t) ti cc thi im ly mu 2W

t=n/2W thu c nh nhn tn hiu x(t) vi tn hiu ly mu l mt chui cc xung Dirac (t

n ) . Biu thc (2.1) trn l dng ton hc ca nh l ly mu. Nu 2W

sin 2W (t

tn s ln nht W ca x(t) bit trc th

n ) 2W cng bit trc, v v n 2W (t ) 2W

vy khng cha thng tin cn truyn. Nh vy tn hiu x(t) hon ton tng ng v tin tc vi chui v hn cc gi tr ly mu ca n x(
n ) , n= 1, 2,, 2W

v do vy thay v truyn i tn hiu lin tc x(t), ta ch cn truyn i cc gi

tr mu ca n m thi. hnh dung mt cch trc quan nh l, ta cng xem xt mt th nghim nh. Ta v ph tn hiu ln mt t giy hnh np qut (nh hnh 2.1) vi chiu ngang biu din tn s, chiu dc biu din nng lng ca tn hiu. Vic ly mu tn hiu c thc hin n gin bng cch gp t giy u n theo nguyn ln ca 1 na tn s ly mu, sau soi t giy ln nh n v quan st nh hnh 2.2. y, mi phin ca t giy biu din vng Nyquist.

Hnh 2.1 Ph tn hiu ly mu.

Hnh 2.2 Cc tn hiu b chng ln ln nhau. Ta nhn thy rng, cc tn hiu b chng ln ln nhau, hin tng ny gi l mo gp ph. Hin tng mo gp ph xy ra trong sut qu trnh ly mu, kt qu l d liu ly mu b sai i v c th khng phc hi li c. L do ta s dng thut ng mo gp ph l v sau ly mu, tn hiu t trong min tn s ny li xut hin min tn s khc. Trong trng hp ly mu bng gc vi cc thnh phn tn s bt u t f = 0 v ko di n khong tn s cc i. khng lm sai lch d liu khi ly mu tn hiu bng gc, nng lng tn hiu phi ri trong di Nyquist th nht, nh c ch ra trn hnh 2.3:

Hnh 2.3 Nng lng tn hiu bng gc.

Phng n gii quyt ly mu bng gc: a thm vo 1 b lc thng thp hn ch tt c cc tn hiu tn s nh hn fs/2. Tng tn s ly mu tt c cc tn hiu biu din phi nh hn fs/2. y, fs/2 cng cn c gi l tn s gp ph. Xt trng hp ly mu tn hiu thng di, vi tn s trung tn l 70MHz v bng tn rng 10MHz nh trn hnh 2.4. Khi , nng lng tn hiu s phn b t 65 n 75 MHz. Nu ta tun theo nhng quy tc ly mu bng gc trn, th ta phi ly mu tn hiu ny tn s f = 2fmax, ngha l tc ly mu t nht bng 150 MHz. Tuy nhin, bng vic ng dng tin b trong cng ngh gi l ly mu di, ta c th s dng 1 t l ly mu thp hn nhiu. Phng php ly mu di khng ch tha mn nhng nguyn tc cht ch ca nh l Nyquist m cn c th s dng mo gp ph nh mt li th. Trong v d vi tn hiu trung tn IF trn, gi s chng ta th ly mu vi tn s 40 Mhz.

Hnh 2.4 Tn hiu trung tn IF Theo minh ha hnh 2.4, ta c th thy min th 4 ko di t 60 Mhz n 80 Mhz, va che ph di tn tn hiu IF t 65 n 75 Mhz. Nh vy, tn hiu vn c bo ton sau ly mu do nng lng tn hiu IF ch tn ti duy nht trong mt

vng Nyquist ch khng h tn ti trong bt k min cn li no khc (hnh 2.5). y cng chnh l nguyn tc ly mu di tn hiu thng di.

Hnh 2.5 Tn hiu sau ly mu c bo ton. Mun vy, ta c th thc hin theo hai cch sau: a thm vo b lc thng di hn ch tt c cc tn hiu nm ngoi vng Nyquist. Tng tn s ly mu cho tt c tn hiu u nm hon ton bn trong 1 vng Nyquist.