Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topics to be Covered:
1. Meaning and nature of short-term financing. 2. Sources of Short Term Financing. 3. Advantages of Short-Term Financing. 4. Disadvantages of Short Term financing. 5. Purpose of Short-Term Financing. 6. Ideal Concept of Short-Term Financing.
9. Factors determining the amount of Trade Credit used 10. Cost of Trade Credit
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12. What is Bank Credit? 13. Distinction between Bank Credit and Short Term credit. 14. Characteristics of Short Term financing
3. Commercial Banks: The commercial banks of a country generally supply funds to the business concerns on a short-term basis, either with security or without security if the customer is financially established. The banks, collecting scattered savings of the people, invest a portion of the deposits in the business for a short period of time. 4. Finance Companies: Finance companies usually lend money to business. They are specialized financial institutions and their primary function is to advance funds to the business 5. Commercial Paper House: They are specialized financial agencies and they are created to purchase promissory notes and to sell them, in turn, to other investors who desire to have some shot of short-term liquid assets. The firm having high credit standing can use this source for obtaining short-term funds. 6. Personal Loan Companies: These companies make small loans to individual generally for consumption purposes. The small business undertakings can procure fund form such companies 7. Governmental Institutions: There are some governmental and semi-governmental corporations which are authorized to advance short term funds to business concerns. Their importance is of course not so much less than other sources. 8. Factors or Brokers: In one basic respect, factoring is different from other forms of financing. In other forms funds are granted to one individual largely on the basis of his property. Factoring is based on a different philosophy. In considering a companys request for funds we are more interested in the men behind the company their ability, their hopes and aspirations for the future. 9. Miscellaneous Sources: There are many more sources from which can secure funds for short period. They arefriend and relatives, public deposits, loan from officer and the company directors and foreign exchange banks
1. Easier to Obtain: Short term credit can be more easily obtained than long term credit. A firm which poor credit standing may be unable to obtain long term funds but it can procure, at least some trade credit from sellers who are anxious to increase their sales. The short-term creditors, by granting loans, assume less risk than long term creditors because there is less chance of substantial change in the financial soundness of the creditor within a few weeks or months time. 2. Lower cost: Short term credit may be obtained with lower cost than the long term finance because of priority of creditors in general. Because of the prior position given creditors in the matter of claim to income and to assets in dissolution they generally will accept a relatively low interest.
3. Flexibility: Due to seasonal nature of business many firms have a temporary demand for shortterm funds to carry heavier inventories. Most enterprises are in constant need of short term funds. Short-term financing is flexible in the sense that the firm is able to secure funds as they are needed and repay then as soon as the need vanishes. Funds may be needed to meet the daily, weekly or monthly requirements. Such funds can be advantageously supplied by short term credit. It long term credit is secured to finance the daily or weekly or seasonal variations, it would become inflexible because long term funds cannot be repaid as soon as the need for funds vanishes. 4. No Sharing of control: Obtaining funds form short term creditors prevents the inclusion of more owners through the procurement of owners funds. This results in maintaining the position of control by the existing owners. Because the creditors have no voice in the operations of the business. 5. Availability: In many cases, particularly for small enterprises short term credit is the only source available. It may not be possible for a small firm to obtain long term funds because of poor credit standing. Long-term credit is not generally granted without adequate margin of protection which the small firms may not be able to provide with. The small business has then recourse to short term funds. 6. Tax Savings: The cost of short term funds are deductible for income tax purposes while the dividend paid to the owners is not deductible. Thus a substantial tax-savings may result form the use of short-term funds. 7. Convenience: Short Term credit can be more conveniently secured than the other types of funds. It is more convenient to pay labour weekly or employees monthly than every day 8. Extension of credit: Many enterprises purchase equipments, supplies and good by ordering from a supplier with the intent of paying after delivery has been made. If subsequently the bills are met promptly, the firm acquires a good credit standing. Then , if any emergency arises for the purchase of any goods the firm
When other sources of obtaining funds are closed to a business organization trade credit may be obtained easily. This is especially true of small concerns. Such enterprises do not usually possess a good credit standing and thats why, they can not approach big lending intuitions for loans. The banks, insurance companies and other finance companies hesitate to lend funds to the business enterprises that are small in size and financially weak. They fear that these enterprises would not be able to repay the debt on maturity. As such, the small business concerns rely mostly on trade credit.
Cost =
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100-Discount Rate
If the length of the net period is longer in relation to the discount period, the cost of trade credit declines. For instance, the cost in case of 2/10, n/60 would be 14.7%. The cost of trade credit decreases at a decreasing rate as the net period increases. If a firm does not take cash discount, the cost of trade credit declines the longer it is able to postpone payment. The relationship between the annual interest cost of trade credit and the number of days between the end of the discount period and the end of the net period is shown in the following figure: